Suchergebnisse

Né au début des années 1960, le concept de la "grande distribution moderne" n'a cessé de se développer au niveau national puis international. Initialement, intégrés (Carrefour, Casino, Auchan, Cora) et indépendants (Leclerc, Intermarché, Système U) ont essaimé leur politique commerciale sur une base du gros volume au moindre prix. Ce n'est qu'à la fin des années 1990 que leur positionnement est devenu multi-services (banque, assurance, agence de voyage, immobilier.). Malgré ces divers territoires de positionnement, la grande distribution ne cesse de rechercher de novuelles sources de profit, notamment sur le secteur alimentaire. Ainsi, les grandes entreprises sollicittent de plus en plus le savoir-faire des industriels sur tout ce qui gravite autour du produit : la logistique, le merchandising et la promotion. Sur ces deux derniers axes, de nouvelles réflexions sont menées mutuellement afin de mieux répondre aux attentes et besoins de la demande. Ainsi, le "shopper marketing" apparaît comme un concept où fournisseur et distributeur accompagnent l'offre produits en magasins capable de mieux satisfaire les consommateurs et de démultiplier les ventes. Quelles sont les incidences du conept "shopper marketing" sur les lieux de vente de la grande distribution ? Quels sont les nouveaux enjeux et les opportunités pour les petites et moyennes entreprises agroalimentaires ? Pour mieux comprendre ce qu'est réellement le "shopper marketing", nous présenterons dans une première partie les différentes approches conceptuelles. Dans une seconde partie, nous analyserons les enjeux et les opportunités possibles pour les PME agroalimentaires.

Part 1: IS Success and Failure ; International audience ; Agriculture is an important economic activity and is a primary driver of economic growth of many developing countries. Improving the performance and profitability of agricultural markets will lead to the growth of the agricultural sector. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) based Agricultural Market Information Systems (AMIS) is a development initiative which promises to empower the stakeholders of the agricultural supply chain with information and aid the development of the agricultural sector. Many attempts have been made by governments in a number of developing countries to provide AMIS, with a poor success rate. It is important to understand the factors that determine the success or failure of these systems. In this paper we take the theoretical lens provided by Bartels' theory of market separations in order to define the success of AMIS. Using a technical/rational view, we conduct a two level analysis of market separations – those in agricultural markets and those in AMIS services markets. We find that information separation is a strong feature that exists in agricultural markets and AMIS provide good means of reducing this separation. Success of AMIS is defined by the reduction of market separations at both these levels. Later we go beyond technical rationality and note that socio-political issues limit the utilization of market information provided by AMIS. Thus we state that socio-political separation of agricultural markets must also be tackled in order to successfully implement AMIS. A comprehensive policy environment in a region can help reduce these separations.

International audience ; In 2002, when French legislators introduced into the Civil Code the possibility for children of separated parents to live alternately with one parent and then the other, they institutionalized the principle of "coparenting". Ten years later, having children live with their mother continues to be an infrequent practice when marital breakdown leads to a court-ordered settlement. On the basis of an investigation conducted in four courts between 2009 and 2010, this paper examines the reasons for this limited increase in children living alternately with one parent and then the other. It also explains why fathers, and especially mothers, having stable professional jobs – often making them part of the middle, if not upper-middle class – are far more likely to agree to alternating homes for their children than working-class men and women are. ; En 2002, en introduisant dans le Code civil la possibilité de résidence alternée des enfants suite à la séparation de leurs parents, les législateurs français ont institutionnalisé le principe de « coparentalité ». Dix ans après, la résidence des enfants chez leur mère continue pourtant de s'imposer massivement lors du règlement judiciaire des ruptures conjugales. À la lumière d'une enquête menée dans quatre tribunaux entre 2009 et 2010, l'article interroge les raisons de la progression limitée de la résidence alternée. Il explique pourquoi les pères et surtout les mères occupant des positions professionnelles stables, les affiliant souvent aux classes moyennes voire supérieures, ont nettement plus de chances de recourir à la résidence alternée que les hommes et les femmes des catégories populaires.

