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In this theoretical paper, we delineate two fundamental paradigms in how scholars conceptualize the nature of machines in human-machine communication (HMC). In addition to the well-known Media Equation paradigm, we distinguish the Media Evocation paradigm. The Media Equation paradigm entails that people respond to machines as if they are humans, whereas the Media Evocation paradigm conceptualizes machines as objects that can evoke reflections about ontological categories. For each paradigm, we present the main propositions, research methodologies, and current challenges. We conclude with theoretical implications on how to integrate the two paradigms, and with a call for mixedmethod research that includes innovative data analyses and that takes ontological classifications into account when explaining social responses to machines.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Contributors -- Editors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Part 1 Communication Research Perspectives -- 1 The Organisation of Japanese Hospitality: A Narrative Analysis of "Omotenashi" -- Introduction -- Omotenashi -- The Narrative Approach -- The Narrative Analysis of Omotenashi -- References -- 2 Communication Strategies Used By Women Immigrant Entrepreneurs to Cope With Ethnic Challenges -- Introduction -- Literature Review -- Challenges Facing WIEs -- Communication and Coping Strategies Among WIEs -- Method -- The Findings -- The Seven Women Immigrant Entrepreneurs -- Visible Versus Invisible -- Turn Ethnicity Challenges Into Enablers and Use Them for Their Advantage -- Using Communication Strategies to Establish Business Network -- Discussion -- Limitations and Future Research -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Communication as Terrorism, Terrorism as Communication A Thematic Analysis... -- Introduction -- Methods -- Participants -- Results -- Evidence From Interviews -- Findings -- Basic Elements in the IS Communication Landscape -- Lacking Identity -- Possessing a Specific Identity -- Imitative -- View of IS Communication Landscape and Terrorism -- Evidence From Questionnaire -- Findings -- Evidence From VCoP -- Findings -- Credible Policy Strategy -- Religious Content -- Target Audience -- Global Media Impact -- Communicative Leadership -- Differentiation of the Media -- Frequency of Communications -- Technology -- Terrorism and Communication -- Interpretation and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Exploration Into Communication Fidelity in Telemedicine -- Communication Model -- Telemedicine -- Communication Fidelity -- Significance -- Telemedicine History -- Literature in Telemedicine -- Case Report.

This book is about exploring both the potential and the limits of communication -of using communication both as a tool and as a way of articulation processes of development and social change, improving averday lives, and empowering people to influence their own lives and those of their fellow community members. The essence is communication. The dilemma is that communication will not solve every problem, althought it can contribute in some ways to problem- solving -we just need to get better at knowing how. The discipline of communication to development is currently at a crossroads, and the approaches taken over the last few decades require serious rethinking. Technologies are evolving on everthing -and communication concerned with debates and issues relating to development and change in society. The aim of this book is a contribute to the critical reflection about how communicaction works in process of change within the contexts of globalization. ; Index Foreword Oscar Hemer & Thomas Tufte Introduction: The challenge of the glocal Oscar Hemer & Thomas Tufte Part I. Globalization, media and culture Chapter 1 How can the glocal be local? Islam, the West and the globalisation of identity politics Thomas Hylland Eriksen Chapter 2 New complexities of transnational media cultures Kevin Robins & Asu Aksoy Chapter 3 Writing the world Oscar Hemer Communication and social change Chapter 4 Five key ideas: coincidences and challenges in development communication Silvio Waisbord Chapter 5 Participatory communication: the new paradigm? Jan Servaes & Patchanee Malikhao Chapter 6 Communicating for what? How globalization and HIV/AIDS push the ComDev agenda Thomas Tufte Methodology Chapter 7 The diffusion and participatory models: a comparative analysis Nancy Morris Chapter 8 Communication for empowerment. The practice of participatory communication in development Maria Celeste Cadiz Chapter 9 Entertainment-education in development communication Between marketing behaviours and empowering people Thomas Tufte Part II Mapping the field Chapter 10 Media, democracy and the public sphere James Deane Chapter 11 From NWICO to global governance of the information society Ulla Carlsson Chapter 12 Media policy, peace and state reconstruction Tim Allen & Nicole Stremlau Chapter 13 Participatory and cultural challenges for research and practice in health communication Rafael Obregon & Mario Mosquera Chapter 14 Communication for sustainable development: applications and challenges Paolo Mefalopulos Chapter 15 Out of focus: gender visibilities in development Karin Gwinn Wilkins Chapter 16 The information society: visions and realities in developing countries Madanmohan Rao Chapter 17 Assessing ICT in development: a critical perspective Manne Granqvist Chapter 18 'We were nobody, we were nothing': art, communications and memories of underdevelopment Sarat Maharaj & Gilane Tawadros Part III Case studies Chapter 19 Miners' radio stations. A unique communication experience from Bolivia Alfonso Gumucio-Dagron Chapter 20 The citizen, media and social change in Namibia Ullamaija Kivikuru Chapter 21 Missed opportunities in post-war Bosnia Kemal Kurspahic Chapter 22 Radio in Afghanistan: socially useful communications in wartime Gordon Adam Chapter 23 From the Sandinista revolution to telenovelas: the case of Puntos de Encuentro Clemencia Rodríguez Chapter 24 SiMchezo! magazine. Community media making a difference Minou Fuglesang Chapter 25 Young voices travel far: a case study of Scenarios from Africa Kate Winskell & Daniel Enger Chapter 26 Communication function in an evolving context of rural development Ricardo Ramírez Chapter 27 Bridging digital divides. Lessons learned from the IT initiatives of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh Arvind Singhal, Peer J. Svenkerud, Prashant Malaviya, Everett M. Rogers & Vijay Krishna Chapter 28 Theatre for Development in Africa Christopher Kamlongera Notes on the authors References

