Statement of EFSA on the scientific evaluation of two studies related to the safety of artificial sweeteners
In: EFSA journal, Band 9, Heft 2
ISSN: 1831-4732
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In: EFSA journal, Band 9, Heft 2
ISSN: 1831-4732
In: EFSA journal, Band 7, Heft 9
ISSN: 1831-4732
This paper reviews the main obstacles to human and social development posed by the current external debt burdens of the least development countries. In particular, it analyses the shortcomings of the mechanisms and thresholds used to assess the sustainability of debt levels in the HIPC Initiative. An alternative needs-based approach analysis of debt sustainability is proposed. The methodology explicitly emphasizes the need to prioritize poor countries' social and poverty reducing expenditures over external debt servicing. Such an 'affordable debt service' analysis of debt sustainability shows clearly that additional debt reduction is required if the HIPCs are to achieve minimum levels of human development by 2015. – debt ; poverty ; economic development ; foreign aid ; debt sustainability
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International audience ; In France, as in many other countries, women have great difficulties in achieving positional power within union structures, even when equality policies have been implemented, as in the case of CFDT (Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail) since 1981. Following recent developments that put emphasis on women's agency in the union context, this paper explores the structural, organizational and individual factors that have allowed few women to become union leaders. More specifically we will examine the interrelationship between internal equality policies for enhancing women's representation and other less explored dimensions such as the impact of organizing strategies and internal political battles over union identity shift, the evolution of union work and the influence of women's own resources.
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International audience ; In France, as in many other countries, women have great difficulties in achieving positional power within union structures, even when equality policies have been implemented, as in the case of CFDT (Confédération Française Démocratique du Travail) since 1981. Following recent developments that put emphasis on women's agency in the union context, this paper explores the structural, organizational and individual factors that have allowed few women to become union leaders. More specifically we will examine the interrelationship between internal equality policies for enhancing women's representation and other less explored dimensions such as the impact of organizing strategies and internal political battles over union identity shift, the evolution of union work and the influence of women's own resources.
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Innovation studies have experienced a social shift in this first decade of the century, which begins to move to innovation policy. We are facing a new paradigm in such studies, not only to a further expansion of the types and models of innovation. To this end, we analyze some of the first conceptual frameworks of social innovation (Goldenberg and Crises group in Canada, Young Foundation and NESTA in the United Kingdom) and discussed the progress of the new paradigm in the European Union. We conclude that social innovation technosciences seem to have reached a broad consensus: social innovations emerge in the first instance of civil society, but can also be generated or implemented by the public sector and the private sector. In addition, both the means and the purposes to promote them should be predominantly social. ; Los estudios de innovación han experimentado un giro social en esta primera década del siglo XXI, que comienza a trasladarse a las políticas de innovación. Estamos ante un nuevo paradigma en ese tipo de estudios, no sólo ante una nueva ampliación de los tipos y modelos de innovación. Para ello, se analizan algunos de los primeros marcos conceptuales de la innovación social (Goldenberg y grupo Crises en Canadá, Young Foundation y NESTA en el Reino Unido) y se comenta el avance del nuevo paradigma en la Unión Europea. Se concluye que las tecnociencias de innovación social parecen haber llegado a un punto de amplio consenso: las innovaciones sociales surgen en primera instancia de la sociedad civil, pero también pueden ser generadas o implementadas por el sector público y por el sector privado. Además, tanto los medios como los fines para promoverlas han de ser predominantemente sociales.
