Suchergebnisse

System justification theory proposes that people are motivated to perceive the existing social system as fair, legitimate, and desirable. However, status-legitimacy effect, understood as the most disadvantaged living in the most unequal contexts experiencing this need most strongly, has only found mixed support in empirical works. This article presents a comprehensive test of the original reading of status-legitimacy hypothesis which implied that those with lower objective status are the most motivated to system justify and of the respecified version that posits subjective powerlessness to be the driver of undue system legitimization. Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression analysis of International Social Survey Programme modules on social inequality, covering almost 50,000 respondents from 28 countries, shows that the mean effects of both subjective and objective status are in line with predictions of economic rationality. To model contextual inequality, we distinguish between an objective measure, Gini, and perceived amounts of income differences as reported by respondents. The analysis testing contextual moderation lends support for the original reading of status-legitimacy hypothesis—the objectively, rather than subjectively, disadvantaged experience greater motivation to defend the system.

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in identity formation between large community samples of Italian (N = 1,975) and Dutch (N = 1,521) adolescents. Findings indicated that the distribution across five previously extracted identity statuses (i.e., achievement, early closure, moratorium, searching moratorium, and diffusion) differed strongly across nationality, with Italian participants more represented in the moratorium statuses, and with Dutch adolescents more likely to be in the early closure and diffusion statuses. Furthermore, the profile of the searching moratorium status, in terms of personality characteristics, internalizing symptoms, and parent-adolescent relationships, was found to be more adaptive in the Italian context. These findings are discussed in light of social, economic, and cultural differences between Italy and the Netherlands.

Objective.This article addresses the relationship between suicide mortality and family structure and socioeconomic status for U.S. adult men and women.Methods.We use Cox proportional hazard models and individual‐level, prospective data from the National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality File (1986–2002) to examine adult suicide mortality.Results.Larger families and employment are associated with lower risks of suicide for both men and women. Low levels of education or being divorced or separated, widowed, or never married are associated with increased risks of suicide among men, but not among women.Conclusions.We find important sex differences in the relationship between suicide mortality and marital status and education. Future suicide research should use both aggregate and individual‐level data and recognize important sex differences in the relationship between risk factors and suicide mortality—a central cause of preventable death in the United States.

International Relations scholars concerned with explaining status-seeking behavior in the international system draw heavily from social comparison theory and its observations that individuals judge their worth, and accordingly derive self-esteem, through social comparisons with others. According to this logic, states become status seekers because, like individuals, they have an innate desire for favorable social status comparisons relative to their peers. Thus, the great power status literature is often framed in the language of accommodation, and adjustment, which presupposes that status insecurities develop from unfavorable social comparisons and can be resolved through relative social improvements. This article challenges these assumptions by noting, as psychology has acknowledged for some time, that individuals use both social and temporal forms of comparison when engaging in self-evaluation. Where social comparisons cause actors to ask "How do I rank relative to my peers?" temporal comparisons cause actors to evaluate how they have improved or declined over time. This article advances a temporal comparison theory of status-seeking behavior, suggesting that many of the signaling problems associated with status insecurity emerge from basic differences in how states evaluate their status, and whether they privilege temporal over social comparisons. The implications are explored through China's contemporary struggle for status recognition, situating this struggle within the context of China's civilizational past and ongoing dispute over Taiwan.

This study aims to determine: setting the status of the land in order to establish the village, the authority of local government in the formation of the village, the significance of soil status the establishment of a village, and the policy of the Government of the Regency / City in Lampung province in the formation of the village related to land status. The analysis showed that the regency / municipal government has the authority to conduct the formation of the village which must be incorporated into regional regulation. The status of the land does not get the settings explicitly in the legislation. Keywords: Establishment of Village, Land Status

Die Frage nach Stellenwert und Bedeutung von ethnographischen Ansätzen innerhalb der deutschsprachigen Sportwissenschaft könnte kurz und knapp mit einer 'Fehlanzeige' beantwortet werden, wenn es allein darum ginge, explizit als ethnographisch ausgewiesene Untersuchungen in den Blick zu nehmen. Diese Einschätzung ändert sich, wenn man die Perspektive erweitert und die Idee der 'Befremdung der eigenen Kultur' (hier der sportlichen Kultur) als ein mögliches Leitprinzip sportwissenschaftlichen Forschungsinteresses zugrunde legt. Allein die Dynamik der Entwicklung, Etablierung und Veränderung sogenannter jugendlicher Bewegungskulturen oder auch die Exklusivität und Extremität bestimmter tradierter sportlicher Handlungsfelder (z.B. des Hochleistungssports) enthalten für potentielle Ethnographen Fremdheitserfahrungen in erheblichem Ausmaß, ohne dass mit den genannten Bereichen bereits eine vollständige Gegenstandsbenennung angezielt wäre. In diesem Kontext gibt es in der Tat seit einigen Jahren vermehrte Anstrengungen zur Erschließung derartiger Lebenswelten, die mit dem Begriff der 'lebensweltlichen Ethnographie' beschrieben werden können, allerdings ohne dass die jeweiligen Autoren und Autorinnen selbst dies getan haben. Der Artikel soll vor diesem Hintergrund unterschiedliche Funktionen erfüllen: erstens geht es um die Explikation einer Form ethnographischen Selbstverständnisses, dass für die Sportwissenschaft Anschlussmöglichkeiten eröffnet, zweitens sollen existierende sportwissenschaftliche Untersuchungen exemplarisch auf solche Anschlussmöglichkeiten hin überprüft werden und schließlich soll drittens die Frage nach dem potentiellen Nutzen einer expliziten und systematischen Einbindung ethnographischer Forschung in die Sportwissenschaft diskutiert werden. Im Mittelpunkt der zuletzt genannten Überlegungen sollen dabei dann vor allem die Teildisziplinen der Sportsoziologie und Sportpädagogik stehen.