Suchergebnisse

Due to changes in tourism habits when planning development of tourism industry both on national and regional scale, the significance of recreation is highlighted. As a result, in tourism products made by guest accommodation enterprises the recreation offer is included more and more often.
Within the research it has been found out that in guest accommodation enterprises in Kurzeme, in addition to accommodation opportunities, the offer of catering dominates, but regarding recreation activities- walking and relaxation in nature. The offer of bath-house treatment and cycling are more popular than SPA procedure and water attractions. The tendency of relaxation and entertainment event organization also increases in the companies. One realized imperfection of the offer is the tendency that in half of the regional accommodation enterprises the arrangement of relaxation activities has to be provided by the clients themselves.
The aim of the research is to find out the offer of the current recreation in guest accommodation enterprises in Kurzeme Region and the necessary employees' competences for its further development. Within the research a survey of 32 managers of guest accommodation enterprises in Kurzeme Region was carried out. The outcomes of the research reveal that additional services to accommodation are offered by 55% guest accommodation enterprises of Kurzeme. However, in 53.1% cases the clients, staying at a guest accommodation enterprise in Kurzeme Region, have to provide arrangement of relaxation activities themselves. Only one fifth (21.9%) of the companies provide it involving a specialist working for the company. Complex recreation programmes are offered by 9.7%, but separate recreation activities by 29% guest accommodation enterprises. Managers of guest accommodation enterprises in Kurzeme are aware of the potential in sports recreation events and relaxation activity organization. The outcomes of the research showed that the main competences necessary for the employees of guest accommodation enterprises, according to the managers of the companies, are language skills and the ability to make decisions and solve problem-situations. In 15.6% of the enterprises a manager for relaxation arrangements would be needed right now.
Keywords: recreation offer, recreation activities, guest accommodation, specialists of recreation, competences, survey.

The purpose of the article is to reveal the influence of the state policy of economic restructuring and renewal on the allocation of labor resources in regions and cities of the country. The state policy has an impact on the allocation of labor resources, but causes, at times, conflicting effects. This is especially true during the economic restructuring and renewal period. As a scientific and methodological basis, the analysis of the economic structure and the four-factor shift-share analysis, adapted by the authors in earlier works, were used. The use of statistical data of 98 cities in five federal districts of Russia in 2009–2015 allowed the authors to reveal the ambiguous influence of the state policy of economic restructuring and renewal on the allocation of labor resources by regions and cities of the country. It has been confirmed that the restructuring and renewal policy of the Russian economy, as well as in other countries, is accompanied by changes in the allocation of labor resources. As a positive effect, it can be noted that economic restructuring and renewal contribute to a balance in the spatial allocation of labor resources. As negative effects of economic restructuring and renewal, the authors of the article note the inertial nature of the economic structure (the extractive sector retains a leading position in terms of employment indicators) and a reduction in the labor potential of peripheral cities, which does not correspond to the stated goals of the economic restructuring and renewal policy. It is shown that the city authorities are able to exert a greater influence on changes in the economic structure than it is generally assumed. The authors believe that the states implementing the restructuring and renewal policy should take into account changes in the allocation of labor resources by regions and cities in order to observe the balance in regions' development and not to fall into a trap in which economic growth of regions attracting labor resources will be achieved at the expense of other regions.