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Front Cover -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Chapter 2 What Kind of Person Should Be in These Jobs? -- Chapter 3 Organizational Setting -- Chapter 4 In the Beginning -- Chapter 5 Getting to Know the Agency and Its Culture -- or, Can Anyone Tell Me What's Going On? -- Chapter 6 If Only the Boss Really Had Power -- or, It's Not So Lonely at the Top -- Chapter 7 Finding the Right Help -- or, with a Little Help from My Friends -- Chapter 8 Speaking in Different Tongues -- or, When Cultures Meet -- Chapter 9 The DHS Storybook -- or, Hunting and Gathering -- Chapter 10 Meeting the Legislature -- or, Honoring the Honorables -- Chapter 11 Community Advocates -- or, It Is So Much Easier to Advocate Than Administrate -- Chapter 12 The Governor: or, The Guy Who Holds the Purse Strings -- Chapter 13 The Cabinet -- or, When Collaboration Seems Like…Getting Clobbered -- Chapter 14 The Auditor -- or, Uh-Oh, Here She Comes Again! -- Chapter 15 The Press -- or, the Unkindest Cut of All… -- Chapter 16 The Federal Presence -- or, Will This Be Good for Us? -- Chapter 17 Innovation and Change -- Can Anyone Do This? -- Chapter 18 Procuring Services -- or, Hey, Didn't We Contract That Out? -- Chapter 19 Lessons Learned -- Chapter 20 Final Thoughts -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.
There is a one important reality economists agree on and it is the changing role of businesses in society. The way in which the role of businesses in society is growing is given by increased sen- sitivity to and awareness of environmental and ethical issues. Issues like environmental damage, improper treatment of workers, and faulty production that inconveniences or endangers customers are more and more in the centre of peoples' attention. These trends contribute to the pressure on companies to operate in an economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable way. One of the solutions that can improve corporate social behaviour is the CSR policy. The European Commission published several Communications on CSR with the objective to help companies integrate corporate social responsibility into the way they do business, every day. With the enlargement of the European Union the issue of the development of CSR in the Cent- ral European Countries appeared. The transformation of centrally planned economy to free market economy brought a new view of the role of company in society. It was necessary to reformulate company's objectives on one hand and its roles on the other hand. In this situation the way of implementation of the CSR policy to the company's behaviour, especially company's investment decisions, became the issue of economic research. Considering continual institutional changes in the CEC the evolutionary approach to institutions was chosen as the research method. In order to identify the specific features of introduction of CSR in the CEC, Bulgarian, Czech, Slovak and Romanian companies were chosen as the case studies. The application of the evolutionary appro- ach to institutions required defining what an institution means. At the same time the three instituti- onal dynamics principles were identified based on several theoretical analyses of the institutional dynamics: the causes of emergence of CSR, the mechanism at work, and the actors involved in this dynamics. The evolutionary approach to institutions in the CEC also required reminding of the main features of the socialist unit of production. The first outcome of the research of companies' behaviour lies in the identification of several main causes of company's acting in a social responsible way. Secondly, the mechanism of CSR was described in two ways as the continuity-based and innovation-based CSR. Finally, the main actors of the CSR were analysed in terms of hierarchical, participative and minimalist CSR. In spite of the EU integration process, this research showed that it seemed difficult to expect in a near future a convergence of the socially responsible practises in the new EU member states. The main reasons for that are linked to the resistance and the legacies of the new member states as well as to the heterogeneity of the European model of CSR.
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In: European foreign affairs review, Band 4, Heft 3, S. 395-415
ISSN: 1384-6299
World Affairs Online
Various leaves and other forms of flexible working arrangements have been implemented in workplaces to support employees with family commitments. Some are a response to public policy, others developed voluntarily. However, research examining the effectiveness of these policies in a search for "good practices" often neglects the impact of specific national and workplace contexts. Some researchers are calling for more attention to social systems, especially at the macro and meso levels, and the relationships between them, to extend understanding of work family processes and experiences. We argue that this is critical for evaluating work-family policies and practices. However it is important to recognize that social systems are not static. They are dynamic and changing, particularly in the context of globalization processes. Drawing on data from six case studies of private sector organizations undergoing rapid change and transformation, carried out in six European states, as part of a qualitative cross-national EU project (Transitions)1 , this paper explores the impact of multiple layers of context on parents' experiences of flexible working arrangements for managing work and family boundaries. The study shows that although various aspects of macro layers of context are important and it is easier to make use of flexibility to combine work and parenting in some national and workplace contexts than others, changes taking place at the workplace level in response to global competition and efficiency drives can undermine both regulatory and voluntary initiatives to enhance flexibility for parents. This is occurring across national boundaries. Some implications for debates on "good practices" and for future work-family research are discussed.
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World Affairs Online
In: American and comparative environmental policy