Consumer neuroscience is an emerging discipline. Potential exists for neurological quantitative research techniques to be used for the development and analysis of public health messages due to limited numbers of successful campaigns. In some instances, highly successful public health marketing campaigns have been designed to address something greater than financial gain and have achieved exceptional reach. This results in increased public awareness using social amplification platforms. Examples of these include action-oriented social media campaigns that ask individuals to act, share, pledge or challenge on behalf of a health or social cause. Neurological and physiological techniques include functional magnetic resonance imaging, magnetoencephalography, electroencephalography, eye tracking, galvanic skin response, heart rate, facial recognition and implicit association testing. Due to nonconscious decision-making processes these techniques have the potential to identify driving forces behind individuals' decision to become involved in health and social cause marketing campaigns that are unable to be identified with qualitative research methods. In 2014/2015 the Australian Government spent $23.3 million Australian dollars (AUD) on health and social service marketing campaigns, with $19.4 million AUD on health communications, and $3.9 million AUD on social services. These figures are considered conservative as expenditure on marketing campaigns below $250 thousand AUD is excluded. Thus, using consumer neuroscience to inform the design of future public health and social cause communications, which may help to save a life, while reducing expenditure on unsuccessful campaigns, requires greater understanding of the effectiveness of a positive action orientation vs. a fear and shock approach.

The object of the ACMA's Five-year spectrum outlook (FYSO) is to outline the fundamental issues that affect spectrum requirements and management over the next five years. It outlines the ACMA's proposed actions to address these issues, while also highlighting the spectrum issues that could arise for radiocommunications services beyond the issue year of the FYSO. The FYSO is an annual update that assists the ACMA to improve its performance of its spectrum management functions. Stakeholders can use the FYSO to identify when the ACMA expects a particular work program to commence, and to understand the priority applied to particular activities by the ACMA. Within this context, this FYSO is provided in three parts. Part 1 articulates, at a high level, the ACMA's decision-making framework, and how evidence informs the FYSO and the ACMA in developing its work programs. Also, within the context of the external environment, the FYSO provides an overview of the year ahead by addressing some of the significant issues that may affect spectrum management in Australia. Some of these include Australia's preparation for the World Radiocommunication Conference in Geneva and an overview of broader communications policy initiatives, including the government's decision to implement the three main recommendations of the Spectrum Review. A key issue will be how the outcome of the review will affect the ACMA's spectrum management activities into the future. This part also addresses the ACMA's response to the year ahead are by outlining some of the key tools the ACMA uses to address the demand on spectrum, such as: the spectrum research program, which is a vital element of the ACMA's analysis of the broader spectrum management environment the importance of spectrum as an input for driving economic growth and discussion on the economics of spectrum management highlighting the ACMA's work on the mobile broadband strategy how the current legislative basis impacts upon how the ACMA manages access to the radiofrequency spectrum outlining ...