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The working paper reflects on the status that "sciences" have held at different points in time, and on the normative orders found in scientific works, as well as on the normative orders imposed by the sciences of a particular place and time on their environment. The latter is also suggested by recent developments concerning the influence (or lack thereof) of scientists on daily life and politics. The paper touches on several fundamental issues in the history of science as a discipline that have been or are still being intensely debated.

This article looks at the economic and social thinking of Friedrich Hayek, a major figure of contemporary liberalism. Our aim is to present the broad outlines of the country's liberalism in order to shed light on: the role of democracy in the determination of a good society. By society, like Hayek, we hear the institutions — rules of conduct/constitution — which men, as social beings, can envisage in their relations with each other. What is at stake is the place Hayek attaches to democracy in the definition of good social rules or: Is Hayek in favour of constitutional democracy? Our answer is in the negative. Unlike James Buchanan and Viktor Vanberg, Hayek objects to the sovereignty of citizens in constitutional matters. This is because he believes that this is a matter of scientific expertise rather than democratic choice. ; International audience This paper studies the economic and social thought of Friedrich Hayek, a leading figure of contemporary liberalism. Our goal is to present the broad lines of hayekian liberalism to describe its position on a specific question: that of the role of democracy in the determination of what constitutes a good society. By society, we mean, according to Hayek, the institutions - rules of conduct/constitution - which men, as social beings, can consider in their reciprocal relationships. The goal is thus one of knowing the place Hayek grants to democracy in the definition of good social rules i.e.: Is Hayek in favor of constitutional democracy? Our answer is no. In contrast to James Buchanan and Viktor Vanberg, Hayek challenges citizen sovereignty on constitutional matters. And this, because he considers that this field concerns scientific analysis rather than democratic choice. ; This article looks at the economic and social thinking of Friedrich Hayek, a major figure of contemporary liberalism. Our aim is to present the broad outlines of the country's liberalism in order to shed light on: the role of democracy in the determination of a good society. By society, like Hayek, we ...

Castellanos A. S. Missionaries of science in Mexico: bringing science to mexican schools / Castellanos A. S. // Матеріали Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції «Методика навчання природничих дисциплін у середній та вищій школі» (XXІI КАРИШИНСЬКІ ЧИТАННЯ) (м. Полтава, 21-22 травня 2015 р.) / За заг. ред. проф. М. В. Гриньової. – Полтава, 2015. – С. 84-86. ; The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) of the Organization for Economic CoOperation and Development (OECD) define scientific literacy as "The capacity to use scientific knowledge, to identify questions and to draw evidence-based conclusions in order to understand and help make decisions about the natural world and the changes made to it through human activity." Scientific illiteracy is a worldwide problem. Without basic science knowledge we are utterly dependent on others to form opinion about decisions made by the government and people, like construction of factories contaminating seas and rivers, uncontrolled consumption of species causing their extinction, street littering, tree felling, etc. Specific indicators of scientific illiteracy in our country, besides given above, are the poor results on PISA examinations obtained by the Mexican students, mainly in scientific culture.

Plant diseases threaten both food security and the botanical diversity of natural ecosystems. Substantial research effort is focused on pathogen detection and control, with detailed risk management available for many plant diseases. Risk can be assessed using analytical techniques that account for disease pressure both spatially and temporally. We suggest that such technical assessments of disease risk may not provide an adequate guide to the strategies undertaken by growers and government to manage plant disease. Instead, risk-management strategies need to account more fully for intuitive and normative responses that act to balance conflicting interests between stakeholder organizations concerned with plant diseases within the managed and natural environments. Modes of effective engagement between policy makers and stakeholders are explored in the paper, together with an assessment of such engagement in two case studies of contemporary non-indigenous diseases in one food and in one non-food sector. Finally, a model is proposed for greater integration of stakeholders in policy decisions.