Suchergebnisse

Focusing on labour movements in Latvia, Hungary, Poland, Austria, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom, this book examines the experiences and characteristics of these countries in the run up to, and particularly since, EU accession in May 2004 when full access to the labour market was suspended at the discretion of the new member states. A team of national labour economists and migration experts provide an overview of the economic and labour market dynamics faced by EU member states. They also analyze and present data on the numbers of workers that have moved, along with their characteristics and the effects on the labour markets they have joined - as well as those they have left. Separate contributions by policy experts detail the responses by governments, employers and trade unions in the countries of origin and destination, examining whether or not the challenges raised by the movement of labour have been met.

This article examines the migration of international students to the Gulf Coop-eration Council (GCC) states from a comparative perspective. Over the past few decades, the GCC states have made significant investments in their education sec-tor, leading to notable improvements in educational infrastructure and quality, the establishment of new universities and knowledge parks, as well as the emergence of international university branches. Consequently, this transformation has attracted a growing number of international students to the Gulf region, including non-national resident students and foreign students arriving in the Gulf specifically for educational purposes. Student migration entails more than just entering a host country; it also involves university admissions policies, tuition fees, scholarship programs, immigration status and the pathways available for employment after graduation. Therefore, this article delves into the intricate aspects of student migration to the GCC states, shedding light on migration patterns, student compositions, admissions processes, financial considerations and integration into the Gulf labour market. The findings of this study indicate that the GCC states have made some headway in managing international student migration. However, there is still a need for the development of a comprehensive student migration policy that fully capitalises on the benefits of student migration to promote economic development in the Gulf states.

AbstractSouthern European countries have traditionally been perceived as weak immigration countries with inefficient legal entry avenues for foreign workers, high irregular migration rates and poor integration policies. In recent years, however, the adoption of more efficient control policies, new recruitment strategies and embryonic integration plans throughout the region has led to a change of paradigm in the governance of migration. And yet policy reforms do not seem to have produced the same results everywhere. The aim of this article is to enquire into possible explanations for the divergent paths of labour migration governance in Southern Europe, using Italy and Spain as comparative cases. As it will emerge, policy efficacy in the field of labour migration relates not only to the quality and consistency of policy design and implementation but also to factors that escape direct political control.

Migration has been a constant theme in human life throughout history, until it began to be considered at the beginning of the century as one of the most important problems in the world from a social, economic, politic and cultural point of view. This shift influences economic growth and social welfare as much as in emigrant as in immigrant countries. Nowadays, 200 million people are living outside their country of origin, something that consists of nearly 3% of the total world population. In the last years, and in parallel with the economic crisis, it has not been only considered as something cyclical and temporal, but it is also being recognized as one of the most important themes of the century, becoming one of the biggest causes for concern to this developed society. In this sense, the World Bank deals with the migration matter from a development perspective where Spain, because of its tradition and actual state, plays an important role. It is also a fundamental aspect of globalization and countries development, in which official organizations and institutions must implicate developing active politic proposals related to an improvement of these citizens quality of life. In this sense, the project Migration of Romanians in Spain: social, cultural and educative intervention lead by the GdI: Culture, Society and Education from Camilo Jose University and in collaboration with the Ecological University of Bucharest of Romania Teacher Training Department is tending to establish some strategic lines of action to help plural and socially responsible education aimed at forming children and immigrant families which are in our educative centers classrooms.

This paper describes the recent trends in migration throughout the Middle East, identifying the major implications of this movement, and isolating the critical policy issues for both Egypt and other Arab states. The author argues that international migration in the Middle East harbors political and economic effects that may be potentially explosive. It is demonstrated that current migration related policies may be counter-productive for all parties concerned. This paper highlights the emergence of new issues in Middle East politics without attempting a detailed analysis of their many facets.

For a long time now, "crisis" has been the dominant trope in European discourses on migration. This perception is extremely Eurocentric, as migration to the European Union is minimal compared to other world regions. How do non-EU states such as Tunisia and Turkey, which are bound to the EU through neighbourhood policies and agreements, view not only migration movements perceived as "critical" within the EU but also the ensuing migration agreements? Tunisian media discourses on the EU migration deal of June 2018 show that Tunisian political analysts are aware that the "migration crisis" is actively constructed by political actors in the EU for the latter's own political gain. In Tunisia itself, no such "crisis" was diagnosed - at least in media discourse -despite the high and rising number of forced migrants entering the country. Instead, political reporting focused on local domestic crises and on Tunisia's mediating role within the neighbouring conflict in Libya. Similarly, the reporting in Turkey on the negotiations leading up to the joint EU-Turkey statement of March 2016 shows an acute awareness of European constructions of a "migration crisis." Despite Turkey's rapid development from a migrant-sending state to one of the most important host states for forced migrants in the world, Turkish media reporting focused on local issues and conflicts and on Turkey's strategic interests in the Syrian conflict. EU perceptions of migration as a crisis and discrepancies between a rhetorical commitment to humanitarian values and real-life actions are carefully received and critically evaluated in neigbouring states, highlighting the need to better understand perceptions of the EU, as this can be expected to impact future cooperation. The EU should build knowledge on local and national discourses on migration in (potential) partner states; reflect upon who gains from the narrative of forced migration as a "crisis" both within and outside of the EU; and address severe protection gaps for refugees and migrants in partner states when negotiating cooperative migration governance.

