Suchergebnisse

Using data from the Public Health Service, we studied the demographic and clinical characteristics of 1,782 patients enrolled in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) during 2001 in the Swiss Canton of Vaud, comparing our findings with the results of a previous study from 1976 to 1986. In 2001, most patients (76.9%) were treated in general practice. Mortality is low in this MMT population (1%/year). While patient age and sex profiles were similar to those found in the earlier study, we did observe a substantial increase in the number of patients and the number of practitioners treating MMT patients, probably reflecting the low-threshold governmental policies and the creation of specialized centers. In conclusion, easier access to MMT enhances the number of patients, but new concerns about the quality of management emerge: benzodiazepine as a concomitant prescription; low rates of screening for hepatitis B, C and HIV, and social and psychiatric preoccupations.

International audience ; This chapter investigates how, in response to trends in transnational migration, borders are governed through practices such as the confinement and deportation of foreign migrants and asylum seekers. In particular, the increasing prominence of camps or other restricted areas in which migrants or illegal aliens are held for varying lengths of time highlight a new distribution of power defined by access to mobility. An empirical investigation into these spaces shows how democratic governments manage non-citizen populations and examines the ways in which the types of restriction and surveillance brought to bear on these people reconfigure physical, moral, and political boundaries. Several issues shape policy on border detention: confinement, albeit in a humanitarian form; the administrative application of different standards of rights for various alien populations; the conflation of humanitarian care and control for populations identified as vulnerable; the redrawing of frontiers through networks and zones; and, lastly, the experience of mobility produced by the differential management of movement within the modern archipelagos of surveillance. Border policies frame a network within the territory, which maintains the individuals in spaces of administrative suspension (such as the ambiguous figure of the clandestine-asylum seeker) and in interdependent spaces of confinement (such as the network of border detention, administrative detention for sans-papiers and prisons). The paper sheds a light on how this device emerges, by which national borders are reactivated within the social sphere. ; Ce chapitre se penche sur le phénomène des migrations transnationales et sur le gouvernement des frontières qui y répond, à travers des pratiques d'enfermement et d'expulsion des étrangers en Europe. La construction des camps d'étrangers, dont relève ce champ d'investigation, témoigne de nouvelles distributions du pouvoir qui passent par l'accès à la mobilité. Une enquête empirique dans ces espaces nous ...

International audience ; This chapter investigates how, in response to trends in transnational migration, borders are governed through practices such as the confinement and deportation of foreign migrants and asylum seekers. In particular, the increasing prominence of camps or other restricted areas in which migrants or illegal aliens are held for varying lengths of time highlight a new distribution of power defined by access to mobility. An empirical investigation into these spaces shows how democratic governments manage non-citizen populations and examines the ways in which the types of restriction and surveillance brought to bear on these people reconfigure physical, moral, and political boundaries. Several issues shape policy on border detention: confinement, albeit in a humanitarian form; the administrative application of different standards of rights for various alien populations; the conflation of humanitarian care and control for populations identified as vulnerable; the redrawing of frontiers through networks and zones; and, lastly, the experience of mobility produced by the differential management of movement within the modern archipelagos of surveillance. Border policies frame a network within the territory, which maintains the individuals in spaces of administrative suspension (such as the ambiguous figure of the clandestine-asylum seeker) and in interdependent spaces of confinement (such as the network of border detention, administrative detention for sans-papiers and prisons). The paper sheds a light on how this device emerges, by which national borders are reactivated within the social sphere. ; Ce chapitre se penche sur le phénomène des migrations transnationales et sur le gouvernement des frontières qui y répond, à travers des pratiques d'enfermement et d'expulsion des étrangers en Europe. La construction des camps d'étrangers, dont relève ce champ d'investigation, témoigne de nouvelles distributions du pouvoir qui passent par l'accès à la mobilité. Une enquête empirique dans ces espaces nous ...

