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Legal discussions of defamation commonly focus on defamation law, with relative neglect of struggles that take place over defamation matters. To understand defamation struggles, we introduce backfire theory: if somethingis perceived as unjust and information about it is communicated to relevantaudiences, it has the potential to backfire against those held responsible. Defamation suits have the potential to backfire when they are seen asoppressive or contrary to free speech. There are several types of actions byplaintiffs that can inhibit this backfire effect, including cover-up, devaluationof the defendant, reinterpretation and intimidation. To illustrate the value ofbackfire analysis of defamation struggles, we examine four Australianexamples, involving author Avon Lovell, politician Robert Askin, solicitorJohn Marsden and Aboriginal leader Geoff Clark, and the British example ofMcDonald's suit against two activists. Participants in these struggles see thematters in terms of reputation and free speech; backfire analysis allows anobserver to put tactics used by participants in a coherent framework.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos dabartinės analitinės priežastingumo filosofijos kontroversijos. Remiantis paplitusia "hiumiškų" (D. Hume'o tradicija sekančių) ir "nehiumiškų" teorijų perskyra, įvardijami pagrindiniai teiginiai, dėl kurių nesutaria šių teorijų autoriai. Pateikiama šių teorijų metafilosofinė analizė, kurioje aptariami hiumiškų ir nehiumiškų principų tarpusavio santykiai. Teigiama, kad lemiamas dalykas nagrinėjamose kontroversijose yra priežastingumo reduktyvizmo priėmimas arba atmetimas. Reikšminiai žodžiai: priežastingumas, analitinė filosofija, Davidas Hume'as.

WHAT IS A NON-HUMEAN THEORY OF CAUSATION?Vytautas Grenda
Summary The article analyses the controversies in contemporary analytical philosophy of causation. Using the famous distinction between "Humean" and "non-Humean" theories, the main issues that divide them are stated. Carrying out metaphilosophical analysis of these theories, author discusses the relationships between Humean and non-Humean principles. He argues that the crucial issue in the controversies investigated is the acceptance or rejection of reductionism with respect to causation.Keywords: causation, analytical philosophy, David Hume

In this work, the changes in the economic structure of the population of Vojvodina are considered between two censuses of population, limiting the beginning (1991) and the end of the first stage of transition (2002). Defining the transition as an attempt of the creation of a modern market economy, the author defined the development of human capital as the basic criterion for the analysis, developed as a special methodological concept based upon the category of labor and supplemented with various demograhpic criteria as health status, education, national structure and historical heritage. The performed analysis indicates that unevenly distributed transitional depression, various local and subregional demographic factors complex ethnical structure, historical heritage and the related problems of separatism, particularism and neglect of common interests impose the purposeful division of labour market to partial subregional labour markets aimed, on the basis of network organization, for a more efficient neutralization of these problems.

This article explores issues of workplace justice and organization legitimacy founded in formal employee grievance programs and procedures designed to afford aggrieved employees procedural due process, equal treatment and fairness. The depth and breadth of the discussion and debate about what constitutes a successful employee grievance program is interdisciplinary and complex. It focuses on the inevitable tension between management prerogatives and employee rights in the public workplace. At issue is the relationship between workplace justice and legitimacy and its effect on organization efficiency and effectiveness. The author contends that workplace justice and organization success are closely tied to the legitimate actions of first-line supervisors and human resource managements' abilities to design institutions capable of fulfilling their social responsibilities in self-preserving ways. This will require a better understanding of how formal employee grievance procedures alter cooperative, alternative dispute resolution mechanisms for resolving employees' workplace concerns, complaints, and disputes in public organizations.

The role of entrepreneurship and small businesses in economic development has received particular attention in the postcommunist countries. Transition studies have recently emphasised the role that institutions play in orienting the entrepreneurial spirit toward capital formation, investment, export expansion, and generation of new jobs, and fair competition which will lead to sustainable economic growth. The author discusses the business-support infrastructure in Albania and the operational issues it faces. Interview data have been collected from various actors involved in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the country. The combination of the interview content with background information on each of the organisations has highlighted various issues such as the need for greater exposure of enterprises to business opportunities through the promotion of role-model businesses, the need to respond to the specific needs of enterprises in terms of skills and knowledge, and the need for a wider access through a better sectoral and regional coverage.

The central focus of the article is a case study in which the author highlights the ways in which social workers and other helping professionals constructed a mother, her daughter and their own realities through the use of authorial devices such as moral characterization, point of view, and other techniques. This analysis is made on the basis of oral and written accounts available in this case and focuses primarily on some of the narrative strategies underpinning interventions in the case. These, it is maintained, served social workers in making their representations persuasive for various publics. Moreover, this analysis shows that social work accounts are also deeply moral narrative strategies. The narrative materials examined here about a mother illustrate how the character of a morally unsuitable woman and parent are constructed in social work accounts. The analysis also demonstrates that such moral constructions then serve as the basis for interventions requiring justification when presented to important professional audiences.

