Suchergebnisse

This article discusses practices of classification of historic monuments and sites which have been adopted in Poland so far. The author of this article presents criteria pertaining to categorising and making inventory of historic monuments and sites developed in the first half of the twentieth century by Jan Zachwatowicz, Zdzisław Bieniecki, and Michał Witwicki. Furthermore, what is also presented is classification of materials that are relevant by their use or invention, classification of modernism monuments, and classification of historic monuments and sites which was carried out in the years 19590–1962, at the time when classes 0 and 1–4 were introduced.In future, historic monuments and sites should be classified by members of different expert teams cooperating with each other on different levels (regional and supralocal). The lists must be verified by academic authorities from various communities (art and architecture historians, conservators, etc.) and all works must be carried out in compliance with currently binding regulations. The criteria should be developed in accordance with the regulations set forth in the Polish Act on Protection and Guardianship of Monuments and Sites of 23 July 2003, unless major amendments are made to it. The author of this article suggests the following criteria, compliant with the legal regulations in force:– artistic merit (art. 3.1): the form of a property or a group of properties (quality and scope of their influence – European, supraregional, and local)– scientific and academic merit (art. 3.1): authenticity of the idea, material, function as well as construction, material, and innovation on local and supraregional scale.– historical merit (art. 3.1): the value and significance of the site, people and events - European, supraregional, and local scaleIt is necessary to define the significance and value of historic monuments and sites of European (supranational), regional, and local importance. Classification of both single historic monuments and sites and their groups should be clear, simple, and include the smallest possible number of valuing criteria. Furthermore, it should be compliant with Polish laws in force. When applied, the classification should result in factual selection of properties and sites - not on creating new groups of properties and sites of great historical importance and new categories of values being difficult to define. It is not possible to have standardised cirtieria matching all requirements and assigning high rank to each historic monument and site.

No Austrians in South Tyrol? Why the German-speaking community in Italy's South Tyrol (Alto Adige) province is not usually called an Austrian minorityThe article discusses the question why the German-speakers in Northern Italy's South Tyrol province are only very rarely referred to as an Austrian minority, in spite of the fact that they were split off from Austria, and not Germany, in the aftermath of World War I. An analysis of the naming of German-speaking South Tyroleans in German, Austrian, Italian and English-speaking news media, which demonstrates a preference for terms such as "German-speaking minority" or "German minority" over "Austrian minority and equivalents, is followed by a discussion of three hypotheses to account for the situation. The author shows how the question of how to name the German-speaking South Tyroleans is closely intertwined with the issue of Austrian national identity and its re-orientation away from Germany in the aftermath of the Second World War. The author comes to the conclusion that the minority is not usually referred to as Austrian both due to the fact that it is difficult to include them in the young (civic) Austrian nation in a logically consistent manner, and due to the German-speaking South Tyroleans' own inconsistent self-identification as Austrians. Nie ma Austriaków w Tyrolu Południowym? Dlaczego niemieckojęzyczna wspólnota we włoskiej prowincji Tyrol Południowy (Alto Adige) zwykle nie jest nazywana mniejszością austriackąArtykuł podejmuje kwestię, dlaczego niemieckojęzyczna ludność północnowłoskiej prowincji Tyrol Południowy rzadko bywa nazywana mniejszością austriacką, pomimo tego że w efekcie I wojny światowej odłączona została ona od Austrii, a nie od Niemiec. Analiza nazewnictwa odnoszonego do niemieckojęzycznej ludności Tyrolu Południowego, które występuje w informacyjnych środkach przekazu: niemiecko-, austriacko-, włosko- i anglojęzycznych pozwala stwierdzić, że preferowane są określenia takie jak "mniejszość niemieckojęzyczna" lub "mniejszość niemiecka", zamiast "mniejszość austriacka" i terminy ekwiwalentne. Następnie omówione został trzy hipotezy mogące wyjaśnić tę sytuację. Autor ukazuje, jak ściśle współzależą od siebie kwestia nazewnictwa niemieckojęzycznej ludności Tyrolu Południowego i kwestia austriackiej tożsamości narodowej oraz jej odchodzenia od Niemiec w następstwie II wojny światowej. Autor dochodzi do wniosku, że omawiana tu mniejszość zwykle nie jest uznawana za austriacką zarówno z tego powodu, iż trudno jest umiejscowić ją w młodym (obywatelskim) narodzie austriackim w sposób logicznie konsekwentny, jak i z racji własnej niekonsekwentnej samoidentyfikacji niemieckojęzycznych Tyrolczyków Południowych jako Austriacy.

