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Takamure Itsue has many faces following different phases of her life: poet, activist-writer, anarchist, ethnologist and historian. Throughout these transformations, Takamure maintained her feminist position. This article concentrates on her politics of love, sex and marriage, formulated and presented in the pre-war period during the time of Japanese colonial empire. A specific focus is placed on her positionality in the act of writing within the discursive field of women whose nation was colonizing others, notably Koreans. The combination of positivistic craving for 'scientific' history to substantiate the uxorilocal tradition of Japanese matrimony and uncritical acceptance of 'motherhood' as a superior virtue led her to consequently embrace Japan's colonialism.

This article explores Dutch history and current political and academic debates in relation to citizenship and gender. It notes a change in the citizenship discourse from communitarian citizenship virtues in the 1950s via citizenship rights in the 1980s to labour market participation as a condition of citizenship in the 1990s. The latter period also sees a flirtation by academics and some politicians with civic republicanism, emphasizing the importance of political participation. In this debate, however, the issue of the low participation of women in decision-making organizations and processes is usually not addressed. Recently, a return to a communitarian discourse can be noted with the question of social cohesion as its central focus.

Dramatic changes in household and family formation patterns among low-income African American families have revived interest in the relationship between family life and poverty. Identifying these changes, the demographic perspective has quantitatively documented increases in female headship and non-marital childbearing, and decreases in marriage among African Americans. Comparative data from two generations of women in poverty (mothers and grandmothers) are presented to expand on the demographic perspective. Using an adaptational perspective, qualitative data are used to describe the meanings and social processes that are embedded in demographic profiles. The inclusion of both demographic and adaptational frameworks in the poverty research agenda suggests a broader and more accurate understanding of African American families in poverty.

In early 1989, the Soviet Germans established the Wiedergeburt ("Rebirth") All-Union Society. An umbrella-organization originally designed to protect and advance ethnic-German interests in the USSR, the "Rebirth" Society adopted the most effective legal means by which it could confront the regime—namely, political dissent based on Lenin's notion of national self-determination. The "Rebirth" movement evolved in this context and represented the fifteenth-largest Soviet nationality numbering more than two million in the 1989 Soviet census. By 1993, official membership in the "Rebirth" Society included nearly 200,000 men and women. Ironically, at the very moment the Soviet Germans became more politically conscious, the Soviet Union and the ethnic-German community were disintegrating.

Throughout 1897, the mass-circulation Ladies' Home Journal ran six full-page illustrations drawn by nationally known artist Alice Barber Stephens and collectively titled "The American Woman." The series was among the first visual commentary on gender in a truly national mass medium. Its imagery framed larger debates about not only the proper place (literal and figurative) of American women, but also the economic and social aspirations of the "rising classes" in the United States. A rhetorical analysis of the series and its editorial context reveals the extent to which class and gender issues intersected in this era - and underscores the central role of mass media in public discussion of these emerging concerns.

This article proposes an analysis of London's gender system. First, it explores the relationship between gender and the local economy and culture. Second, it examines decision-making structures in the local state and how they are gendered. Third, the article investigates London's autonomous women's movement and the extent to which its constituent groups possess the resources necessary to influence policy. Fourth, it looks at two issue areas, homelessness and hospital reorganization and the ways in which policy-making in these areas deal with gender issues. The authors conclude that women and particularly feminists can influence policy but the degree of influence varies by locality, organizational context and issue.

Johan Galtung Peace by Peaceful Means: Peace and Conflict, Development and CivilizationRonald J. Fisher Interactive Conflict ResolutionJames Downton, Jr., and Paul Wehr The Persistent Activist: How Peace Commitment Develops and SurvivesCharles C. Euchner Extraordinary Politics: How Protest and Dissent Are Changing American DemocracyLea E. Williams Servants of the People: The 1960s Legacy of African American LeadershipCharles M. Payne I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom StruggleMoredechai Bar‐On In Pursuit of Peace: A History of the Israeli Peace MovementTemma Kaplan Crazy for Democracy: Women in Grassroots MovementsRod Troester Jimmy Carter as Peacemaker: A Post‐Presidential BiographyJim Hanson The Next Cold War?: American Alternatives for the Twenty‐First Century

This paper reviews the results of clinical trials and community studies of lactational amenorrhoea and its role as a contraceptive method (LAM). Indicators which are used in efficacy trials and effectiveness interventions are compared and sets of indicators of effectiveness appropriate to community-based LAM programmes are recommended. A five-tiered ecological framework is used to facilitate selection of indicators which range from individual to policy level outcomes. The indicator framework is intended as a tool for health practitioners in family planning and maternal and child health service delivery settings who are interested in designing programmatic interventions for the promotion of LAM, particularly among less well-educated women of lower socioeconomic communities.

