Personal identification has forced individuals to have multiple passwords, tokens and personal identification numbers or documents, which have proved not to be the most appropriate for online actions. Biometric technologies have offered efficient forms of identification and validation but have also proved to be unsafe in the face of possible transgressions, or misuse that the controllers can make. Although there is legislation to regulate this information, it is still limited; therefore, with the new European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the protection of biometric data is expected to be extended to all countries, and the current risks and challenges in security, privacy and human rights be mitigated. ; La identificación personal ha obligado a los individuos a tener múltiples contraseñas, tokens y números o documentos personales de identificación, que han resultado no ser lo más adecuado para actividades en línea. Las tecnologías biométricas han ofrecido formas de identificación y validación eficientes, pero también han resultado ser inseguras ante posibles trasgresiones o mal uso que pudieran realizar los controladores. Si bien existe legislación para reglamentar esta información, resulta todavía limitada. Con el nuevo Reglamento General de Protección de Datos europeo, se espera que se extienda la protección de los datos biométricos a todos los países, para que los riesgos y retos actuales sobre seguridad, privacidad y derechos humanos sean atenuados.
Law and bioethics / Sandra H. Johnson, Ana S. Iltis, Barbara A. Hinze -- A review of current issues in the regulation of human-subject research in the United States / Jesse A. Goldner -- Financial conflicts of interest in human subjects research : domestic and international issues / Robert Gatter -- The role and legal status of health care ethics committees in the U.S. / Diane E. Hoffman and Anita J. Tarzian -- What's wrong with health privacy? / Nicholas P. Terry -- Health care and the human genome : regulatory challenge and response / Roberta M. Berry -- Bioethics issues surrounding the beginning of life : legal aspects in the U.S. / Robyn S. Shapiro -- Acquiring and allocating human organs for transplant : U.S. law / Bethany J. Spielman -- End of life legal issues in the U.S. / John Robinson -- Pediatrics, the law, and bioethics / Susan E. Zinner -- Health care decisions for the elderly / Marshal B. Kapp -- Legal regulation of genetic testing : balancing privacy and family interests / Loane Skene -- Assisted reproduction in Ireland / Deirdre Madden -- Canadian legal perspectives in bioethics / Bernard M. Dickens -- Bioethics and New Zealand health law / P.D.G. Skegg -- Bioethics in the developing world / Udo Schuklenk
Recent European Union (EU) initiatives and legislation have considerably increased public access to clinical trials data (CTD). These developments are generally much welcomed for the enhancement of science, trust, and open innovation. However, they also raise many questions and concerns, not least at the interface between CTD transparency and other areas of evolving EU law on the protection of trade secrets, IPRs, and privacy. This article focuses on privacy issues and on the interrelation between developments in transparency and the EU's new General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 (GDPR). More specifically, this article examines: (1) the origins and rationales of EU transparency regulations, including the incidents and concerns that have shaped them; (2) the features and implications of the GDPR which are relevant in the context of clinical trials; and (3) the risk for tensions between the GDPR and the policy goals of CTD transparency, as well as implications for data sharing and open innovation. Ultimately, we elaborate on factors that should be carefully considered and addressed to reap the full benefits of CTD transparency.