Purpose. The main purpose of the article is the answer the question: 'Is Camino Francés still seen as pilgrimage or maybe as tourism?' The author proves that mythical ideas are a ground for valuing the duality present in various types of statements by Polish authors of memories of the caminos.

Method. In this article, the analytical approach to varied source materials has been adopted, either literature or popular and scientific texts, created by authors that walk through Camino de Santiago themselves. Also, other materials that were collected by the authors during their pilgrimages and participants' observations were used. Finally, Manifesto of Villafraca del Bierzo was examined. It is a document analysing issues discussed in the article in a formal way.

Findings. Camino Francés is perceived as a pilgrimage by people who experienced it by walking or riding a bike. The term 'tourism' is used in their statements as a clear contradiction. Moreover, the dichotomy pilgrimage – tourism (pilgrim – tourist) has a valuing dimension, which is also noticed by authors of the scientific studies.

Research and conclusion limitations. Due to the formal requirements regarding the text volume, the analysis has been limited to printed sources available in the Polish language. For the same reasons, it was only one of the most important (the same for camino men and researchers trying to determine the nature of modern Camino) aspect found in these works.

Originality. Until now, none of the articles about Camino Francés have been published in the context of the pilgrimage–tourism dichotomy and its mythical grounds. Neither was the evaluation of this phenomenon has been described regarding the Polish authors of memories. Even the quoted article by Krystyna Zabawa: The phenomenon of the pilgrimages to Santiago de Compostela in the latest Polish relations and research was called by its author 'a short and sketchy diagnosis of recent Polish literature concerning the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela'. It has been limited, however, to selected works only published before 2009. Agnieszka Jaworska – in her book – again, drew attention to the lack of interest on this issue. Nonetheless, she pointed out and analyzed the main features of this type of literature. Adam Kucharski recently proposed typologies of Polish memories concerning the Camino.

Type of paper. This is an analytical study.

The aim of this paper is to study and compare the competitiveness of the new EU member states in international trade in knowledge-intensive business services (KIBS). The first part of the paper presents a definition of KIBS trade, indicators to measure competitiveness in international service trade, and a short review of research in this field. The second part of the study is empirical. First the author carries out an overall analysis of transactions on KIBS trade in the countries involved. Then the competitiveness of the new EU member states in KIBS export is studied (in total KIBS and in each category of KIBS). International competitiveness is measured by export performance, trade balance and the RCA index. The author compares the competitiveness in KIBS exports between the analyzed countries, and tries to answer the question whether it could have been positively affected by their accession to the EU. The paper uses the WTO database. The analyzed period covers the years 2000–2013, because data on particular categories of 'Other business services' have been available only since 2000. The analysis refers to the 12 countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007. ; Celem pracy jest zbadanie i porównanie konkurencyjności nowych krajów członkowskich Unii Europejskiej w międzynarodowym handlu usługami biznesowymi opartymi na wiedzy. W pierwszej części pracy przedstawiona jest definicja handlu usługami biznesowymi opartymi na wiedzy, omówiona jest kwestia pomiaru konkurencyjności w handlu usługami oraz dokonany jest przegląd dotychczasowych badań w tym obszarze. Druga część pracy ma charakter empiryczny. Najpierw autorka analizuje tendencje w transakcjach nowych krajów członkowskich UE w handlu usługami biznesowymi opartymi na wiedzy. Następnie przedmiotem badania jest konkurencyjność nowych krajów członkowskich UE w eksporcie tych usług (ogółem oraz w poszczególnych kategoriach). W analizie wykorzystane są takie mierniki konkurencyjności międzynarodowej, jak: wyniki eksportowe oraz wskaźnik przewagi komparatywnej (RCA). Autorka porównuje konkurencyjność poszczególnych krajów i stara się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy akcesja do UE miała wpływ na konkurencyjność tych krajów w analizowanym obszarze. W pracy wykorzystywano dane pochodzące z baz danych WTO. Analizowany okres to lata 2000–2013, ponieważ od 2000 roku dostępne są dane dla poszczególnych kategorii zaliczanych do Pozostałych usług. Analiza odnosi się do 12 krajów, które wstąpiły do UE w 2004 i 2007 roku.