*Full forum is in FrenchEnglish abstract:This article presents the dilemmas faced in Colombian feminist and gender studies within the framework of the contemporary socio-political context in Colombia, which is characterized by the recognition of the multicultural nature of Latin American societies. The author first examines the process that Colombian feminism has gone through since the 1970s, developing its paradigms of action and refl ection, which have become increasingly diverse. Second, the author examines the current position of the social movements of autochthonous and Afro-descendant women in the Colombian feminist debates on the dilemmas and new perspectives that globalization has imposed on social movements.Spanish abstract:Este artículo se trata de una exposición de los dilemas que se enfrentan a los estudios femeninos colombianos y los que se centran en el género, en el contexto sociopolítico contemporáneo caracterizado por el reconocimiento de la multiculturalidad de las sociedades latinoamericanas. Para ello, primero examinaré el proceso que ha seguido el feminismo colombiano desde los años setenta, desarrollando sus paradigmas de acción y refl exión, cada vez más diversos. En segundo lugar, examinaré la posición actual de los movimientos sociales de mujeres indígenas y afrodescendientes en los debates feministas colombianos sobre los dilemas y las nuevas perspectivas que la globalización ha impuesto a los movimientos sociales.French abstract:Dans cet article, il s'agira d'exposer les dilemmes auxquels sont confrontées les études féministes colombiennes et celles portant sur le genre dans le contexte socio-politique contemporain caractérisé par la reconnaissance de la multiculturalité des sociétés latino-américaines. Pour ce faire, nous évoquerons d'abord les évolutions que le féminisme colombien a connues depuis les années 1970, en développant ses paradigmes d'action et de réflexion qui sont devenus de plus en plus diversifiés. Nous examinerons ensuite la position actuellement adoptée par les mouvements de femmes autochtones et afrodescendantes dans les débats féministes colombiens à propos des dilemmes et des nouvelles perspectives que la mondialisation a imposés aux mouvements sociaux.

Abstract
This study deals with the early history of Jimma town and its growth from its foundation until 1936. It explores social, economic and administrative themes, but also attempts to show the interrelationship between these themes. The town of Jimma evolved during this period from being the home-town of a relatively homogenous society and culture into a place of residence for a diverse and increasingly cosmopolitan population. Economically, the story of Jimma during this period is one of both continuity and change. It is a story of continuity because Jimma, which had been a center of trade from the very beginning, continued to be so during this period. There was significant change, however, because unlike the previous decades in which Jimma had served as a point of exchange or transit for elite goods that mostly originated from beyond the borders of the Oromo Kingdom (such as slaves, ivory and musk), during this period the town developed into the chief center for the collection, organization and export of a cash crop that was grown locally (coffee).
Economic change, therefore, resulted in both production and exchange. The social, economic and administrative history of Jimma is closely intertwined, however. The mixture of peoples and cultures, as well as the nature of the urban social institutions that evolved in the town, are closely tied to "the cash crop revolution", which brought streams of permanent and temporary residents to the town; the evolution of the town into a chief administrative center, as well as the introduction of somewhat peculiar administrative and fiscal institutions, came about, at least in part, as a result of the location of the town in the heart of the "coffee country", as southwestern Ethiopia came to be known. In short, both the urbanity and the urbanization of Jimma can be explained by the story of coffee production and trade. This article documents these processes extensively and accounts for the growth of a major town in modern Ethiopia.

Abstract. This paper describes the model implementation and presents results of a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) for the Mt. Etna volcanic region in Sicily, Italy, considering local volcano-tectonic earthquakes. Working in a volcanic region presents new challenges not typically faced in standard PSHA, which are broadly due to the nature of the local volcano-tectonic earthquakes, the cone shape of the volcano and the attenuation properties of seismic waves in the volcanic region. These have been accounted for through the development of a seismic source model that integrates data from different disciplines (historical and instrumental earthquake datasets, tectonic data, etc.; presented in Part 1, by Azzaro et al., 2017) and through the development and software implementation of original tools for the computation, such as a new ground-motion prediction equation and magnitude–scaling relationship specifically derived for this volcanic area, and the capability to account for the surficial topography in the hazard calculation, which influences source-to-site distances. Hazard calculations have been carried out after updating the most recent releases of two widely used PSHA software packages (CRISIS, as in Ordaz et al., 2013; the OpenQuake engine, as in Pagani et al., 2014). Results are computed for short- to mid-term exposure times (10 % probability of exceedance in 5 and 30 years, Poisson and time dependent) and spectral amplitudes of engineering interest. A preliminary exploration of the impact of site-specific response is also presented for the densely inhabited Etna's eastern flank, and the change in expected ground motion is finally commented on. These results do not account for M  >  6 regional seismogenic sources which control the hazard at long return periods. However, by focusing on the impact of M  <  6 local volcano-tectonic earthquakes, which dominate the hazard at the short- to mid-term exposure times considered in this study, we present a different viewpoint that, in our opinion, is relevant for retrofitting the existing buildings and for driving impending interventions of risk reduction.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to stimulate thinking about the future of leadership development in the emergency services, drawing on effective practice from a variety of different sectors in the UK.


