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Malthus's Essay on Population was seen in 1798 as a complete refutation of Godwin and all 'Jacobin' ideology. It proved that a state of equality and justice for all was unfeasible; and it demonstrated the inevitability and beneficence of private property and political institutions. But its central theme, the dominance of scarcity in human affairs, presented the theological 'problem of evil' in novel and threatening form. For thirty-five years both the economics and the theology of the Essay were modified and refined: first by Paley, Sumner and Malthus himself, and later by Copleston, Whately and Chalmers. The result was 'Christian Political Economy': an ideological alliance of political economy and Christian theology, congenial to a new 'liberal-conservatism' in the early nineteenth century, which found middle ground between the ultra-tory defence of the ancien régime and a 'radical' repudiation of existing institutions. Professor Waterman analyses this story of the 'intellectual repulse of revolution', and describes the ideological alliance of political economy and Christian theology after 1798

This article explores how gendered divisions of labour manifest across species lines. It applies a feminist, more-than-human intersectional approach, building on previous work on animal labour. The vital labour donkeys do with and for humans and their contributions to multispecies societies have been under-recognised and under-theorised. Drawing on empirical research conducted in central Ethiopia on the human-donkey relationship, findings reveal the multiple ways human gender and class coalesce to shape the kinds of labour performed and social relations among women, men, and donkeys across urban and rural environments. At the nexus of these intersecting forces, equivalence is drawn, by research participants themselves, between women and donkeys. Women and donkeys are aligned and othered, differentiated from men, a dynamic that results in the feminisation of donkeys and mutual marginalisation of women and donkeys and exposes male violence perpetrated on both groups. The article contributes empirical insights into human-donkey relations and interspecies labour and offers theoretical considerations of more-than-human intersectionality.

Abstract
This article explores the critical roles of forensic accounting and auditing in modern business, focusing on uncovering financial irregularities and promoting transparency. Through a meticulous literature review and analysis, the study emphasizes the significance of these practices. The purpose is to underscore their importance, methodologies, and implications. Methodologically, the article employs a comprehensive literature review and meticulous analysis of real-world applications. It investigates cases of corporate fraud, financial statement analysis, and dispute resolution. Ethical and legal considerations are highlighted, emphasizing the adherence to professional codes and standards. The study reveals that forensic practices are pivotal in detecting financial misconduct, upholding financial transparency, and ensuring accountability. Technological advances, such as data analytics and AI, enhance efficiency and accuracy. The research establishes the need for continuous development and professional education to tackle the evolving financial challenges. In summary, this article highlights the central roles of forensic accounting and auditing in modern business, their methodologies, and ethical considerations. The study underscores their importance in detecting financial fraud, promoting transparency, and fostering trust.

The article presents a set of sources on the history of the formation and development of city self-government in the Turkestan general-government. The author analyzes such types of sources as legislative acts, official documents, reference and statistical publications, and periodicals. These documents and materials are contained in the Central state archives and libraries of Russia, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, and are reflected in the «Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire» and the periodical press. Such a disparate storage location of the source database implies the need for a comprehensive study and identification of the information potential. Each of the presented types of sources has such characteristics as primacy, complementarity, subordination, and a high degree of reliability. Together, they give an idea of the legal and socio-economic conditions of the organization of social and economic activities, the nature and evolution of relations with the administration and the population, and also allow us to recreate a complete picture of the formation of city self-government in the region.

In the current phase of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation, and now broadly governance, regulatory administration has acquired growing importance as an instrument of achieving socio-economic objectives. It is through instrumentality of regulatory administration that the government is able to exercise effective political and economic sovereignty and control over the country's governance process and resources. Governments of nearly all developing countries have initiated policies and procedures to promote and strengthen regulatory bodies and agencies. However, the results of these promotional and regular activities have varied considerably, often reflecting large inadequacies in policies, organisational structures and procedures. Increasing emphasis is now being placed at the national level on a more flexible regulatory administration to enforce compliance with nationally established policies and requirements in various political, economic and social spheres. As a watchdog for the public interest, governments both at central and state levels should engage in activities for the promotion of social and economic justice, so as to ensure the happiness and prosperity of the people.