[This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution + Noncommercial + NoDerivatives 3.0 license. Copyright is retained by the author(s)] FROM THE BACK COVER: Who are the dominant owners of US public debt? Is it widely held, or concentrated in the hands of a few? Does ownership of public debt give these bondholders power over our government? What do we make of the fact that foreign-owned debt has ballooned to nearly 50 percent today? Until now, we have not had any satisfactory answers to these questions. Public Debt, Inequality, and Power is the first comprehensive historical analysis of public debt ownership in the United States. It reveals that ownership of federal bonds has been increasingly concentrated in the hands of the 1 percent over the past three decades. Based on extensive and original research, Public Debt, Inequality, and Power will shock and enlighten. "These days, the topic of America's debt stirs heated political debate. But one of the most important facts in this discussion has hitherto been obscured: who actually owns that debt inside America? Hager has done some fascinating and pathbreaking research to answer that question and concluded that the ownership pattern is surprisingly concentrated—and unequal—and that this may have implications for how the entire debt debate develops in the coming years. This is an illuminating work that deserves wide attention." (GILLIAN TETT, Financial Times) "The relationship between the ownership structure of government debt and economic inequality—between public finance and the class structure of modern capitalism—is one of several central concerns of political economy that has been almost completely neglected in recent decades. Sandy Brian Hager's book returns to the subject with theoretical and empirical bravado." (WOLFGANG STREECK, Director Emeritus, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies) "Money is power, and US Treasury debt is the world's single largest financial instrument. Hager's insightful book fills an enormous hole in our knowledge of who owns this debt and how the power flowing from that increasingly concentrated ownership affects US and global politics." (HERMAN M. SCHWARTZ, author of Subprime Nation: American Power, Global Capital, and the Housing Bubble) *** SANDY BRIAN HAGER is Postdoctoral Fellow at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University. He has published in various journals, including New Political Economy and Socio-Economic Review.

There is a sufficient tourist potential for development of event tourism in Kemerovo region. It is promoted by rich natural resources, existence of organizational experience and initiative groups of professional tourists. The tourist festival is an effective form of the organization of event tourism. The paper describes the experience of the organization of the tourist festival "Siberian Quest – 2014". The festival was held in September 2014 on the bank of the lake near the village Starye Topki. The author shows the development of the concept of network interaction in the organization of this festival. The combination of sports competitions with a musical programme, historical reconstruction and a military show became the feature of the Festival. The paper describes the technological process of the work of the organizing committee. The sports and competitions programme is presented. The text contains the analysis of the factors of further development of sports tourist festivals in Kuzbass. The author positively estimates the acquired experience and hopes for continuation and development of tourist festivals. Further challenges and prospects of development are specified, namely: information support, development of a brand and corporate style, search of investors. Another important aspect is the programme of supportting amateur sports tourist clubs. The correct organization and consolidation of efforts of all subjects will promote the successful solution of the problems of the region's tourist image formation. ; В Кемеровской области существует достаточный туристский потенциал для развития событийного туризма. Этому способствуют богатые природные ресурсы, наличие организационного опыта и инициативных групп профессиональных туристов. Туристский фестиваль является эффективной формой организации событийного туризма. В статье описывается опыт организации туристского фестиваля «Сибирский квест – 2014». Фестиваль проводился в сентябре 2014 года на берегу озера возле деревни Старые Топки. Показано развитие концепции сетевого взаимодействия в организации данного мероприятия. Особенностью фестиваля стало совмещение спортивных соревнований с музыкальной программой, исторической реконструкцией и военным шоу. Описывается технологический процесс работы организационного комитета. Представлена спортивная и конкурсная программа. Дан анализ факторов дальнейшего развития спортивного туристского фестиваля в Кузбассе. Автор положительно оценивает полученный опыт и выражает надежду на продолжение и развитие туристских фестивалей. Указаны дальнейшие проблемы и перспективы развития. Это информационная поддержка, разработка бренда и фирменного стиля, поиск инвесторов. Отдельный и важный аспект это программа поддержки самодеятельных спортивных туристских клубов. Правильная организация и консолидация усилий всех субъектов будут способствовать успешному решению задач формирования туристского имиджа региона.