Design/methodology/approach
The paper provides a leadership think piece from an experienced practitioner in the field. It emphasises the benefits of a suite of development practices as opposed to a predominantly course-based approaches. It also stresses the importance of organisational culture and the use of contemporary leadership language and dialogue.


Findings
The paper highlights practice in police, education and health illustrating the way in which a variety of approaches to leadership development can be used. The approaches show a move towards variety in development methodologies with a strong emphasis on the job and practical development rather than a traditional course-based model. It links the evidence of short-term retention of learning through course attendance vs the benefits of learning reinforced with applied learning as well as peer support and reflection. The paper also provides a number of questions to assist the reader in considering their own organisation's maturity in the development of leaders.


Research limitations/implications
The paper provides a series of views, issues and challenges for consideration based on the author's experience and insight as well as evidence of leadership development across different sectors.


Practical implications
The paper should stimulate those who lead and influence leadership development to consider their own organisation's practice and effectiveness. This includes looking at whether their planning is short-term or strategic, future-oriented, and whether it considers the nature of the future workforce as well as the future competition to attract, retain and develop highly capable leaders.


Social implications
The paper highlights evidence that great leadership and leadership development does not happen by chance and that variety within a suite of evidenced practices can lead to significant positive impact.


Originality/value
This paper provides a resource and opportunity for reflection for organisations and individuals.

Purpose
The purpose of this research is to look at the effects of research and development expenditures (R&D) on value and risks of publicly traded companies by studying returns on stock exchanges of R&D-intensive economies (Republic of Korea, Finland and Israel).


Design/methodology/approach
Empirical tests of multifactor asset pricing models were applied to demonstrate that R&D intensity could be considered as a pricing factor and affect investors' risk premiums on those markets. To discover the reasons behind the asset pricing R&D anomaly, this study investigated the nature of R&D risk further by looking into the interactions of R&D and currency risks.


Findings
This study discovered that investors in stock markets of R&D-intensive countries should require a positive equity risk premium. However, the reduction of R&D intensity may increase firms' risks and firms with higher R&D-intensity are less exposed to currency risks in R&D-intensive economies.


Originality/value
Many researchers have investigated the relationship between a firm's R&D and stock returns. But nearly all of them focus on the US Stock Market and attempt to determine the reasons for R&D's impact on firms' risks and market value. Meanwhile, the role of R&D and related risks for investors could be even more prominent for stock markets in R&D-intensive countries. To bridge this gap, this research studied stock returns on exchanges of three developed countries where the ratio of gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) to GDP is among the highest worldwide. In this study, the methodology of asset pricing empirical studies was adopted and it was further developed to analyze the causes of R&D risks. The new methodology was applied to discover relationship between R&D intensity and currency risk exposure. The interesting findings could be used for development of firms' corporate strategies in those countries and for elaboration of policy decisions.

Abstract
Especially in recent years, scholars have tended to regard the satyr play as a genre which, despite its humorous features, seriously aimed at carrying out a socio-political function, or – at the very last – at conveying ethical or cultural messages to its Athenian audience. According to these views, the satyrs' rusticity would have served the purpose of satisfying the tastes of the countryside citizens, less attracted to tragedy, thus facilitating – after Cleisthenes' reforms – a process of demographic osmosis among different population groups. By staging the satyrs' antiethos the poet would have operated kat'antiphrasin to affirm and strengthen the social norms and values; the childish ingenuity of marginal and wild creatures such as the satyrs would have helped the Athenians rediscover the origins of their own culture; the exhibition of ithyphallic satyrs would have contributed to reestablish, in the male spectators, that sense of virility that tragedy, exciting typically feminine emotions, had temporarily eclipsed. These interpretations focus on themes and elements which are, indeed, important to the plot of the satyr play. However, their paideutic meaning or pragmatic effectiveness is weakened – if not utterly neutralized – by their being placed in the context of a playful metafiction, where actions, situations, and relationships between the characters have no value in themselves, but appear to be subject to a single dominant aim: to raise a smile from the audience. To fulfill this purpose, the playwright exploits all the estrangement effects conveyed by the interaction and the interlocution between satyrs and heroes. Ancient critics had already grasped the true nature of the genre aptly defined as a playful tragedy (tragoidia paizousa), and were essentially correct (though not exhaustive) in giving it a function of diachysis or delectatio/relaxatio. The satyr-chorus will only take on a real political function in the last decades of the 4th century bc, in parallel with the progressive reduction of the onomasti komoidein in comedy. This will lead to a partial contamination between the two genres, and to the loss of the original features of the classical satyr play.