Greenhouse gas emissions are adversely affecting the earth's climate, a global common and a public good. The contribution of individual countries has a limited effect on the biosphere, implying that only globally coordinated efforts may result in significant climate improvements. The Rio Earth Summit (1992) and Kyoto Protocol (1997) are manifestations of international efforts to achieve sustainable development through efficient use of energy and incorporating more renewable sources in global economy. In this article, the author examines the energy-related emissions of greenhouse gases and the utilization of renewable energy sources in Canada with respect to Agenda 21 commitments. An overview of the results of Canada's policies on climate change since Rio in terms of energy consumption, various sources of energy, and emission rates of greenhouse gases is also presented. It is concluded that the current plans of the Canadian government to deal with greenhouse gas emissions have not been effective.

PurposeAims to explore a central contradiction in the so‐called information society – while it is characterized by calls for universal transparency, at the same time, there are demands for increased secrecy.Design/methodology/approachA number of lines of enquiry are sketched out including: the way in which new technologies radically reshapes the relationship between secrecy and both the public and professional spheres; transparency v. secrecy; and the prospect that a society of organized secrecy will take the place of democratic society.FindingsNew norms and rules should be defined so as to take into account the effects of information technologies on governance and human rights.Originality/valueThe article is a declaration that the Age of the Enlightenment, as with the open society, is incapable of being bounded. The author opposes the postmodern prophets of doom who have declared the Age of the Enlightenment to be dead and its democratic project to be nonsensical.

Placing Israel's separation wall in the continuum of the Zionist project in Palestine since the late nineteenth century, this essay sees the wall as the latest component of long-held policies of exclusion, control, and containment. In particular, it sees the wall as the culmination of Israel's quest to deal with its ""native problem,"" which had been largely solved with the 1948 war, but which returned full force with the 1967 conquests. The author traces the evolution of Israel's approach to this problem, from ""partial integration"" (and direct military rule) to separation (with indirect military rule and limited Palestinian self-government); settlement and land alienation have been constants. After deconstructing Sharon's current policy, the essay ends by examining Palestinian options for confronting a bleak future, focusing in particular on an as-yet inchoate strategy of nonviolence, campaigns for enforcing international law, and nurturing the most important potential alliance in the struggle against occupation: the Israeli peace camp.

This article examines television advertising used during the 2004 presidential campaign. Based on interviews with the advertising creators and coordinators and on repeated viewings by the author and his graduate and undergraduate students, it describes, analyzes, and evaluates the ads. The study reveals massive spending totaling $620 million—a 235% increase over 2000. Kerry, his party, and 527 groups supporting his candidacy outspent Bush, his party, and his 527 groups $358 million to $262 million. Kerry had double the Bush ads, mainly because of state-specific ad placement. Kerry stayed positive early and ended with more positive ads, whereas his 527s took up the negative attack against Bush. Bush ran the most negative campaign in presidential history. 527 group ads played a significant role in the campaign, both early and late in the campaign. These ads hurt both Kerry and Bush early and aided Bush in the closing days of the campaign.

The United States and its allies were almost completely unprepared for the enormous occupation responsibilities they faced in the Far East beginning in 1945. The author reviews Chinese, American, and British occupation decisions in immediate postwar China, Korea, and Southeast Asia and the role of the forces of recently defeated Japan. Allied occupiers came into the area for the nonpolitical task of disarming and removing the Japanese, but they quickly found themselves in the middle of insurgencies or civil wars, because the basic political future of these countries remained undecided. By 1948 all the states of the former Japanese empire were involved in conflicts. The ultimate fate of the occupied nations seemed to depend more on internal forces than on the techniques or plans of the occupiers. Consequently, the lessons of this period for the recent Iraq occupation are ambiguous at best, and they suggest that nation-building with guns will have no more certain outcome.

Reunification profoundly challenged the local government structure inherited from the Cold War period in Berlin. Yet this sudden socioeconomic and political change did not produce any immediate impact on institutional arrangements or policy instruments within the urban policy field. In this context, the implementation of the European Community Initiative URBAN, between 1994 and 1999, offered an opportunity to actors who were willing to challenge the existing balance of power to contest the legitimacy of preexisting interests and representations. The author argues that, in a context of competing interpretations of the issues raised by segregation processes which have left pockets of poverty in both parts of the city, the URBAN programme has managed to become an important driving force behind an underlying process of change. Its innovative approach to urban poverty and social exclusion exerted an impact on the parameters of this process of change, exacerbating existing political and organisational conflicts and challenging local networks, sources of legitimacy, and policy instruments.

Comparing the practice of two certification schemes in Swedish forestry, the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and a forest owner-dominated competitor, the author explores the capacity of forest certification to ameliorate environmental degradation in forestry while attending to different stakeholder interests. Although the inclusiveness and stringency of the FSC might impede its ability to attend to industry needs, it has a greater capacity than the forest owner-dominated scheme to enhance environmental protection in forestry. Second, although competition for support and rule-making authority has resulted in convergence of the two schemes, the forest owner-dominated program has not adopted decision-making rules and structures to reduce the influence of forest owners in standard development and operation. Third, effective implementation of non-state forest governance schemes requires national forest law enforcement and well-functioning government administrations. This helps explain why forest certification initiatives have been more successful in Sweden and other developed countries than in developing countries.