The paper is devoted to analysis of social exclusion of elderly people and the causes of this process in the modern Russian region. In relation to the physiological, psychological and social changes that occur with elderly people, the social exclusion of elderly people has some of features. The aim of the paper is to describe the characteristics of the social exclusion of the elderly people in the Altai region. The author analyses the results of the sociological research conducted in 2012 – 2013 in the Altai region. The scientific study of social exclusion of elderly people was performed for the first time. According to the results of a sociological survey, seniors in the early the 21st century are characterized by both states and situations of exclusion. The author points out the poor development of the labour market, and the absence of institutions of resocialization, irregularity of forms of assistance or insignificance of support compounded by conservative personal qualities of elderly people in the region. The main area of application of the research results in the future is for the local government to study the process and develop some programmes aimed at the elderly people with a view to support them and to create favourable conditions for normal life of elderly people in the region. ; Статья посвящена анализу социальной эксклюзии лиц пожилого возраста и причин данного процесса в современном российском регионе. В связи с физиологическими, психологическими, социальными изменениями, которые происходят с пожилым человеком, социальная эксклюзия лиц пожилого возраста имеет ряд особенностей. Цель статьи – описание особенностей социальной эксклюзии лиц пожилого возраста в Алтайском крае. Автор анализирует результаты социологического исследования, проведенного при его участии в 2012 – 2013 гг. в Алтайском крае. Научное исследование социальной эксклюзии лиц пожилого возраста проведено впервые. Согласно результатам социологического опроса, лица пожилого возраста в начале XXI века характеризуются, как состояниям, так и ситуацией эксклюзии. Автор отмечает неразвитость и закрытость рынка труда, отсутствие институтов ресоциализации, несистематичность форм помощи или незначительность оказываемой поддержки, что усугубляется консервативными личными качествами пожилых людей в исследуемом регионе. Основной областью применения результатов исследования в дальнейшем является изучение этого процесса и разработка программ органами местного самоуправления, направленных на пожилых людей, с целью их сопровождения и создания благоприятных условий для полноценной жизни пожилых людей в регионе.

Данная статья посвящена вопросам заимствования Россией военно-технического и культурного опыта Запада в начале Смутного времени в правление Фёдора I Ивановича (1584-1598), Бориса Годунова (1598-1605) и Дмитрия Самозванца (1605-1606). Одним из каналов знакомства России с достижениями западноевропейской «пороховой революции» и культуры были служилые московские иноземцы. Среди них наибольшее число составляли военные, огромным влиянием отличались царские врачи, а некоторые купцы, к примеру, Джером Горсей, выполняли ответственные поручения русского правительства. В статье дана характеристика положения служилых западных европейцев как в начале Смутного времени, когда московское правительство проявляло большой интерес к европейским инновациям, так и после 1606 г., когда ситуация изменилась. Автор выясняет, в каких областях и какие иностранные специалисты работали в России, в чём состояли причины обращения к западноевропейским специалистам, каковы были итоги и значение данного явления. Анализируя «Записки» иностранцев, живших в России в начале Смутного времени, автор рассматривает достижения «бытовой революции» начала XVII. ; The article is devoted to the examination of the issue of Russian borrowing of military and technical as well as cultural experience of the West at the beginning of the Time of Troubles during the reign of Feodor I Ivanovich (1584-1598), Boris Godunov (1598-1605) and Dmitry the Pretender (1605-1606). One of the channels of the Russian contact with the west-European "powder revolution" and culture was foreigners on Moscow service. A lot of them were the military; doctors of the Tsar had a huge power; some merchants (for example, Jerome Horsey) carried out special orders of the Russian government. The article gives the description of western foreigners' position both, at the beginning of the Time of Troubles, when the Moscow government was interested in western innovation, and after 1606, when the situation changed. The author tries to find out in which areas and what kind of foreign experts were used in Russia; what were the reasons for the use of the Western European experts; what were the results of this phenomenon. While analyzing the "Notes" of foreigners, who were on the Russian service at the beginning of the Time of Troubles, the author examines the achievements of the "common revolution" at the beginning of XVII century.