International audience ; This contribution approaches the question of the indexation of contemporary art in the era of the Web 2.0. It approaches in first part the theory and the frame of indexation studies and its implications in the field of the trasmission of knowledge. This technique of Information documentary processing is defined as a speech. In a second part, the application and the objectives of the indexation on some important Web sites are approached. These examples of Web sites allow to understand the possibilities of valuation of works of art thanks to the traditional indexation and through the principles of collaboration allowed by Web 2.0. The third part brings examples and complementary reflexions to understand the rules of the indexation in the global communication projects and the museum and patrimonial mediations. ; Cette contribution pose la question de l'indexation de l'art contemporain à l'ère du Web 2.0. Elle aborde en première partie la théorie et le cadre d'étude de l'indexation et ses implications dans le champ de la trasmission des savoirs. Cette technique de traitement de l'information est définie comme un discours. Dans une deuxième partie, sont abordées l'application et les objectifs de l'indexation dans quelques sites Web importants. Ces exemples de sites permettent de comprendre les possibilités de valorisation des oeuvres grâce à l'indexation traditionnelle et grace à des principes collaboratifs permis par le Web 2.0. Une troisième partie apporte des exemples et des réflexions complémentaires pour situer la place de l'indexation dans les politiques de communication globales et les médiations muséales et patrimoniales

Die Präimplantationsdiagnostik (PID ; eng. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnostic ; PGD) wurde 1990 zum ersten Mal von Handyside durchgeführt (Handyside 1990). Seither gab es gerade in Deutschland immer wieder Diskussionen ; inwieweit dieses Verfahren zulässig sein sollte ; ob alle seine Möglichkeiten angewendet werden soll-ten ; oder ob es in seiner Zulässigkeit beschränkt werden ; oder verboten werden sollte. Im Jahr 2000 war nach einem Diskussionsentwurf der Bundesärztekammer eine Diskussion entfacht worden ; welche auch breite Teile der Bevölkerung umfasste. Von Vertretern der Kirche ; der Behindertenverbände und der medizinischen Fachge-sellschaften wurde eine gesetzliche Regelung gefordert ; die lange nicht gefunden wurde. Nachdem das Bundesverfassungsgericht 2010 die Durchführung der PID für gesetzeskonform erklärt hatte ; wuchs der Anspruch an die politischen Parteien des Bundestages ; die PID gesetzlich zu regeln. Damit ist das Thema PID in den Jahren 2010 und 2011 erneut diskutiert worden ; bis 2011 im Bundestag eine Mehrheit für eine Regelung gefunden wurde. International wird der Umgang mit der PID sehr unterschiedlich gehandhabt. Das Ausmaß der Regelung liegt zwischen striktem Verbot ; vollständiger Permissivität ; oder aber dem Fehlen jeglicher Regulierung. In dieser Arbeit soll die Auffassung einer potenziellen Nutzergruppe der PID ; der Paare in der IVF (in-vitro-Fertilisations) -Behandlung ; eruiert werden. In qualitativen und quantitativen Interviews wurden diese Paare vom September 2002 bis September 2004 sowohl zum Verlauf ihrer Behandlung als auch zu ihrer Einstellung bezüglich der verschiedenen Möglichkeiten des Umgangs mit einem unerfüllten Kinderwunsch befragt. Des Weiteren wurden die Auffassungen zu den verschiedenen Therapie-und Diagnostikmöglichkeiten erfragt ; auch zu solchen ; die zur dieser Zeit in Deutschland nicht zulässig waren und zu Teilen auch weiterhin nicht zulässig sind. Es erfolgt eine Analyse der Daten im Hinblick auf generelle Unterschiede in der Auffassung von Frauen und Männern und zur Überprüfung der formulierten Hypo-thesen. Die Ergebnisse der Befragung werden vor dem Hintergrund der aktuellen medizinethischen Debatte ; insbesondere im Rahmen einer kontextsensitiven Ethik diskutiert ; mit dem Ziel die Debatte bereichern zu können ; und in ihr der Auffassung der unmittelbar Betroffenen ; der potenziellen Nutzerinnen und Nutzer ; mehr Gewicht zu verleihen. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit erfolgt eine Darstellung der PID ; IVF und Pränataldiagnos-tik (PND) hinsichtlich der medizinisch-technischen Grundlagen ; der Anwendungs-möglichkeiten sowie der publizierten Anwendungsdaten. Im Anschluss werden die rechtliche Situation in Deutschland und die Situation der europäischen Nachbarlän-der dargelegt. Es folgt eine Darstellung der biopolitischen und bioethischen Debatte ; vor deren Hin-tergrund die Befragung durchgeführt wurde. Unter Material und Methodik wird im dritten Abschnitt der Ablauf und Aufbau der Befragung dargestellt. Danach folgt die Datenanalyse mit den Ergebnissen und der Überprüfung der formulierten Hypothesen. Diese Ergebnisse werden im vierten Teil vor dem Hintergrund der bioethischen und auch biopolitischen Debatte auf der Grundlage einer kontextsensitiven Ethik diskutiert.