Resumo: O presente artigo propõe-se a analisar o caso de Antônia, adolescente lésbica fortemente medicada durante a execução da medida socioeducativa de internação na Comunidade de Atendimento Socioeducativo de Salvador (Case/Salvador). Objetivou-se identificar como a naturalização de um modelo feminino baseado na heteronormatividade e nas teses de periculosidade, pautadas na psiquiatria tradicional, podem se encontrar para subjugar um corpo considerado anormal e abjeto. Realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa, de natureza exploratória e adotou-se como técnicas de coleta de dados entrevista individual com as adolescentes e jovens que cumpriam medida socioeducativa de internação, análise de seus prontuários e observação sistemática.

Abstract: The present article proposes to analyze the case of Antônia, a lesbian adolescent heavily medicated during the execution of the socio-educational measure of detention in the Community of Socio-educational Assistance of Salvador (Case/Salvador). The objective of this study was to identify how the naturalization of a female model based on heteronormativity and on dangerousness theses, based on traditional psychiatry, can be found to subjugate a body considered abnormal and abject. Qualitative research was carried out, exploratory in nature, and data collection techniques were used as individual interviews with adolescents and young people who underwent socio-educational measures of detention, analysis of their records and systematic observation.

Resumen: El presente artículo se propone analizar el caso de Antônia, adolescente lesbiana fuertemente medicada durante la ejecución de la medida socioeducativa de internación en la Comunidad de Atención Socioeducativa de Salvador (Case/Salvador). Con el fin de identificar cómo la naturalización de un modelo femenino basado en la heteronormatividad y en las tesis de peligrosidad, pautadas en la psiquiatría tradicional, pueden encontrarse para subyugar un cuerpo considerado anormal y abyecto. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa, de naturaleza exploratoria y se adoptó como técnicas de recolección de datos entrevista individual con las adolescentes y jóvenes que cumplían medida socioeducativa de internación, análisis de sus prontuarios y observación sistemática.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to test the impact of manifest conflict on performance outcomes. In particular, this paper aims to examine the moderating effect of the supplier's customer orientation (CO) as perceived by the buyer on the conflict-performance outcomes relationships in international channel relationships.


Design/methodology/approach
A survey of 162 Australian importers was conducted to elucidate the associations among manifest conflict, CO and performance outcomes.


Findings
Manifest conflict was found to be negatively related to the importer's evaluation of the exporter's overall performance, which is consistent with previous work. However, CO was found to moderate the negative direct effect of manifest conflict on two outcome measures, "satisfaction with business outcomes" and the "evaluation of the exporter's overall performance". Moreover, it actually changed the effect from dysfunctional to functional for "evaluation of the exporter's overall performance". That is, CO changes the nature of the manifest conflict–outcome relationship by turning it from negative to positive.


Research limitations/implications
This research helps answer the appeal for research on the conditions in which conflict causes dysfunctional and functional outcomes. From a practical standpoint, providing the importer views the exporter as being customer-oriented, conflict should not be avoided if it stems from disagreements that arise due to the exporter acting in the best interests of the importer. The power of CO in affecting the functionality of outcomes resulting from conflict should be highlighted.