Foreign aid payments have been a key policy response by Global North countries to reduce increased migration flows from the Global South. In this article, we contribute to the literature on the relationship between aid and international migration flows and estimate the contemporaneous effect of bilateral aid payments on bilateral, international migration flows. The fundamental problem in analyzing this relationship is endogeneity, or reverse causality. To address this issue and achieve causal inference, we use a shift-share, or Bartik, instrument. Examining migration flows between 198 origin countries and 16 OECD destination countries over 36 years (1980−2015), we find a positive relationship between aid and migration. A ten-percent increase in aid payments will increase migration by roughly 2 percent. We further document non-linearity in the relationship between aid and migration and find an inverted U-shaped relationship between aid and migration flows. The findings presented here have implications for the design of bilateral and multilateral aid policies and for achieving various United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by stressing the importance of a better coordination between aid and immigration policies.

Why did youth move from their trans-Himalayan villages at very young ages to attend school with the risk of prolonged family separation? An in-depth study of youth from rural trans-Himalayan villages who travelled to Kathmandu, capital of Nepal, to live and study at a (free) boarding school, funded by both national and international donors, provides a starting point to address this question. The "People's War" from 1996 to 2006 in Nepal contextualizes the study, given that the Maoist insurgency in the Himalayan hinterland aimed to recruit youth to the rebel cause. The study of youth from the trans-Himalayan region living at the boarding school as students was conducted between April and July 2014 in Kathmandu. The youth arrived at the school between the ages of four and ten years, and did not see their families for several years after their arrival, given the significant distances between their villages and the associated costs of travel. Drawing on scholarship in children's geographies, the narratives of these youth are employed to underscore their agency in these biographies of migration and better understand these difficult separations during political uncertainty and civil war. ; Qu'est-ce qui a motivé certaines jeunes personnes de quitter leurs villages trans-himalayens et de poursuivre leurs études dans le contexte d'une institution scolaire, avec le risque que cela comportait d'être séparé de leurs familles pour une période prolongée, et cela à un âge très précoce? Une étude en profondeur de jeunes personnes provenant de villages trans-himalayens ruraux, qui ont effectué le trajet jusqu'à la capitale Katmandu, afin d'y vivre et de faire leurs études à un pensionnat (gratuit) subventionné par des bénévoles nationaux ainsi qu'internationaux, constitue un point de départ pour aborder cette question. La « Guerre populaire » au Népal, qui a duré de 1996 jusqu'à 2006, fournit un contexte à l'étude, étant donné que l'insurrection maoïste dans l'arrière-pays himalayen avait pour but de recruter les jeunes à la ...

How do migrants enact their mobilities in contexts where formalized labor migration is minimal, and where the European fight against irregular African migration is restricting the possibilities for informal border crossings? And which roles do cultural norms, social institutions, and individual agency play in facilitating migration? To answer these questions, this article offers a comparative reflection on the growing interest in the mediation of migration that emphasizes the actors and structures that shape and facilitate a migrant trajectory. Drawing on our own research in various West African contexts, and on a broader reading of research evoking the mediation of mobility, we engage primarily with the emerging scholarship on migration infrastructures. As a contribution to the study of how mobility is mediated by actors and structures external to the migrant, we suggest that it is important to move beyond the tendency to restrict analysis in a migrant-/institution-centric trade-off in which emphasis is either placed on migrant aspirations and capabilities or the institutionalized mediation of migration. We further propose to analytically distinguish between the mediation of migration—denoting the processes of facilitation and restriction of mobility through institutions, external interventions, and socio-cultural practices—and the modular components of connection and organization through which actual migration occurs. To accentuate the shifting and volatile configuration of these elements, we suggest a concept of migration infrastructural assemblages. We thereby emphasize the benefits of incorporating improvisation, culture, and volatility in our understanding of the meditation of migration in West Africa and beyond.