International audience ; In the last decade in Argentina have been implemented programs at national level that have promoted self-managed and associative work guided by the principles of the social economy as a means of employment generation and social inclusion. The considerable spread of these programs and their influence on the creation of others at provincial and local level a set a trend linking employment policies with social promotion in the field of social economy policies. This article discusses the implementation by a local government in the province of Buenos Aires of a line of a national plan considering the policy's capabilities to generate sustainable ventures and to promote other types of work. ; En la última década en la Argentina se han implementado programas a nivel nacional que han promovido el trabajo autogestivo y asociativo guiado bajo los principios de la economía social como v ía de generación de empleo e inclusión social. La considerable difusión de estos programas y su influencia en la creación de otros a nivel provincial y municipal ha configurado una tendencia que trata de vincular políticas de empleo con políticas de promoción social en el campo de la economía social. En este artículo se analiza el modo de implementación de una línea incluida en un plan nacional desarrollado por un gobierno local en la provincia de Buenos Aires, considerando las capacidades de la política para generar emprendimientos sostenibles y promover otro tipo de trabajo

Sites of urban agriculture are often contested urban open spaces. In the current dominant ideal of the 'competitive' and 'global' city, little recognition is given to the potential benefits of urban agriculture, beyond beautification, subsistence or therapeutic purposes. In this context, urban agriculture is often viewed as an activity performed by 'gardeners', either contributing to individual well-being or reducing the costs of maintenance of public spaces. A less 'tolerant' perspective perceives such 'gardeners' as squatters inhibiting cities' productivity. By contrast, urban agriculture enthusiasts advocate the recognition of the right to farm in the city as an essential condition for either food security or food sovereignty. This paper argues that urban agriculture can also be interpreted as a means to claim, nurture and propagate alternative views on spatial justice, place and citizenship-making, defying the maldistributional and misrecognition patterns that typically produce and reproduce unequal urban geographies. Drawing from a four-year research collaboration in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) undertaken by the authors at the Development Planning Unit (DPU) with the International Water Management Institute (IWMI), People's Dialogue and the Ghana Federation of the Urban Poor, the analysis examines the trajectories of female and male farmers working under different and fast-changing land tenure systems across the Accra-Ashaiman corridor. Adopting an environmental justice perspective, the analysis explores the extent to which urban agriculture might constitute a practice through which marginalised groups might actively claim spaces of daily sociability and political articulation within the city. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

LA MILITARIZACIÓN DEL RÍO DE LA PLATA, 1810-1820. ELEMENTOS CUANTITATIVOS Y CONCEPTUALES PARA UN ANÁLISIS ; Since Tulio Halperín Donghi's seminal works, the notion of "militarization" plays a central role in Argentinean scholarship devoted to the independence war and its economic, politic and social consequences. However, this is a problematic concept whose meaning deserves to be openly discussed, especially when applied to a revolutionary context as that of the River Plate, where military matters were profoundly affected by ethnic, social and cultural factors. Based on interdisciplinary contributions and new quantitative data, this paper proposes some definitions about the scope and nature of the River Plate's militarization process during the first independent decade, allowing some meaningful international comparisons. ; Desde los trabajos fundadores de Tulio Halperín Donghi, el término de "militarización" juega un rol central en los estudios locales referidos a la guerra de la revolución de independencia y sus consecuencias económicas, políticas y sociales. Se trata sin embargo de un concepto polisémico y problemático cuyo sentido merece ser discutido abiertamente, sobre todo en lo que hace a un contexto revolucionario como el del Río de la Plata, en el que lo "militar" presenta clivajes étnicos, sociales y culturales muy variados. A partir de algunos aportes interdisciplinarios y de nuevos datos cuantitativos, el presente trabajo propone algunas definiciones respecto del alcance, los límites y el contenido concreto del fenómeno de la militarización rioplatense durante la primera década independiente.