Originality/value
Conflict is a fact of life in channel relationships, but little is known about its functional and dysfunctional effects (Frazier, 1999; Skarmeas, 2006). The empirical evidence largely points to conflict being dysfunctional; however, research also indicates that context can play an important role in moderating the functionality of conflict. In this paper the authors ask: what role does CO play as a determinant of the functionality of manifest conflict in channel relationships? They argue that the exporter's CO changes the context in which the importer and the exporter interact and, thereby, changes the way in which the importer interprets the supplier's actions.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to extend Zablahet al.'s (2012) findings regarding the proper way to treat customer orientation (CO) to the study of CO among B-B salespeople in one of the most important emerging economies, India.Design/methodology/approachThe authors of this study hired a professional market research firm based in Chennai, a large metropolitan city in Southern India, to manage data collection. The authors used a competing models approach to test the relationship between constructs.FindingsCO among frontline employees operating in one of the largest emerging economies is best treated as a psychological construct that is both directly and indirectly related to performance via its ability to reduce stress and improve engagement. This finding strengthens the view of CO as a universal human work value and, more broadly, that such values operating across different cultural setting do exist. In addition, external customer mindset appears to offer a superior means to measure CO than does the widely used CO component of the SOCO scale. This conclusion is based not only upon the fact that it conceptually corresponds with the psychological nature of CO, but also that in this initial examination it exhibits a greater ability to explain employee job performance.Originality/valueManagers who are able to screen and hire employees with greater CO work values should experience improved performance outcomes and also less customer ambiguity and greater satisfaction among their frontline employees. Since CO proscribes the proper way to deal with customers, greater levels of CO beliefs would counteract customer ambiguity among frontline employees operating in any environment. Accordingly, when filling frontline positions, managers should actively seek out employees who earnestly embrace the role of taking care of customers. Managers are advised to not only emphasize on salespeople whose foremost role is to take care of their customers but also to find ways to familiarize them with their products and to provide them with information regarding customer characteristics such as their background, the relationship history (especially past service and product failures), and unique preferences.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand both the facts and the values associated with the breadth of issues, and the principles related to sustainable real estate for institutional investors. Sustainable real estate is a growing sector within the commercial real estate industry, and yet, the decision-making practices of institutional investors related to sustainability are still not well understood. In an effort to fill that gap, this research investigates the post-global financial crisis (GFC) motivations driving the implementation of sustainability initiatives, the implementation strategies used, and the predominant eco-indicators and measures used by institutional investors.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents the results of a three-round modified Delphi study conducted in the USA in 2011-2012 investigating the nature of performance measurements and reporting requirements in sustainable commercial real estate and their impact on the real estate decision-making process used by institutional investors. Two rounds of in-depth interviews were conducted with 14 expert panelists. An e-questionnaire was used in the third round to verify qualitative findings.FindingsThe key industry drivers and performance indicators influencing institutional investor decision making were associated with risk management of assets and whether initiatives can improve competitive market advantage. Industry leaders advocate for simple key performance indicators, which is in contrast to the literature which argues for the need to adopt common criteria and metrics. Key barriers to the adoption of sustainability initiatives are discussed and a decision framework is presented.Practical implicationsThis research aims to help industry partners understand the drivers motivating institutional investors to uptake sustainability initiatives with the aim of improving decision making, assessment, and management of sustainable commercial office buildings.Originality/valueBuilding on the four generations of the sustainability framework presented by Simonset al.(2001), this research argues that the US real estate market has yet again adjusted its relationship with sustainability and revises their framework to include a new, post-GFC generation for decision making, assessment, and management of sustainable real estate.

LABURPENA: Tokian parte hartzeko egungo sistemak deliberazio-demokraziaren itzal juridikoak islatzen ditu, eta konstituzio-esferara iristen dira horiek. Alderdi eztabaidagarrien analisiak (hala nola parte hartzeko eskubideen izaera zalantzagarria, oinarrizko eskubideak udalek erregulatzea, diskriminazio-arriskua, administrazio-prozedurarik egon ezean agertzen diren berme urriak) arazo multzo zabala planteatzen du eraikuntza juridikoan. Konstituzioaren 23. artikuluaren hitzez hitzezkotasunaren eta espirituaren bidez, konstituzio-jurisprudentzia zorrotzaren bidez eta tokiko eskumenen bidez garatzen dira tokian parte hartzeko mugak. Tokiko parte-hartzea politizatzeak eta ordezkaritza politikoaren endemiak deliberazio-demokraziara eramateak tokiko parte-hartze horren zilegitasunean eta sinesgarritasun juridikoan eragiten dute.