The study on which this article is based, aimed to map out and analyse the ways in which Sweden's Gripen exports have been shaped and sustained since the end of the Cold War. It did so by examining three interrelated factors that have had an effect on Sweden's defence industry. By illustrating how societal preferences, defence and security policy shifts, and the role of national identity have influenced weapons manufacturing and exports, this article provides a balanced overview of the most salient push and pull factors of Sweden's Gripen exports. The central contention of the study was that Swedish weapons manufacturing and exports often involve a close interaction between interests and ideals. Moreover, due to the multitude of richly correlated, interconnected and mutually reinforcing elements related to such practices, there cannot be a neat and parsimonious distinction between agents and structures and domestic and international settings. Instead, the study was especially reflective of real-world practices and the strategic relational approach between those forces that shape and sustain Sweden's Gripen exports.

The organisational press, as exemplified by "Praca Obywatelska", published by ZPOK, served a vital role from the point of view of the reborn state, its administration, and local government, as well as the expectations of broader social circles (particularly women) and political parties; it fulfilled the awakened demand and expectations of engaged women citizens in the areas of information on the political, social, economic, and cultural life of the country, its regions, and local communities. The press of women's organisations defended the interests of women and facilitated the forming of their political, social, and economic beliefs. It was a tool of propaganda and political agitation in various local and central events; it popularised the ideologies and programmes of political parties and expressed the convictions of particular sections of public opinion, while bringing together clearly defined political and creative circles. This press also served to develop various social initiatives and fulfil the cultural needs of intellectuals, and it participated actively in the popularisation of interest in the country, regions, and local communities.

As Asia's influence grows, it becomes increasingly important to understand its regional security challenges. The rise of China and, increasingly, India, coupled with US relations with allies, partners and adversaries in the area, push the implications of Asia's security far and wide. Asia's Security provides a sophisticated and lively account of the region's leading security issues. Chapters organised around thematic questions identify the particular security challenges facing individual countries and illuminate opportunities for collaborative responses, from military alliances to multilateral cooperation. The wide range of security factors examined includes major power rivalry and the possibility of interstate conflict, territorial disputes and the role of nationalism, internal conflict, insurgencies and intervention, transnational challenges from terrorism to climate change, and nuclear proliferation, maritime arms competition and cyber-security. Contemporary in focus, historically grounded and comprehensive in scope - incorporating coverage of North and Southeast Asia, South and Central Asia and the South Pacific - this book explains the security developments most likely to ripple out across Asia, its borderlands and beyond.

As Asia's influence grows, it becomes increasingly important to understand its regional security challenges. The rise of China and, increasingly, India, coupled with US relations with allies, partners and adversaries in the area, push the implications of Asia's security far and wide. Asia's Security provides a sophisticated and lively account of the region's leading security issues. Chapters organised around thematic questions identify the particular security challenges facing individual countries and illuminate opportunities for collaborative responses, from military alliances to multilateral cooperation. The wide range of security factors examined includes major power rivalry and the possibility of interstate conflict, territorial disputes and the role of nationalism, internal conflict, insurgencies and intervention, transnational challenges from terrorism to climate change, and nuclear proliferation, maritime arms competition and cyber-security. Contemporary in focus, historically grounded and comprehensive in scope - incorporating coverage of North and Southeast Asia, South and Central Asia and the South Pacific - this book explains the security developments most likely to ripple out across Asia, its borderlands and beyond.

This paper investigates interactions between issues of labor, gender, sexuality, migration, and statehood through the lens of Dubai's unskilled foreign migrant workers. Using ethnographic research methods, including participant observation and in-depth interviews, this paper explores the conflation of discourses on trafficking, migration, and sex work through migrants' narratives. The study is organized around three central questions: 1) What are the social, economic, and political circumstances and structures that make Dubai a major migration and trafficking destination? 2) How do policies about global migration and trafficking, written and brought to fruition in Washington, DC, contrast with lived experiences of migration and forced labor in different countries with different social and political topographies? 3) How do cultural norms about gender, sexuality, morality, and migration influence the implementation of anti-trafficking policy and legal enforcement in Dubai? This study aims to question and deepen our understandings of labor, migration, and socioeconomic development in a rapidly changing, urbanizing environment while contributing to differing discourses on migration, trafficking, and prostitution in the Gulf countries.

As the author states, Inequity is a constant in political life, but its salience in political discourse rise and recedes. The article surveys and explores trends and factors around the world, which pertain to democratic values and economic inequalities, as studies indicate and suggest. The author then examines the process and prospects for reducing and/or reversing economic inequalities, keeping in mind the current financial crisis, and other barriers regarding redistributionist ideals. The article also discusses the idea and speculation behind reversing democracy and the new populist wave in Latin America, and Central and Southeastern Europe. The author finds that there is a strong association between economic development and democratic consolidation regarding the trajectories will have positive effects on regime legitimacy, before discussing democracy's self-defense mechanisms and the poor, i.e. via the current situations in Venezuela and Thailand. Though the author does conclude the ironic twist on reversing inequality may pose a bigger threat to democracy's durability than to economic inequality itself. Adapted from the source document.