The article draws attention to the so-called "forgotten" channels of the Internet. Those are the channels claimed to be the really interactive ones. The forgotten channels have been part of the internet since the time fo the Arpanet with their chat groups, news groups, MUDs and MOOs. Exactly the channels which women seem to enjoy. According to statistics gender difference in the use of the internet is very clear. Gender swapping and computer cross-dressing are well-known and popular phenomena in the cyberspace discourse. What does it meant to be "without a body" and how does the "genderlessness" of cyberspace affect one of our most basic identities: the gender identity?

This paper forwards some hypotheses on wage determination with regard to a survey with 210 questionnaires applied to workers in Recife to test them empirically. The major conclusions are: Human capital is an important factor determining real wages, and the domestic environment is crucial for its accumulation. Workers bargaining power, as measured by the union model, as well as size and ownership of the company, are also relevant factors. Unions affiliation to Central Unica dos Trabalhadores raises wages. Age is a relevant variable, but only in the set which includes state owned enterprises. The number of dependents is relevant, too, and wages for women are lower than that for men. (Rev Econ Polit/DÜI)

THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES IMPLICATIONS OF DATA ON THE INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS OF WELFARE RECIPIENTS FOR THE TYPES OF PROGRAMMATIC AND FINANCIAL INVESTMENTS THAT STATES WILL NEED TO MAKE FOR SUCCESSFUL WELFARE REFORM. RESEARCH BY THE INSTITUTE FOR WOMEN'S POLICY RESEARCH FOUND THAT EVEN BEFORE WELFARE REFORM, WOMEN WORKED SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF TIME AND RELIED HEAVILY ON FAMILY SUPPORTS TO SURVIVE, WHEN POSSIBLE. HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION AND JOB TRAINING ARE IMPORTANT PREDICTORS OF LEAVING WELFARE AND ESCAPING POVERTY, WHILE WORK EXPERIENCE ALONE HAS RELATIVELY LITTLE EFFECT ON LEAVING WELFARE. STATES WILL BE CHALLENGED TO PROVIDE THESE EDUCATIONAL SERVICES WITHIN THE RESTRICTIONS ON JOB TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNDER THE NEW WELFARE LAWS.

This article reevaluates the role of society women in the late nineteenth century in the formalization of New York's high society and in shaping class identity. In doing so, it takes issue with studies that have regarded this period in New York's social history as aberrational and, instead, evaluates women's involvement in the marriage market as a determined attempt to modulate the merger of rival elites and bring stability to a metropolitan society disrupted by urbanization, industri alization, and demographic growth. It argues that female social leaders complied with, and reinforced, the dominant male class structure while at the same time expanding their participation in a public social life and enhancing their status within the family.

AbstractThis study discusses the historical evolution of inns and innkeeping in Jewish society in Roman Palestine and examines their social implications, and in particular, the relationship between opposite ends of the social ladder, and what this meant for the status of women. After a sketch of innkeeping in the Ancient Near East from the third millennium B.C.E., the focus is on the Roman period. During that period, it is argued, innkeeping, originally associated with sexual promiscuity and the lowest strata of society, gained acceptance only with difficulty in the religiously conservative Jewish society of the time. Nevertheless, in time it became quite common and rabbinic sources of the 2nd and 3rd centuries C.E. take it for granted.

This study reports an ecologic analysis of the relationship between mean birth weight (MBW) and nutritional, medical and social variables, using 1982 data for 47 prefectures in Japan.Correlation analysis showed that variables that correlated significantly with MBW were mean temperature (r=0·63), total calorie intake (r=0·56), and body mass index of women (r=0·60). It is concluded that the MBW level in a given community represents the long and short term nutritional condition of mothers, and that the level may follow Bergman's law: 'In the same species, the body size of an animal increases along with latitude; that is, the lower the temperature, the larger the body size'.