In Lithuania rules for the anonymization of court decisions were introduced in 2005. These rules require automatic anonymization of all court decisions, which in the opinion of the authors violates the public interest to know and freedom of expression is unjustifiably restricted on behalf of the right to privacy. This issue covers two diametrically opposed human rights: the right to privacy and the right to information. The first question is how the balance between two equivalent rights could be reached. The second question is whether this regulation is in accordance with the law as it is established in the national Constitution and revealed by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania and developed by the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. The authors conclude that the legislator is not empowered to delegate to the Judicial Council issues which are a matter of legal regulation and suggest possible solutions evaluating practice of the Court of Justice of the European Union, the European Court of Human Rights, and selected EU countries ; Privatinės teisės katedra ; Viešosios teisės katedra ; Vytauto Didžiojo universitetas
The relevant provisions of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine, the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, international acts and scientific literature on the declared problem are analyzed. A possibility of harmonization and balance between the rights, which have opposite purposes of legal regulation – the right of access to information about personal and family life of individuals occupying state seats (public interest) – on one hand – and the right to privacy – on the other – are investigated. It is noted that international acts do not contain the criteria for public access to the relevant information and states have a large area of discretion to establish thisbalance. ; На основании анализа соответствующих положений Конституции и законов Украины, правовых позиций Конституционного Суда Украины, международных актов, научной литературы исследованы вопросы согласования и баланса между противоположными по цели правового регулирования правом на доступ к информации о личной и семейной жизни лиц, занимающих должности, связанные с осуществлением функций государства (публичным интересом, интересами общества) – с одной стороны – и правом на неприкосновенность личной жизни человека (правом на приватность) – с другой. Указывается, что критериев доступа общественности к соответствующей информации международные акты не содержат, установление такого равновесия осуществляется по усмотрению государства. ; На підставі аналізу відповідних положень Конституції та законів України, правових позицій Конституційного Суду України, міжнародних актів, наукової літератури досліджено питання узгодження і балансу між протилежними за метою правового регулювання правом на доступ до інформації про особисте та сімейне життя осіб, які обіймають посади, пов'язані зі здійсненням функцій держави (публічним інтересом, інтересами суспільства) – з одного боку – і правом на недоторканність особистого життя людини (правом на приватність) – з іншого. Зазначено, що критеріїв доступу громадськості до відповідної інформації міжнародні акти не містять, саме держава має значну сферу розсуду для встановлення такої рівноваги.
FrontMatter -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Reviewers -- Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Necessity and Challenges of Clinical Research Involving Children -- 3 Regulatory Framework for Protecting Child Participants in Research -- 4 Defining, Interpreting, and Applying Concepts of Risk and Benefit in Clinical Research Involving Children -- 5 Understanding and Agreeing to Children's Participation in Clinical Research -- 6 Payments Related to Children's Participation in Clinical Research -- 7 Regulatory Compliance, Accreditation, and Quality Improvement -- 8 Responsible Research Involving Children -- References -- Appendices -- A Study Origins and Activities -- B State Regulation of Medical Research with Children and Adolescents: An Overview and Analysis -- C Health Care Privacy and Conflict-of-Interest Regulations Relevant to Protection of Human Participants in Research -- D Glossary, Acronyms, and Laws and Regulations -- E Committee Biographical Statements -- Index.
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Under the current data paradigm, third parties often capture, analyze, and make use of an individual's data without that individual's knowledge or consent. The uses of this data are often opaque, and even when an individual signs a "Terms of Service Agreement" it is questionable whether they truly provide informed consent. With the EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), we're seeing momentum to provide individuals with greater data privacy protection. As part of the Assembly on artificial intelligence and governance -- a joint project between the Berkman Klein Center at Harvard University and the MIT Media Lab -- we are creating technical and policy mechanisms that empower individuals to thwart third parties from successfully analyzing their data and to communicate that they do not want their data to be used in ways that they did not consent to. We are building a tool that directly embeds "Do Not Track"-like signature in images while simultaneously duping image classification systems.