В статье рассматривается промышленное развитие Юго-Осетинской автономной области в составе Грузинской ССР в 20-40-е гг. ХХ в. Проведенный анализ позволит установить, что Южная Осетия располагала минеральным сырьем, горными ископаемыми и нерудными богатствами, лесами. Исследуется не только промышленный потенциал Южной Осетии, но и ее достижения в создании предприятий. Особое внимание уделяется факторам, сдерживавшим промышленное развитие региона, включая политику грузинских властей в Тбилиси. ; The article considers the industrial development of the South Ossetian Autonomous Region within the Georgian SSR in the 1920-1940s. The author sets the task to find out how the industry originated in South Ossetia, to define its role in the economic and social development of South Ossetia, to establish and reveal the full potential of the Republic, to conduct a comparative analysis of the development of the industry in the past and the present. Particular attention is paid to the factors which were constraining the industrial development in the region, including the policy of the Georgian authorities in Tbilisi. The author has come to the conclusion that industrialization of South Ossetia was not implemented. It was caused by the fact thatthe economy was mainly determined by the desire of the Georgian authorities. All this strongly inhibited the development of South Ossetia. It is confirmed by the fact that out of 10 industrial enterprises in 1933 (a sawmill, a furniture factory, charcoal "beta" were the most important among them) were in charge of Georgia's "Lestrest" and "Gruzpromsoyuz" with only 129.4 thousand rubles of gross output and the sawmill did not have any gross output at all. It was clearly stated in the decision of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Georgia in 1934 that South Ossetia was economically the most backward compared with all the republics and regions in the Union of the Transcaucasian Federative Socialist Republics (among them the Azerbaijan SSR, the Armenian SSR, the Georgian SSR). In the following years the situation did not improve. The Georgian authorities continued their previous policy by means of economic levers. Tbilisi artificially constrained the industrial development of South Ossetia, reduced the standard of living of Ossetians and thus forced them to leave in search of work, study, life, etc.

This dissertation identifies investigation as an ironic narrative practice through which Arab authors from a range of national contexts interrogate certain forms of political language, contest the premises of historiography, and reconsider the figure of the author during periods of historical upheaval. Most critical accounts of twentieth-century Arabic narrative identify the late 1960s as a crucial turning point for modernist experimentation, pointing particularly to how the defeat of the Arab Forces in the 1967 June War generated a self-questioning "new sensibility" in Arabic fiction. Yet few have articulated how these intellectual, spiritual, and political transformations manifested themselves on the more concrete level of literary form. I argue that the investigative plot allows the authors I consider to distance themselves from the political and literary languages they depict as rife with "pulverized," "meaningless," "worn out," or "featureless" words. Faced with the task of distilling meaning from losses both physical and metaphysical, occasioned by the traumas of war, exile, colonialism, and state violence, these authors use investigation to piece together new narrative forms from the debris of poetry, the tradition's privileged mode of historical reckoning.In the first two chapters, I bring together two novels with remarkable formal and structural similarities, Jabra Ibrahim Jabra's al-Baḥth ʿan Walīd Masʿūd (In Search of Walid Masoud; 1978) and Elias Khoury's al-Wujūh al-bayḍāʾ (White Masks; 1981). From these two works, I shape a general typology: the novel of investigation begins with the mysterious disappearance or death of its protagonist and proceeds as a search for causes and answers conducted by a metafictional frame narrator. In the second two chapters, I observe how the investigative model manifests both in Egypt, with Yūsuf al-Qaʿīd's Yaḥduth fī Miṣr al-ān (It's happening now in Egypt; 1977) and in Morocco, with Driss Chraïbi's Francophone detective novel Une enquête au pays (1981), at approximately the same historical moment. In all of these novels, I argue, the absent protagonist represents a figure for political resistance that seemed to have disappeared in the disillusionment occasioned by the 1967 defeat—the peasant, the freedom fighter, the exilic intellectual, the Berber, etc.—while the self-questioning frame narrator stands in for the author himself, attempting to wrest meaning from the scattered, chaotic events of recent history.