The CFA-zone is basically composed of two sub-zones, characterised by significant structural economic and political differences within and between its member countries: the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU/UEMOA) and the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (EMCCA/CEMAC). The growing structural divergences between UEMOA and CEMAC have been intensified by the recent development of world oil markets, booming production in Equatorial Guinea and the arrival of Chad in the club of oil producers. Nevertheless the CFA-zone in general, and the UEMOA in particular, have been considered as model case for economic and monetary integration in Africa. Yet, neither of these sub-zones meets the classical criteria of the Optimum Currency Area (OCA). In contrast, they show a low degree of diversification of production and exports, low factor mobility (except of labour in some countries) and price and wage flexibility, different levels of infrastructure and of inflation, low intra-regional trade and a strong exposure to asymmetrical external shocks (e.g. violent political conflicts, different terms of trade development for oil- and agricultural exports). The rules of the informal sector, are more important in structuring the CFA-zone than the institutions and policies of the formal economic sector, including its monetary institutions. For decades, prices of French imports were overpriced, due to protection by tied aid and other political and cultural non-tariff barriers. The cost of this rent-seeking was carried not only by the French Treasury, who guarantees the peg, but by the French and EU-taxpayers, who financed budgetary bail-outs and development aid, and finally by the poorer member countries and social strata (cf. the free-rider thesis). This article analyses the aims and structures of the WAEMU and its future development prospects.

This Knowledge Synthesis Report, "Ethical Tech Innovation: Uniting Educational Initiatives and Professional Practice," is co-funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council and the Government of Canada's Future Skills program. ; Engineers and other workers at the forefront of technological innovation play a central role in shaping the future of our digital economy, and the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed with stark clarity the urgent need for ethical conversations about the ways technologies are developed and integrated into society. However, there is inadequate understanding about effective methods for integrating ethical training in engineering academia, both in terms of the types of training required and how best to implement this training within existing engineering programs. This neglect poses significant challenges for the engineering profession, particularly since it makes it difficult for educators to effectively deliver and assess ethical training. Going beyond engineering, the consequences of this lack are significant: perpetuating technological bias and inequities, environmental degradation, and a culture that is apathetic to the impacts of technological innovation. This Knowledge Synthesis report, funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC), responds to this gap in two ways: summarising preliminary findings of a literature review from the past ten years to identify recent knowledge and gaps on effective approaches to embedding ethics in the tech industry; and, synthesizing results of semi-structured interviews with 10 key industry leaders and experts about the need for and barriers of ethics training in engineering. Recommendations for academia, industry, and government are provided to cultivate ethical interventions in academia and industry teaching and training. While the literature presents a great deal of exemplary efforts to grow and embed ethics training, our analysis finds that the status of these efforts in engineering disciplines remain sporadic, ...

Platforms are powerful. Everybody agrees on that. But opinions diverge where that power stems from. Is it because of the superiority of their technology? Is it because of their crushing market share? Is it because of their surveillance capabilities? These and similar questions around digital platforms are also increasingly discussed among organization scholars. What kind of organizational form - somewhere between market, network and hierarchy, or a strange mixture of all three - are platforms? And what is their economic and societal impact, given they are already changing whole sectors, work relations, media production and consumption as well as politics? The book "The power of platforms: Politics in the time of internet Giants" by Michael Seeman develops a unique angle on the topic and develops a theory of platform power based on a unified and abstract understand of what platforms are and do - an understanding that can describe Microsoft as well as Amazon and Uber, i.e. the vast heterogeneity of platforms, by using several social science theories, including e.g. the resource dependence theory by Pfeffer/Salancik. Platforms, Seemann argues, have a particular kind of power that derives from the fact that we - as individual or organizational agents - all engage in countless mutually dependent relationships. Platforms have developed a specific set of tools and strategies that enable them to occupy and manipulate these relationships - "own" them, steer them in their favor and extract value from them. The book claims that the platform is a new structural paradigm of social organization in its own right – next to the nation state and the market. Accordingly, platforms have specific properties and dynamics that are fundamentally different to the latter two. By diving deep into platform history, the book explains what platforms are, how they evolved, how they function, and how they gain and apply power. The book also explores the impact of the emergence of these new powerful entities in the world. They have changed ...

Borrowing is a common coping strategy for households to meet healthcare costs in countries where social health protection is limited or non-existent. Borrowing with interest, hereinafter termed distress health financing or distress financing, can push households into heavy indebtedness and exacerbate the financial consequences of healthcare costs. We investigated distress health financing practices and associated factors among Cambodian households, using primary data from a nationally representative household survey of 5000 households. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with distress health financing. Results showed that 28.1% of households consuming healthcare borrowed to pay for that healthcare with 55% of these subjected to distress financing. The median loan was US$125 (US$200 for loans with interest and US$75 for loans without interest). Approximately 50.6% of healthcare-related loans were to pay for the costs of outpatient care in the past month, 45.8% for inpatient care and 3.6% for preventive care in the past 12 months. While the average period to pay off the loan was 8 months, 78% of households were still indebted from loans taken over 12 months before the survey. Distress financing is strongly associated with household poverty - the poorer the household the more likely it is to borrow, fall into debt and unable to pay off the debt - even for members of the health equity funds, a national scheme designed to improve financial access to health services for the poor. Other determinants of distress financing were household size, use of inpatient care and outpatient consultations with private providers or with both private and public providers. In order to ensure effective financial risk protection, Cambodia should establish a more comprehensive and effective social health protection scheme that provides maximum population coverage and prioritizes services for populations at risk of distress financing, especially poorer and larger households.