Актуальность и цели. Законодательство о персональных данных в последние годы активно развивается и изменяется. При этом оно регулирует различные сферы общества, в том числе и образовательную сферу, устанавливая различные режимы информации и персональных данных. Одним из режимов персональных данных является режим врачебной тайны. Однако у обучающихся не всегда имеется правильное представление о защите персональных данных и о соблюдении врачебной тайны. Именно поэтому необходимы превентивные меры, которые позволили бы предотвратить нарушение права на неприкосновенность частной жизни. Цель работы выявить представление о режиме конфиденциальности персональных данных, подпадающих под режим врачебной тайны, среди студентов медицинских вузов, а также предложить ряд мер по предупреждению нарушения режима врачебной тайны в студенческой среде. Материалы и методы. Реализация целей и задач исследования была достигнута с помощью анализа действующего законодательства о персональных данных и о врачебной тайне. В качестве методов исследования были использованы: метод анализа нормативно-правового регулирования, статистический метод анкетирования, формально-юридический метод, логический метод. Результаты. Изучена нормативно-правовая база регулирования оборота персональных данных, подпадающих под правовой режим врачебной тайны, а также вопросы ответственности за незаконное разглашение сведений, составляющих врачебную тайну. Выявлены проблемы, связанные с реализацией некоторых законодательных положений, относящихся к врачебной тайне. Проведен опрос студентов медицинского вуза на предмет осведомленности о правовом режиме информации, составляющей врачебную тайну, и выявлено, что не все из опрошенных имеют правильное представление о нормативном регулировании данного вопроса. Выводы. Сделан вывод о том, что студенты медицинских вузов также являются носителями персональных данных, подпадающих под правовой режим врачебной тайны. К сожалению, не все из опрошенных студентов осведомлены об ограничениях и запретах, установленных в отношении врачебной тайны. В связи с этим для предупреждения неправомерных посягательств в отношении врачебной тайны предложен ряд профилактических мер для студентов медицинских вузов. ; Background. Legislation on personal data has been actively developing and changing. It regulates various spheres of society, including the educational sphere, setting different modes of information and personal data. One of the modes of personal data is the regime of medical confidentiality. However, students sometimes do not have the right idea about personal data protection and medical confidentiality keeping. It is therefore necessary to undertake preventive measures that would prevent violation of the right to privacy. The purpose of the article is to identify understanding of the mode of cofinedtiality of personal data falling under the regime of patient confidentiality among medical students, and to offer a number of measures to prevent violations of patient confidentiality among students. Materials and methods. The goals and objectives of the study were achieved by analysis of the current legislation on personal data and patient confidentiality. The following research methods were used: the method of legal regulation analysis, the statistical method of questioning, the legalistic method, the logical method. Results. The authors have studied the legal framework regulation of personal data falling under the legal regime of patient confidentiality, as well as the liability for illegal disclosure of information constituting a medical secret, as well as revealed problems with implementation of certain legal provisions relating to patient confidentiality. The researchers have conducted a survey of students of a medical school on the subject of awareness of the legal regime of information constituting a medical secret and revealed that not all of the respondents have the correct understanding of the normative regulation of this issue. Conclusions. It is concluded that medical students are also carriers of personal data falling under the legal regime of medical confidentiality. Unfortunately, not all of the students surveyed are aware of the restrictions and prohibitions in respect of medical confidentiality. In this regard, in order to prevent illegal infringements of medical confidentiality, the authors propose a number of preventive measures for medical students.
Israel's vaccination percentage was among the highest recorded worldwide. The Israeli government opted for a model using a proof-of-vaccine document ("Green Pass"). However, the "Green Pass" policy raises practical, legal and ethical concerns. While immunisation passports could be utilised to protect one's health, significant legal difficulties arise from their usage as a vaccination encouragement scheme. Protecting health is a proper purpose, particularly as minimising the pandemic ameliorates the human rights violations that stem from the COVID-19 response, enables individuals to return to their daily lives and enhances economic activity. However, any privileges or restrictions guided by one's COVID-19 immunisation status must be designed with the utmost attention to prevent a disproportionate violation of the human rights of the non-vaccinated and the public at large. Furthermore, as "Green Pass" policies might entrench existing discriminatory structures, ensuring equality is vital in moving forward. By exploring two case studies – labour rights and the right to privacy – we demonstrate the legal and public implications of the "Green Pass" regime. Despite the removal of the "Green Pass" in Israel, discussions continue regarding its modified reimplementation. The wider implications of the model might extend beyond its specific legal arrangements and limited temporal phase, requiring us to bring long-term public health into consideration.
