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This article explores the definition of the term "cyberterrorism" in light of available literature and recent legislation in an attempt to distinguish cyberterrorism from other cyber activities and crimes. Cyberterrorism is the convergence of terrorism and cyberspace. The author discusses the differences between true cyberterrorism – that is, actual harm caused by cyber attacks – versus less malignant attacks that do more to annoy than harm. The author points out that the main difference between cyberterrorism and other cyber attacks, such as hacking and cracking, is that cyberterrorists are politically motivated, while other cyber attackers have non-politic motives.

This article explores the definition of the term "cyberterrorism" in light of available literature and recent legislation in an attempt to distinguish cyberterrorism from other cyber activities and crimes. Cyberterrorism is the convergence of terrorism and cyberspace. The author discusses the differences between true cyberterrorism – that is, actual harm caused by cyber attacks – versus less malignant attacks that do more to annoy than harm. The author points out that the main difference between cyberterrorism and other cyber attacks, such as hacking and cracking, is that cyberterrorists are politically motivated, while other cyber attackers have non-politic motives.

Testimony issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "Federal agencies, and other public and private groups, rely extensively on computer systems and electronic data. The security of these systems and data is essential to avoiding disruptions in critical operations and preventing data tampering, fraud, and inappropriate disclosure of sensitive information. However, federal computer systems contain weaknesses that continue to put critical operations and assets at risk. In particular, deficiencies exist in entitywide security programs that are critical to agencies' success in ensuring that risks are understood and effective controls are implemented. Many efforts have been undertaken to implement the nationally critical infrastructure protection strategy outlined in Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 63. However, progress in key areas has been limited. Although outreach efforts by many federal entities to establish cooperative relationships with and among private and other nonfederal entities have raised awareness and prompted information sharing, efforts to perform substantive analyses of sector-wide and cross-sector interdependencies and related vulnerabilities have been limited. A major impediment to implementing the strategy outlined in PDD 63 is the lack of a national plan that clearly spells out the roles and responsibilities of federal and nonfederal entities and defines interim objectives."

This study investigated the effects of implementing cognitive learning theory principles in computer assisted instruction of educational psychology concepts. A total of 19 preservice deaf teachers participated in the study. We used a pre-post design to measure the learning and attitude changes of the teachers. The results of the analysis of pretests and posttests of cognitive outcomes indicated that significant learning occurred as a result of the computer-based instruction. Also, the majority of the students reacted positively to the quality of the lessons. The results also suggest that applying an appropriate theoretical framework to the design of instruction offers an avenue for meaningfully addressing the appropriate use of technology.

I will discuss the thermal transport properties of nanostructured silicongermanium alloys for thermoelectric applications. By means of atomistic simulations, I will show that it is in fact possible to design a nanocomposite with optimal thermoelectric performances, i.e. maximizing its figure of merit. In particular, computer experiments provide quantitative evidence that the phonon flux from hot to cold regions (phonons are the microscopic heat carriers) is dramatically affected by the network of grain boundaries present in the nanocomposite

Adult attachment classification is traditionally based on qualitative coding of participants' discourse about their attachment history. Word count‐based analyses have proven useful for assessing emotional states from narrative. To expand the understanding of how language is used in emotion regulation processes related to attachment, the authors assess 102 college‐aged adults' language on the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). Autonomous adults use more emotion words and, in particular, negative emotion words. Preoccupied adults use more anger words. Disorganized adults use more experientially connected language and more death/dying words, but also use more second‐person pronouns when discussing loss. Language use during the AAI explains variability in self‐reported emotional distress above and beyond attachment classifications. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance to emotion and attachment.

Pharmaceutical patient assistance programs (PAPs) have the potential to improve prescription drug accessibility for eligible patients, but currently there is limited information regarding their effectiveness. In an attempt to provide a systematic description of primary studies on PAPs, we reviewed 33 unique studies from commercial and grey literature (e.g., government publications, conference abstracts) sources: 15 health care outcome evaluations, seven economic evaluations, seven surveys and four miscellaneous studies. Enrollment assistance for PAPs with additional medication services (e.g., counseling) was significantly associated with improved glycemic (standardized mean difference = −0.40, 95% CI = −0.59,−0.20; k=3 one-group, pre-post-test; 1 comparison-group) and lipid (standardized mean difference = −0.52, 95% CI = 0.78,−0.27; k=3 one-group, pre-post-test; 1 comparison group) control. Inadequately designed economic evaluations suggest free PAP medications offset health care institutions' costs for uncompensated medications and enrollment assistance programs. More rigorous research is needed to establish the clinical and cost-effectiveness of PAPs from a patient and health care institution perspective.