The author presents a general view of some conditions previous the 1959 Cuban revolution; then he remarks the course and the achievement of the revolution in different fields. We found here and exhaustive critic balance of the real transformation at the eighty and ninety decades after the collapse of the eastern European countries, where the author remarks many of the measures taken by the Cuban government to face the economic crisis. He also refers, from a sociological analysis, the new spaces that have been generated at the social framework, and at the same time the appearance of visible inequalities and deep breaks. When the author makes some questions like why socialist Cuba continues alive? or gives the opinion that the country become stagnant but stable, he is trying to show considerations on theoretical assumptions offering some answers and also some possible landscape to be developed. ; En primer lugar, el autor presenta un panorama general de las condiciones prevalecientes en los años precedentes a la Revolución Cubana de 1959 y de la evolución de ésta en los diferentes ámbitos durante las primeras décadas. Se ofrece después un exhaustivo balance crítico de las transformaciones a partir de los ochenta y noventa, luego de la crisis de los países del Este europeo, resaltando las diversas medidas que el gobierno cubano ha ido tomando para paliar la crisis económica resultante. Asimismo, el autor analiza los nuevos espacios que se han generado en el entramado social creándose desigualdades visibles y rupturas profundas, todo ello desde un análisis sociológico. Al preguntarse por qué Cuba socialista no ha caído y al afirmar que el país se encuentra actualmente en un estado de estancamiento estable se va hilvanando una serie de consideraciones sobre supuestos teóricos que van dando algunas respuestas, así como posibles escenarios a desarrollarse.

El siguiente trabajo pretende contribuir a la discusión actual sobre agricultura familiar. Este tipo de producción ha sido materia de infinidad de análisis y tiene, en la actualidad de las políticas orientadas al desarrollo rural en Argentina, una gran relevancia. En el último tiempo ha habido en ellas un viraje que, al menos en términos propositivos, permite pensar al sujeto de la agricultura familiar con una mirada mayormente anclada en aspectos territoriales, culturales y políticos que en buena medida resultan novedosos y habilitan a considerar más exhaustivamente esta porción de la estructura social agraria. El trabajo tiene como objetivo discutir los usos de esta categoría, poniendo especial énfasis en las políticas públicas que se orientan a estos sujetos en la actualidad. Para ello, se analizaron fuentes oficiales al respecto y una serie de trabajos académicos relevantes para la realidad de Argentina y buena parte de América Latina ; This paper aims to contribute to the ongoing discussion on family farm. This type of production has been the subject of analysis and has a great importance in rural development-oriented policies in Argentina. In recent times there has been a change in its treatment, at least in propositional terms that suggests the inclusion of territorial aspects, cultural and political factors that are largely new and enabled to consider more thoroughly this portion of the agrarian social structure. The paper aims to discuss the use of this category, with special emphasis on public policies that focus on these kind of subjects today. To do this, we analyzed official documents connected with the topic and a series of papers relevant to the reality of Argentina and part of Latin America ; Fil: Nogueira, María Elena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentina.

This article presents the first part of a study on crime-prevention and crime-control strategies in Usme, Bogotá. This part develops the most important theoretical models on crime-prevention and security concept. The second part will present the case study developed in Usme, during Luis Eduardo Garzón's administration as mayor. The guideline of the research was to find out the crime prevention strategies implemented in Usme during that time and their approach. The hypothesis is that political-criminal orientation of Usme's strategies responded to the logic of social defense ideology, due to a restricted and limited concept of security drawn from its very opposite –insecurity-, which clearly refers security issues to what has been defined as "criminal". ; Este artículo presenta la primera parte de un estudio sobre las estrategias de prevención y control de la criminalidad en la localidad de Usme, en la ciudad de Bogotá. En esta entrega se desarrollan los principales modelos teóricos relacionados con la prevención del crimen y el concepto de seguridad y, en la segunda, se presentará el estudio de caso realizado en la localidad durante el Gobierno del alcalde Luis Eduardo Garzón. El cuestionamiento que orientó la investigación fue buscar cuáles son y qué enfoque tenían las tácticas de prevención de la criminalidad implementadas en la localidad de Usme. La hipótesis que se ilustrará es que la orientación político-criminal de las medidas planteadas en la localidad respondieron a una lógica que no escapa a la ideología de la defensa social, debido a la permanencia de un concepto de seguridad restringido y limitado, construido a partir de su opuesto –la inseguridad–, que hace expresa la remisión de los temas de la seguridad a lo que se tiene definido como "criminal".