Analyzing the laws that regulate certain types of compulsory social insurance, the author studied standard-setting powers of social insurance funds in social security. The sources of social security law are proved to be normative legal acts of social insurance funds, which regulate the security of financial support and social services to the insured persons (or persons equated to them) when the insurance event is taking place.The signs of acts of social insurance funds are singled out: they are taken by the competent social insurance funds - the Board of the Pension Fund of Ukraine, the Board of Fund of mandatory state social insurance against unemployment of Ukraine; the Board of Social Insurance Fund of Ukraine; according to the procedure established by the laws regulating the certain types of compulsory social insurance or Statutes of the social insurance funds; they are expressed in the form of resolutions; they contain legal norms regulating relationships that arise in their own activity (governance of certain types of obligatory state social insurance, the the accumulation of insurance fees, and the provision of the payments' funding); they are binding for all insurers and insured persons whom they concern.The author criticizes the feasibility of legislative empowering of the social insurance fund with the right to determine the amount of social benefits. These issues should be regulated by the act of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on the separate kinds of compulsory social insurance.The acts of social insurance funds are proved to be corporate by their legal nature, as the resolution of the Board of the social insurance funds are the result of legislative activity of the competent authorities, aimed at regulating relations in the provision of benefits and services to members of these funds. ; З'ясовано нормотворчі повноваження соціальних страхових фондів у сфері соціаль­ного забезпечення. Обґрунтовано, що джерелами права соціального забезпечення є нор­мативно-правові акти соціальних страхових фондів, які регулюють питання надання застрахованим особам (або особам прирівняним до них) матеріального забезпечення і соціальних послуг при настанні страхових випадків. Встановлено, що нормативні акти органів соціального страхування ухвалюють у визначеній документальній формі компе­тентні органи від імені соціальних страхових фондів, у чітко встановленому порядку, містять обов'язкові правила поведінки, що передбачають порядок реалізації права на соціальне забезпечення. Аргументовано, що за своєю юридичною природою вони є корпоративними актами.

