Suchergebnisse

Abstract: The European Court of Justice (the 'ECJ') must ensure the uniform interpretation of the laws of the EU, whilst deferring to the common constitutional traditions of the Member States and, where necessary, allowing room for value diversity. To that end, the authors of the Treaties vested the ECJ with the constitutional authority to engage in a comparative study of the laws of the Member States. The purpose of this article is thus to explore the comparative law method by examining, first, that constitutional authority, second, the 'EU federal common law', third, the relationship between that method and the extent of normative convergence between the legal orders of the Member States and, fourth, the so-called 'evaluative approach' adopted by the ECJ. It is submitted that the comparative law method is a valuable interpretative tool that enables the ECJ to strike a dynamic balance between 'unity' and 'diversity'. Résumé: La Cour de justice ('CJ') doit assurer l'interprétation uniforme du droit de l'Union européenne, tout en respectant les traditions constitutionnelles communes aux Etats membres et, si nécessaire, en faisant place à la diversité. Dans ce but, les auteurs des traités ont conféré à la CJ l'autorité constitutionnelle de procéder à une étude comparative des droits des Etats membres. L'objectif de cet article est, dès lors, d'examiner la méthode comparative en étudiant, premièrement, cette autorité constitutionnelle, deuxièmement, la 'EU federal common law', troisièmement, le rapport entre cette méthode et le degré de convergence normative entre les ordres juridiques des Etats membres et, quatrièmement, l'approche dite évaluative', adoptée par la CJ. Il en est conclu que la méthode comparative est un outil précieux d'interprétation qui permet à la CJ de trouver un équilibre dynamique entre 'unité' et 'diversité'.

Introduction / Peter Clark and Jussi S. Jauhiainen -- London and green space, 1850-2000 : an introduction / David A. Reeder -- The social construction of green space in London prior to the Second World War / David A. Reeder -- Politics, ideology, and the issue of open space in London, 1939-2000 / Patricia L. Garside -- Stockholm and green space, 1850-2000 : an introduction / Lars Nilsson -- Stockholm's urban parks : meeting places and social contexts from 1860-1930 / Catharina Nolin -- The social park : Stockholm, 1900-1939 / Mats Deland -- The Stockholm style : a model for the building of the city in parks, 1930s-1960s / Lars Nilsson (with Stuart Burch) -- The formation of national urban parks : a Nordic contribution to sustainable development? / Peter Schantz -- Helsinki and green space, 1850-2000 : an introduction / Peter Clark and Marjatta Hietala -- The role of nature in the city : green space in Helsinki, 1917-60 / Katri Lento -- Politicians, professionals and 'publics' : conflicts over green space in Helsinki, c. 1950-2000 / Marjaana Niemi -- The seasonality of green space : the case of Uutela, Helsinki c. 2000 / Niko Lipsanen -- St. Petersburg and green space, 1850-2000 : an introduction / Boris Anan'ich and Alexander Kobak -- St. Petersburg's parks and gardens, 1850-1917 / Konstantin Semenov -- Red parks : green space in Leningrad, 1917-1990 / Alexei Kitaev

Offers some concluding comments on the six contributions to this journal's symposium (all, 2002) on Sweden's 2001 presidency of the European Union (EU) Council. Some research questions that scholars might consider for the upcoming 2002 Danish presidency are outlined, along with criteria by which the outcomes of EU Council presidencies might most effectively be evaluated. 5 References. K. Hyatt Stewart

In December 2017, the Court of Justice of the European Union delivered its awaited decision on the Taricco II case, responding to a preliminary reference from the Italian Corte Costituzionale. The latter, unhappy with the outcome of the earlier Taricco I decision, asked for a re-interpretation of Article 325 TFEU and threatened the Court of Justice with the possible activation of its controlimiti doctrine. The CJEU partially 'corrected' its previous ruling and prevented an open conflict between EU law and Italian constitutional law. This case note discusses the saga and its three episodes against the background of the growing constitutional conversation between top European courts. It argues that Taricco is a positive episode of judicial dialogue and may further contribute to its consolidation: on one hand, constitutional courts are increasingly willing to 'play the game' and refer to the CJEU under Article 267 TFEU; on the other, the Court of Justice seems more reactive than in the past to constitutional courts' claims and now considers them with increasing attention and detail. Finally, the case note reflects on the partially diverging languages for constitutional dialogue: national courts use the language of constitutional identity, while the CJEU prefers to refer to the 'common constitutional principles of the EU'.

This essay examines the politics of service vested in the First Lady role and her affective labors by turning to a contemporary fictional representation of Mary Todd Lincoln. In Savage Conversations (2019), LeAnne Howe considers issues involving US national memory, White womanhood, and settler colonial violence. The play imagines Lincoln's insanity episode in the Bellevue asylum in the 1870s, where, as Lincoln told her doctor, an "Indian" visited her every night, scalping her and wiring her eyelids open. By outlining Mary's performance of caring widow and her petitioning for compensation for her public service, Howe reveals Mary's complicity in the Lincoln presidency's settler violence. The play recalibrates the gendered renditions of (public) service inherent to the narratives of mourning, motherhood, and insanity tied to Mary's persona and shows the flip side of the care narrative, connecting the long 19th century to the First Lady persona of the present.

AbstractThe understanding of resilience, and how the ability to respond or adjust to new situations can be implemented and evaluated, gained prominence in public policy. This study examines how European Union (EU) member states plan to support cultural and creative sectors (CCSs) within the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) of the NextGenerationEU Program and how they plan the CCSs to contribute to the grand challenges of our time. Using mixed methods, it is found that the understanding of how structural deficiencies in CCSs can be addressed is not systematic and not all countries invest to make the cultural infrastructure more future‐proof. Neither the budgets nor the mode of resilience (absorption, adaptation, and transformation) exposed in the plans consistently correlates with how countries intend to address key impact pillars. Countries with larger CCSs are more prone to transformation. The theoretical contribution lies in the elaboration of the concept of "ex ante resilience."

The way that movements communicate with the general public matters for their chances of lasting success. This book argues that the potential for movement-led political change is significantly rooted in mainstream democratic discourse and specifically in the political acceptance of new issues by news media, the general public, and elected officials. This is true to some extent for any group wishing to alter status quo distributions of rights and/or resources, but is especially important for grass-roots challengers who do not already have a place of legitimated influence in the polity.