Preface and acknowledgements / Jeffrey R. Di Leo and Christian Moraru -- Notes on contributors -- Introduction: world theory in the new millennium / Jeffrey R. Di Leo and Christian Moraru -- Part 1: arts and humanities -- Worlding history / Fabio López-Lázaro -- Worlding philosophy / Brian O'Keeffe -- Worlding ethics / Nigel Dower -- Worlding art / Nikos Papastergiadis -- Worlding postmodernism / Hans Bertens -- Worlding comparative literature / Christian Moraru -- Worlding popular culture / Esther Peeren -- Worlding music / John Mowitt -- Worlding cinema / Alex Taek-Gwang Lee -- Worlding theater / Gina MacKenzie -- Worlding religion / Gerda Heck and Stephan Lanz -- Part 2: social and behavioral sciences -- Worlding sociology / Veronika Wittmann -- World anthropology / Nigel Rapport -- Worlding economics / Peter Hitchcock -- Worlding psychoanalysis / Dany Nobus -- Worlding women / Robin Goodman -- Worlding gender / Vrushali Patil -- Worlding queer / Sri Craven -- Worlding identity / Zahi Zalloua -- Part 3: the professions -- Worlding higher education / Michael Thomas -- Worlding public policy / Kenneth J. Saltman -- Worlding international education / Lien Pham -- Worlding international relations / Sophia McClennen -- Worlding media studies / Toby Miller and Jesús Arroyave -- Worlding journalism / Vera Slavtcheva-Petkova -- Worlding publishing / Jeffrey R. Di Leo -- Worlding architecture / Richard Ingersoll -- Part 4: natural and formal sciences -- Worlding logic -- Paul Livingston -- Worlding spatiality studies / Robert T. Tally Jr. -- Worlding cybernetics / Andrew Culp -- Worlding systems theory / Bruce Clarke -- Worlding biology / Adam Nocek -- Worlding environmental studies / Robert P. Marzec -- Worlding earth and climate studies / Claire Colebrook.

Anthropologists are often reluctant to present their work relating to matters of a broad social context to the wider public even though many have much to say about a range of contemporary issues. In this second edition of a classic work in the field, Edward J. Hedican takes stock of Anthroplogy's research on current indigenous affairs and offers an up-to-date assessment of Aboriginal issues in Canada from the perspective of applied Anthropology. In his central thesis, Hedican underlines Anthropology's opportunity to make a significant impact on the way Aboriginal issues are studied, perceived, and interpreted in Canada. He contends that anthropologists must quit lingering on the periphery of debates concerning land claims and race relations and become more actively committed to the public good. His study ranges over such challenging topics as advocacy roles in Aboriginal studies, the ethics of applied research, policy issues in community development, the political context of the self-government debate, and the dilemma of Aboriginal status and identity in Canada. Applied Anthropology in Canada is an impassioned call for a revitalized Anthropology - one more directly attuned to the practical problems faced by First Nations peoples. Hedican's focus on Aboriginal issues gives his work a strong contemporary relevance that bridges the gap between scholarly and public spheres

This book approaches the concept of adjustment to aging and endeavors to build reader understanding of this construct through a critical review and discussion. Once the reader understands the origins and nature of adjustment to aging, a second innovation encompasses the development of a proposed empirical model of adjustment to aging and the analysis of its components and correlates. Measures to assess adjustment to aging, policies, programs and interventions comprising adjustment to aging and its components and correlates will also be addressed. Another innovation includes the multidimensional experience of adjustment to aging from the cultural perspective. Lastly, it addresses areas of future development related to this construct. Future policies and interventions in older populations need to integrate and debate the role of adjustment to aging, and ultimately consider a variety of different strategies, each with a different set of costs and benefits. Health and social professionals will be at the vanguard of policy making and community and institutional interventions. Hence, resources and tools to adequately prepare these individuals for the future years will be vital. It is the author's hope that this resource can be valuable for professionals and students working within the field of aging, as they develop research and intervention policies encompassing adjustment to aging in the coming years