AbstractLive‐fire training activity dating from around 1941 to 1997 resulted in the deposition of spent

munitions, propellants, and explosives in impact‐area soils at the Camp Edwards Training Ranges on the

Massachusetts Military Reservation. Resulting contaminants of concern, including RDX, HMX, TNT, and

2,4‐DNT, are found in particulate form and are heterogeneously dispersed in the soil. An Innovative

Technology Evaluation (ITE) Program was initiated by the Army National Guard in March 2000 to

investigate the potential for remediation of these soils.Remediation technologies chosen for the ITE program to address this problem included soil washing,

low‐temperature thermal destruction (LTTD), composting, solid‐phase bioremediation,

bioslurry, chemical oxidation, and chemical reduction. The soil washing process was shown in field trials to

reduce the volume of soil requiring further treatment by 75 percent. All technologies were effective on soils

that had been treated using soil washing. LTTD, solid‐phase bioremediation, and bioslurry were effective

on untreated soil, while composting was less effective, and chemical reduction and oxidation were not tested on

untreated soils. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*

This article considers a new method, called Cross-Site Attributional Model Improved by Calibration to Within-Site Individual Randomization Findings (abbreviated as "CAMIC"), which seeks to reduce bias in analyses of the contributions of a program's various design, implementation, and contextual characteristics to its overall impacts. It requires a multi-site experiment where some (or all) sites randomize individuals to one of three arms: a standard treatment group, an enhanced treatment group (that receives the standard treatment plus a program "enhancement"), or a control group (that has no access to the program). A recent evaluation—that of the Health Profession Opportunity Grants (HPOG) program—provides a motivating example of this design and its potential for both methodological and substantive lessons; and the article considers other evaluations that would be fitting for deploying and learning from CAMIC. We conclude that the promise for CAMIC lies in situations where the correlations between the selected program enhancement and alternative program characteristics of interest are relatively high, implying that producing an experimental estimate of the enhancement can reduce bias in the estimation of other non-randomized program characteristics.

When is language considered 'impolite'? Is impolite language only used for anti-social purposes? Can impolite language be creative? What is the difference between 'impoliteness' and 'rudeness'? Grounded in naturally-occurring language data and drawing on findings from linguistic pragmatics and social psychology, Jonathan Culpeper provides a fascinating account of how impolite behaviour works. He examines not only its forms and functions but also people's understandings of it in both public and private contexts. He reveals, for example, the emotional consequences of impoliteness, how it shapes and is shaped by contexts, and how it is sometimes institutionalised. This book offers penetrating insights into a hitherto neglected and poorly understood phenomenon. It will be welcomed by students and researchers in linguistics and social psychology in particular.

This research study was aimed to determine whether the epics have effects on intercultural awareness of second language learners at the School of Foreign Languages, Selcuk University. It was conducted in two prep classes including 21 and 19 students to determine whether using epics was beneficial for intercultural awareness of second language learners during the foreign language learning process. The experimental group including 21 students was taught two English and two Turkish epics and related activities were done. The control group consisted of 19 students and no specific study for intercultural awareness was done. The students in that group got the cultural information from the coursebook. Both groups were given a questionnaire as a pre-test and a post-test. The test consisted of three open-ended questions related to the attitudes of students towards the target culture. During the study, the students were observed, and their behaviours and opinions were recorded by the researcher. The results showed a significant difference in the mean gains of the samples. Teaching epics proved to be effective on students' intercultural awareness as second language learners while learning a second language.

How we vary our speech is fundamental in signalling who we are, where we're from and where we're going. How and when does such variation arise? Here, leading experts Jennifer Smith and Mercedes Durham address this question through a sociolinguistic analysis of the speech of preschool children in interaction with their primary caregivers. Bringing together two fields of linguistic research - variationist sociolinguistics and first language acquisition - the study focusses both qualitative and quantitative analysis of a range of variables to show when and how variation is acquired by young children, and the effect the caregiver's interaction has on this process. In doing so, they tackle a fundamental question in language research: when and how do children acquire the highly complex patterns of variation widely attested in adult speech?

Metadata only record ; China's Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) is the largest land retirement program in the developing world, having the goal of converting 14.67 million hectares of cropland to forests by 2010 (4.4 million of which is on land with slopes greater than 25 degrees) and an additional "soft" goal of afforesting a roughly equal area of wasteland by 2010. Pending successful completion it could represent a 10-20% increase in China's national forest area and a 10% decrease in current cultivated area. At present the program is being implemented in more than 2000 counties across 25 provinces in China - a wide area containing huge ecological and economic heterogeneity - and involves the participation of tens of millions of rural households. The program has a total budget of RMB 337 billion (over US$40 billion), around RMB 50 billion of which has been spent so far, and over 7.2 million hectares of cropland has been retired by the end of 2003. ; PES-1 (Payments for Environmental Services Associate Award)