RESUMEN: El actual sistema de participación local refleja las sombras jurídicas de la democracia deliberativa, con proyección en la esfera constitucional. El análisis de aspectos controvertidos como la discutible naturaleza de los derechos participativos, la regulación por los municipios de derechos fundamentales, el riesgo de discriminaciones, las deficientes garantías sin un procedimiento administrativo, plantea una extensa problemática en su construcción jurídica. Los límites a la participación local se desarrollan a través de la literalidad y espíritu del artículo 23 de la Constitución, la severa Jurisprudencia constitucional y las competencias locales. La politización de la participación local y la traslación a la democracia deliberativa de las endemias de la representación política interfieren en su legitimidad y credibilidad jurídica.

ABSTRACT: The current system of local participation reflects the legal shadows of deliberative democracy, with projection in the constitutional sphere. The analysis of controversial aspects such as the questionable nature of participatory rights, the regulation by municipalities of fundamental rights, the risk of discrimination, poor guarantees without an administrative procedure, poses an extensive problem to their legal construction. The limits to local participation are developed through the literal and spirit of Article 23 of the Constitution, the severe constitutional jurisprudence and local competencies. The politicization of the local participation and the transfer to the deliberative democracy of the endemics of the political representation Interfere with their legal legitimacy and credibility.

In the article the author defined the peculiar properties and structure of the political mechanisms for the integration of Russian nationalism into Crimea's Political Area in 1991-2014. It is proved that Russian nationalism formed a political strategy of integration into the political space of the Ukrainian autonomy on the principles of creating a manageable set of actors and subjects of the regional political process and civil space, as well as the incorporation of its agents of influence into the institutions of political power of the ARC. It is substantiated that the essence of the political component of the strategy of the activities of Russian imperial nationalism in the Crimea consisted in the creation on the basis of the Russian national minority (by status) of an independent ethno-social organism with a claim to its own state-territorial formation.
In the conclusions, the author notes that structurally, the process of using the political mechanisms for the integration of Russian nationalism in the ARC is presented in three consecutive stages. At the first stage, the political goals of Russian nationalism in the Crimea were identified, which were of an imperial nature, and therefore included the definition of key directions and a system of organizational measures that were oriented toward the political, economic, ethno-national, sociocultural and information spheres of life in the Crimean peninsula. At the second stage, the political institutes of the Russian Federation developed a system of advanced initiatives aimed at weakening the influence of the institutions of Ukraine's political power on the territory of the autonomy and a set of tactical methods that enabled them to react quickly to the actual challenges of pro-Ukrainian initiatives. At the third stage, a system of effective mechanisms of lobbying, institutional interaction, forms, methods and methods of reproducing the meanings of Russian imperial nationalism in the ARC at the level of all levels of the given social space – political, ethnonational, socio-cultural and economic – was formed.
Keywords: Autonomous Republic of Crimea, Russia, Russian nationalism, political integration, integration mechanisms, political meanings

<p>Indian rural market with its enormous size and demand base offers great opportunities to marketers. However, there are many serious challenges that FMCG manufactures face in tackling rural markets, viz., the scattered nature of rural markets, their small size, remoteness, poor connectivity and tremendous heterogeneity, low level of literacy, too many languages and dialects, cultural diversities, inadequate banking facilities, acute dependence on the monsoon; seasonal demand, and media darkness are some serious limitations. However, the issue of packing is very crucial when it comes to marketing of brands in rural areas as the brand recognition in rural areas generally through its colours, logos, shape and size. Therefore, the current study has been undertaken with an intention to understand the role of packing in rural markets. In order to realize the stated objectives the researcher constructed a structured questionnaire has been constructed and pre tested and administered on 1,600 rural respondents spread across 200 villages in the state of Karnataka. The study revealed that packing make a significant role while buying FMCG. There is a significant difference in the opinion of rural consumer respondents on importance attributed to packing while purchasing FMCG as perceived by rural consumer respondents. There is a significant influence of annual house hold income of the rural consumer respondents on the level of importance attributed to packing while buying FMCG. Majority of the rural consumer respondents preferred sachets while buying FMCG. There is a significant difference in the packing size preference of the rural consumer respondents while purchasing products. There is a significant influence of the annual house hold income of the rural consumers on kind of packing preference. Majority of the rural respondents recognize brands through reading, colours, scanning of logos/pictures/trademarks and through packing style of the products. Based on the analysis of the study a brief summary of findings have been made and a meaningful conclusion has been drawn. Finally the results have been compared with the possible evidence.</p>