The paper presents the analysis of the labor mobilizations in Kuzbass region in 1920 – 1921. The author emphasizes the cause-and-effect relation between the labor mobilization and the food supplies from Siberia to the famishing provinces of European Russia and the Urals during the fuel crisis because of the labour resources shortage in coal mines. The paper focuses on the role of the Siberian Revolutionary Committee in the realization of the plans of largescale displacement of labour force in the Kuznetsk Basin. Basing on the synthesis of the archival documents of Kemerovo, Novosibirsk and Tomsk regions and the Russian State Military Archive, the research revealed the sources of labour resources recruited in accordance with the labour duty for the coal mines of the Kuznetsk Basin and the construction of the Kolchugino-Prokopevsk mines railway. The quantitative membership and periods of labour activity of different groups of mobilized people are disclosed. The work shows qualitative and quantitative changes of mobilized workers in the Kuzbass coal industry. The work also gives a general characteristic of the economic activity of the Siberian labour army. The author comes to the conclusion that in the long run the labour mobilization did not significantly affect the replenishment of the workforce in Kuzbass. The study results allow us to extend the understanding of the formation of Kuzbass as an industrial center of Siberia. ; Статья посвящена анализу трудовых мобилизаций в Кузбассе в 1920 – 1921 гг. Автор подчеркивает причинно-следственную связь проведения трудовых мобилизаций с осуществлением продовольственных поставок из Сибири в страдающие от голода губернии европейской части России и Урала в условиях топливного кризиса, обусловленного дефицитом рабочей силы на угольных рудниках. Акцентирует внимание на роли Сибирского революционного комитета в осуществлении планов перемещения трудовых ресурсов в Кузнецкий бассейн. На основании обобщения материалов архивов Кемеровской, Новосибирской, Томской областей и Российского государственного военного архива в работе выявлены источники трудовых ресурсов, привлекавшихся по трудовой повинности на угледобывающие предприятия Кузнецкого бассейна и на строительство железной дороги Кольчугино – Прокопьевские копи. Определены количественный состав и периоды трудовой деятельности разных групп мобилизованных. Показаны изменения удельного веса контингента трудмобилизованных в угольной промышленности Кузбасса. Дана общая характеристика особенностей хозяйственной деятельности трудармейцев Сибирской трудовой армии. Автор приходит к выводу, что трудовые мобилизации в долгосрочной перспективе незначительно повлияли на пополнение рабочих кадров Кузбасса. Результаты исследования позволяют расширить представление о становлении Кузбасса как промышленного центра Сибири.

The efficiency of long-term national economic development is non-independent on both the innovation activity and the performance from putting up-to-date infocommunications into various segments of socioeconomic system. Implementation conditions of startup companies as well as the degree of impact on the state economic advancement are subordinated by a feasibility to attract investments in the given kind of business activities. The potency of startup realization also relies on a possibility of mobilizing a system of financing. This works contains the examine of fundamental sources for funding startups in the Russian economy such as monetary means of governmental and venture funds, investment companies, private investors (business angels) and resources which is collected on "ad hoc" websites through the crowdfunding technology etc. Furthermore, challenges of using them by the startup company originator were additionally studied taking into account the maintenance of specific crisis phenomena in the domestic economy over the medium term (for the period of 2016-2018). Moreover, the financing mechanism of startups with using of fund market resources was proposed, whereby the substantial number of startup companies unites in a public corporation. This corporation issues shares and place them in a hi-tech segment of national fund market with the participation of state. In addition an author proffers to implement tax benefits including benefits for amortized deduction for institutions of higher vocational education which establish small innovative companies. It will increase the commercialization intensity for the research and technical development in the form of industrial startups. In its entirety an author suggests to substitute the direct governmental financial support of startups with the stimulation to cofinance them by other economic entities (parties of fund market, commercial banks, institutions of higher professional education etc.). A government may be an organizer and a warrantor of startup companies for indirect stimulation of financing them through corresponding state funds and corporations. ; Рассмотрены основные источники финансирования стартапов в экономике Российской Федерации, от которых зависит эффективность реализации стартапов, проблемы их использования инициаторами стартапов в среднесрочной перспективе (2016-2018 г.) при наличии кризисных явлений в отечественной экономике. Предложен механизм финансирования стартапов с использованием ресурсов фондового рынка, в рамках которого существенное количество стартапов объединяется в открытое акционерное общество. Такая компания при участии государства осуществляет эмиссию и размещение обыкновенных акций на высокотехнологичном сегменте национального фондового рынка.