Books reviewed in this article:Alfred P. Smyth (ed.), Medieval Europeans: studies in ethnic identity and national perspectives in medieval Europe.Andrew Linklater, The Transformation of Political Community: ethical foundations of the post‐ Westphalian era.András Bozóki (ed.), Intellectuals and Politics in Central Europe.Michael Löwy, Fatherland or Mother Earth? Essays on the national queation.Montserrat Guibernau and John Rex (eds.), The Ethnicity Reader: nationalism, multiculturalism, and migration.Ralph D. Grillo, Pluralism and the Politics of Difference: state, culture, and ethnicity in comparative perspective.Steve Bruce, Comparative Protestant Politics.Kas Deprez and Louis Vos (eds.), Nationalism in Belgium: shifting identities, 1780‐1995.Taras Kuzio, Ukraine: State and nation building.Taras Kuzio (ed.), Contemporary Ukraine: dynamics of post‐Soviet transformation.Seyoum Y. Hameso, Ethnicity and Nationalism in Africa.Seyoum Y. Hameso, Trevor Trueman and Temesgen M. Erena (eds.), Ethiopia: conquest and the quest for freedom and democracy.Martin Evans, The Memory of Resistance: French opposition to the Algerian War (1954–1962).Joane Nagel, American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Red Power and the resurgence of identity and culture.John Fitzgerald, Awakening China: politics, culture and class in the Nationalist Revolution.

Although democracy is generally considered to be thriving in the Americas, it is in reality shallow and less stable than is assumed. Most of the democratic regimes in Central and South America have yet to achieve the deep and widespread legitimation at the elite and mass levels, and the behavioral consensus on the rules and constraints of democracy, that denote democratic consolidation. This article elaborates the concept of democratic consolidation and explains why it is important for understanding—and improving—the prospects for democracy in the Americas. It identifies three dimensions of democratic consolidation: deepening democratic structures to make them more liberal, accessible, accountable, and representative; strengthening the formal institutions of democracy, including parties, legislatures, and the judicial system; and improving regime performance, both economically and politically (by maintaining order, safeguarding liberty, and combating corruption). Ten specific challenges for democratic consolidation are then analyzed, and the importance of the regional and international environment is emphasized in conclusion.

Chapter1 An Analysis of the Factors affecting New-Generation Peasant Workers' Decision-making of Vocational Training Participation —A Micro Perspective -- Chapter2 A Theoretical and Empirical Study on over-leaping the Middle Income Trap -- Chapter3 Middle Income Trap and the Innovation of China's Rural Land Financial Institutions -- Chapter4 A Study on the Income Disparity of Aged Population and Social Security Institutions -- Chapter5 Reform Forest Property Institution to Overleap the Middle Income Trap -- Chapter6 Overleaping the Middle Income Trap and the Innovation of Rural Production-Operation-Management System -- Chapter7 A Study on The Significance of Small and Medium Enterprises Development for China to Overleap the Middle Income Trap -- Chapter8 Bank Credit Financing Predicament for Small and Micro Enterprises —Reasons and Inspirations -- Chapter9 Overleaping the Middle Income Trap and Social Governance Reform —From the Perspective of Authoritarian Government Transformation -- Chapter10 Narrowing the Income Gap between Urban and Rural Residents —A Case Study of Beijing -- Chapter11 Building a Long-term Income Growth Mechanism for Peasants' to Overleap the Middle Income Trap —A Case Study of Suizhou, Hubei Province -- Chapter12 Statistical Monitoring Indicator System on Building a Well-off Society and Overleaping the Middle Income Trap —A Case Study of a Resource-based City in Western China -- Chapter13 Survey Research on Community Management Innovation and Overleaping the Middle Income Trap —A Case Study of Xi'an District, Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province -- Chapter14 The Practices of Overleaping the Middle Income Trap via New Industrialization —A Case Study of Dazu District in Chongqing -- Chapter15 The Practices of over-leaping the Middle Income Trap in the Primary-level Health Care in Pastoral Areas —A Case Study of Chifeng City in Inner Mongolia -- Chapter16 New Urbanization and Overleaping the Middle Income Trap —A Case Study of Henan Province -- Chapter17 Agricultural Modernization and Overleaping the Middle Income Trap —A Case Study of Japan