The US has long faced criticism about being a 'fair weather friend' to foreign states only as it suits current policy interests. Such inconsistent engagement results in opportunity costs that are both fiscally draining and damaging to US social and political capital. US defense, development, and diplomatic establishments can more easily realize progress and encourage positive forward movement with African states by initiating and maintaining more consistent collaboration with foreign nation representatives. An increased commitment to persistent engagement will be especially important for the Department of Defense, which has been sharply criticized for its heavy-handedness when partnering with foreign security forces over the past decade.As the international community has observed through recent events across the African continent, it is important that the US government conduct policy planning and operations with a mind to building long-term relationships rather than dabbling in flings and ill-suited one night stands. This is particularly important with programs that involve potentially sensitive knowledge and skills transfers, such as the military reform and security force capacity building that the US has favored more heavily as of late. As the US continues to shift from heavy presence, high-visibility interventions to more subtle and nuanced capacity enhancement initiatives, government representatives will need to rely less on muscle and more on craft. The type of work that is required to truly effect change and build durable institutional relationships is hard, slow, and methodical work that does not lend itself to a quick fix.

Digital storytelling is an international movement for self-representation and advocacy,especially in educational, arts, and therapeutic communities. It has begun to attract a significant body of scholarship including publications and conferences. Australia has been an important player in all of these developments. In this presentation I explore some of the issues that have emerged for activists and scholars, including the problem of how to 'scale up' from self-expression to communication (i.e. self-marketing), and the question of the role that stories play in constituting 'we'-communities (or 'demes'). The paper pursues the relationship between storytelling and political narrative over the extreme long term (longue durée), using well known and lesser-known connections between Australia and Turkey to tell the tale. It considers how digital self-representation intersects with that political process, and what activists need to know in order to intervene more effectively. The paper is in five parts: (1) Gevinson; (2) Gallipoli; (3) Granddad; (4) Göbekli Tepe; (5) Gotcha? It seeks to place digital storytelling within a larger framework that links storytelling with the evolution of the polity. The analysis ultimately points to a looming problem for the digital storytelling movement – and possibly for human socio-cultural evolution too. In the crisis of 'we' communities that arises with the possibility of a globally networked polity, we need new guides to storytelling action, not the old (Trojan) warhorses of mainstream media. Events such as the centenary of World War I present unexpected opportunities for this kind of exploration.

The purpose of study was to investigate the relationship between psychic distance, firm size, perceived risk and market choice of Uganda's exporting firms. The research question is based on the fact that there is a notable shift of Uganda's firms from exporting to markets that are geographically distant to nearer regional markets, a situation that could be attributed to psychic distance which leads to higher levels of perceived risk that the small and medium sized Ugandan firms could be trying to avoid due to their limited resources.The study used a cross-sectional research design and collected quantitative data using a structured questionnaire from a sample of 80 exporting firms of which only 72 questionnaires were used for analysis.The analysis indicated that psychic distance is positively correlated with the perceived risk while it was also established that psychic distance was negatively correlated to export market choice. The regression showed that both psychic distance and perceived risk were found to be having a significant effect on export market choice.The study recommends that firms should invest in psychic reducing activities and these could include; participating in international trade exhibition in countries perceived to be psychically distant and recruit psychically sensitive employees and/or export managers who are internationally exposed, multilingual and can understand other languages and cultures in the foreign market. Governments can also seek out trade arrangements with distant countries to facilitate trade amongst themselves in a a harmonized trade environment that is free of differences.