On May 25, 2018, the European Union (EU) implemented the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) to protect individuals' privacy and data. This regulation has far-reaching implications as it applies to any organization that deals with data of EU residents. By studying the discussion about this regulation on Twitter, our goal is to examine public opinions and organizational public relations (PR) strategies about GDPR. The results show that the regulation is being actively discussed by a variety of stakeholders, but especially by cybersecurity and IT-related firms and consultants. At the same time, some of the stakeholders that were expected to have a more active role were less involved, including companies that store or process personal data, government and regulatory bodies, mainstream media, and academics. The results also show that the stakeholders mostly have one-way rather than two-way communication with their audiences, thus fulfilling the rhetorical than relational function of PR.
1. Options for the future: the regulation of information technology -- 2. Theoretical frameworks and governance of information -- 3. Conflicting values and competing laws: jurisdiction and the internet -- 4. The evolution of domain name law -- 5. Cyber-dependent and cyber-enabled crime: legal responses and challenges -- 6. Protecting data privacy in an evolving technological environment -- 7. Social media and social influences -- 8. Technologies and the future.
Understanding the U.S. Supreme Court -- The judiciary : institutional powers and constraints -- Incorporation of the bill of rights -- Religion : exercise and establishment -- Freedom of speech, assembly, and association -- Freedom of the press -- The boundaries of free expression : libel, obscenity, and emerging areas of government regulation -- The first Amendment and the Internet -- The right ot keep and bear arms -- The right to privacy.
Machine generated contents note: 1 Global Connectivity and Internet Access -- 2 Creating and Regulating the Internet -- 3 Decentralizing Regulation -- 4 Electronic Commerce and the Network Economy -- 5 Competition and Antitrust Issues in Cyberspace -- 6 Freedom of Expression and Content Controls -- 7 Intellectual Property Wars and Knowledge Monopolies -- 8 Privacy Rights and the Internet -- 9 Cybercrime, Encryption, and Government Surveillance -- 10 Epilogue
Collecting information about consumers and businesses from various sources, Credit reference agencies (CRAs) help many organizations such as financial institutions to assess creditworthiness of applicants and customers of their services. CRAs' business model depends on processing a high volume of personal data including highly sensitive ones, which must be processed within the relevant legal frameworks in different countries they operate their business, e.g., the European Union's new GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation). This paper reports a data-driven analysis of CRA- and GDPR-related discussions on Twitter. Our analysis covers the three largest multi-national CRAs: Equifax, Experian and TransUnion and we also looked at the UK's data protection authority, ICO, and two UK-based privacy-advocating NGOs, Privacy International and Open Rights Group (ORG). We have analyzed public tweets of their official Twitter accounts and other public tweets talking about them. Our analysis revealed a very surprising lack of awareness of CRA- and GDPR-related data privacy issues within the general public and an astonishing lack of active communications of CRAs to the general public on relevant GDPR-related privacy issues: out of 39,549 collected tweets we identified only 153 relevant tweets (0.387%). This small number of tweets are dominated by mentions of security issues (.2), especially data breaches affecting CRAs, not data subject rights or privacy issues directly. Other tweets are mainly about complaints regarding inaccurate data in credit files and questions about how to exercise right to rectification, just two of many data subject rights defined in the GDPR.
Covid-19 has put a spotlight on the responsibilities of States under the International Health Regulations and on State accountability in case of a breach.[1] In addition, there has been much debate about how measures to protect against Covid-19 infringe on the enjoyment of civil and political rights, in particular rights to privacy and freedom of movement.[2] It will be important to evaluate these matters carefully given the current crisis. While these approaches and dimensions are valuable, we should also look beyond this crisis and address country preparedness to future infectious disease outbreaks. To this end, this Reflection assesses how according to international law, all countries around the world are required to be prepared to respond to a future public health emergency. It does so from the perspective of the right to health as an economic and social right, in interaction with the International Health Regulations (IHR). This contribution is grounded in the understanding that Covid-19 reflects, in essence, a crisis of the right to health: because countries do not deliver the right to health as reflected by the IHR, many other problems including violations of international law arise.