The article explores the problem of narrow specific training of specialists and therefore inefficient decisions and solutions taken. The paper shows the necessity to develop the system thinking and world outlook. This approach is regarded as the key task of further training in the Federal State Educational Standards. The article tries to develop the way of this goal achievement. The author makes the case to develop the approach to the strategic combination of scientific, philosophic, and social knowledge. The paper is aimed at foundation of basic concept of this knowledge. The strategic knowledge must be based on the subjects and curriculum. The authors suggest the system and dialectic approach to the foundation of the fundamental concept and teaching Humanities. The article considers the concept "public benefit" in this approach and shows its difference from the concept "social goods" and concept "public benefit" in the reductive approach. The author takes into consideration two types of social values: cultural values and ideological values. The authors show that close relation between these values is necessary for the sustainable development of society. The article contains the notions of ideology, economic and political social sub-systems. The authors highlight the differences in notions reviewed by reductive approach and system-dialectic approach. ; В статье поставлена проблема узости специалистов и, как следствие, недальновидности принимаемых ими решений. Показана необходимость развития у учащихся в системе повышения квалификации высшего профессионального образования системного мышления и мировоззрения. Такой подход провозглашен как одна из задач этого образования и в федеральных государственных образовательных стандартах. В статье разрабатывается путь ее достижения. Цель настоящей работы - разработка подхода к системному соединению фрагментарного научно-философского социального гуманитарного знания. Задача работы - формирование базовых понятий такого целостного знания. Утверждается, что системное знание должно формироваться в самих преподаваемых дисциплинах, а не в головах учащихся. Предложен системно-диалектический подход к формированию базового понятийного аппарата и преподаванию социальных гуманитарных наук. Рассмотрено и сформировано понятие «общественное благо» в этом подходе, показано его отличие как от понятия «общественные блага», так и от понятия «общественное благо» в редукционном подходе. Рассмотрены два вида ценностей общества - ценности культуры и ценности идеологии. Показано, что близость этих ценностей необходима для формирования устойчивого состояния общества. Предложена базовая понятийная система, которая включает основные понятия идеологии, экономической и политической подсистем системы-общества. Показаны отличия понятийных систем в редукционном и системно-диалектическом подходах.

This work is devoted to the analysis of international legal status and the customs and tax sovereignty of the Chersonese Tauric on the background of international relations in Black Sea region in II centuries BC.The author examines the concept of «autonomos» (αυτονόμος), «eleutheros» (ελευθέρος), «aphrouretos» (α̉̉-φρούρητος) that in the Hellenistic period signified freedom and independence of the civil community. The article shows the heavy military-political situation in Chersonese state and the search for external allies to fight against the expansion of the Crimean Scythians.This paper considers the circumstances of the signing of the agreement of 179 BC between the people of Chersonese and the king of pontus pharnaces I and the content of this treaty. The author argues that the conclusion of the military-political alliance (συμμαχία) between Chersonese and Pontus was increasingly profitable first side. ; Данная работа посвящена анализу внешнеполитического статуса и налогово-таможенного суверенитета Херсонеса Таврического на фоне международных отношений в Причерноморском регионе II вв. до н. э.Автор рассматривает содержание понятий «управляемый собственными законами, автономный» (αυτονόμος), «свободный, независимый» (ελευθέρος), «не имеющий гарнизона» (α̉̉-φρούρητος), которые в эллинистический период обозначали свободу и самостоятельность гражданской общины. В статье показано сложное военно-политическое положение Херсонесского полиса и необходимость поиска внешних союзников для борьбы с экспансией крымских скифов. В работе рассматриваются обстоятельства подписания и содержание договора 179 г. до н. э. между народом херсонеситов и понтийским царем Фарнаком I.Автор доказывает, что заключение военно-политического союза между Херсонесом и Понтом было в большей мере выгодно первой стороне. ; Ця робота присвячена аналізу міжнародно-правового статусу та митно-податкового суверенітету Херсонесу Таврійського на тлі міжнародних відносин у Чорноморському регіоні в II ст. до н. е.Автор розглядає зміст понять «той, що управляється власними законами, автономний» (αυτονόμος), «вільний, незалежний» (ελευθέρος), «той, що не має гарнізону» (α̉̉-φρούρητος), які в період еллінізму позначали свободу і самостійність громадянської общини (полісу). У статті розглянуто складне військово-політичне становище Херсонеського поліса та необхідність пошуку зовнішніх союзників для боротьби з експансією кримських скіфів. У роботі розглядаються обставини підписання та зміст договору 179 р. до н. е. між народом херсонеситів і понтійським царем Фарнаком I.Автор доводить, що укладення військово-політичного союзу між Херсонесом і Понтом було більшою мірою вигідно першій стороні.