International audience ; Purpose The overarching theme is the importance of innovations that are created within the emerging economies. More specifically, the article looks at the development of various alternatives to vehicles powered by the internal combustion engine, new energy vehicles (NEVs) within China. Design/methodology/approach The broad strategic approach of two sectors within the NEV sector in China, the pure electric vehicle (EV) and the low-speed electric vehicle (LSEV) sectors, are compared using recent data and conclusions are drawn. Findings The EV sector is viewed by the central government as a key sector for China's future industrial growth and is heavily supported. In contrast, the LSEV sector receives no support from central government and yet clearly outstrips the sales of EVs. The article argues that the latter's success is a reflection of the LSEV sector's focus on business model rather than technological innovation. Practical implications The article highlights the importance of monitoring innovations that come from within emerging economies and also illustrates the benefits that can come from commercially focused innovations rather than those based on technology. Social implications Finding alternatives to vehicles powered by fossil fuels is one of the most important challenges facing the world today. This article looks at the search for one alternative and examines its implications. What is original/of value? The article examines a business sector that is peculiarly Chinese and yet has potential implications far beyond China. It also contains recent sales figures and other data collected directly from sources in China.

The paper deals with the complicated relationships between the Western Armenian Diaspora and Russians. These relations are mediated by the ambiguous attitude of Diaspora to the Eastern Armenians. The study examines two social contexts, the Soviet and Post-Soviet eras. To elaborate the topic the author draws from letters, jokes, and anecdotes taken from different kinds of international interlocutors, ranging from scholars to ordinary people. I argue that the image of Russia is constructed of intertwined discourses of negative and positive meanings. Positive discourses are based around the Russian-(Eastern) Armenians' cultural connections and Russian involvement to the political movement for recognition of the 1915–1923 Armenian Genocide, while negative ones are extracted from (1) the bitter experience of Armenian repatriates to Soviet Armenia (totalitarianism, political reprisals, and harsh social censorship), (2) the low standard of living in the USSR as well as (3) the idiosyncrasies of Russian/Eastern Armenian everyday life in post-Soviet times. So the stereotyped image of Russia is formed at least by three aspects of social life such as political, cultural, and routine. These types of exoticization/stereotyping engender some social distance between the Western Armenian Diaspora and Russians as well as between the Western Armenian Diaspora and post-Soviet Armenians. I conclude that nevertheless a litmus test for the Western Armenian Diaspora attitude to USSR/Russia is the latter's official position regarding the 1915–1923 Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire.

ABSTRACTCriteria are the central focus of multi‐criteria decision analysis. Many authors have suggested using our values (or preferences) to define the criteria we use to evaluate alternatives. Value‐focused thinking (VFT) is an important philosophy that advocates a more fundamental view of values in our decision making in our private and professional lives. VFT proponents advocate starting first with our values and then using our values to create decision opportunities, evaluate alternatives and finally develop improved alternatives. It has been 20 years since VFT was first introduced by Ralph Keeney. This paper surveys the VFT literature to provide a comprehensive summary of the significant applications, describe the main research developments and identify areas for future research. We review the scope and magnitude of VFT applications and the key developments in theory since VFT was introduced in 1992 and found 89 papers written in 29 journals from 1992 to 2010. We develop about 20 research questions that include the type of article (application, theory, case study, etc.), the size of the decision space (which, when given, ranged from $200K to billions of dollars), the contribution documented in the article (application benefits) and the research contributions (categorized by preferences, uncertainties and alternatives). After summarizing the answers to these questions, we conclude the paper with suggestions for improving VFT applications and potential future research. We found a large number of significant VFT applications and several useful research contributions. We also found an increasing number of VFT papers written by international authors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article focuses on the genesis of and correlation between the related concepts of enclave and exclave and the scope of their use in different sciences, fields of knowledge, and everyday speech. The author examines the circumstances of their emergence in the reference and professional literature in the Russian language. Special attention is paid to the typology of the world's enclave territories as objects of political geography; at the same time, their new categories and divisions (international enclave, overseas exclaves, internal enclaves of different levels) are extended and introduced. The author offers a new classification of contemporary and historical enclaves and exclaves. The article identifies the specific features of the Kaliningrad region in comparison to other enclave territories. The difference between the exclavity of the Kaliningrad region in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods is emphasised. The author shows the evolution of the use of concepts of enclave and exclave for describing the fe atures of the Kaliningrad region's positions from the perspective of the mother and surrounding states. The article introduces the concept of dividing states and stresses the need to take their interests into account to ensure the functioning of the Russian exclave. The author substantiates the thesis that the Russian region is an enclave of the European Union (but not NATO) and an exclave of the Russian Federation and a number of political and economic intergovernmental alliances with Russian participation. The article offers a generalised characteristic of the Kaliningrad region from the perspective of its enclavity / exclavity.