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ObjectiveOur objective is to illustrate the need to differentiate specific issue types within broad policy categories by showing the exceptional support in American politics for open space issues.MethodsWe test this assertion with econometric analyses of outcomes from over 600 state ballot measures on environmental and energy issues.ResultsWe find exceptional support for open space ballot measures in simple comparisons and in fuller models of ballot measure passage. As one example, over 80 percent of the open space measures pass, whereas 50 percent of all the other measures pass.ConclusionExceptional support for open space is important for this policy area specifically but also as an illustration of the need to differentiate broad policy categories into specific issues.

Neoliberalism has now failed, so can a social democratic resurgence replace it? This book retrieves the political thought of Swedish politician Ernst Wigforss to explore the unrealised potential of social democracy. Wigforss drew on many schools of thought to produce an alternative social democratic strategy. It outflanked economic liberalism, allowed his party to dominate Swedish politics for a half-century, and his country to achieve affluence and social equity as converging rather than competing objectives. OECD economies have since evolved political capacities - the welfare state, corpora

This book publishes Martin Legassick's influential doctoral thesis on the preindustrial South African frontier zone of Transorangia. The impressive formation of the Griqua states in the first half of the nineteenth century outside the borders of the Cape Colony and their relations with Sotho-Tswana polities, frontiersmen, missionaries and the British administration of the Cape take centre stage in the analysis. The Griqua, of mixed settler and indigenous descent, secured hegemony in a frontier of complex partnerships and power struggles. The author's subsequent critique of the "frontier tradition" in South African historiography drew on the insights he had gained in writing this dissertation. It served to initiate the debate about the importance of the precolonial frontier situation in South Africa for the establishment of ideas of race, the development of racial prejudice and, implicitly, the creation of segregationist and apartheid systems. Today, the constructed histories of "Griqua" and other categories of indigeneity have re emerged in South Africa as influential tools of political mobilisation and claims on resources.

Despite lingering ambiguity surrounding the concept, global civil society is acclaimed by those who think they belong to it, and validated by international governmental organizations seeking legitimation for their activities. Its enthusiasts believe global civil society presages a more congenial kind of politics that transcends the system of sovereign states. Its critics deride its unrepresentativeness and complicity in established power relations. The critics can be answered by more subtle accounts of representation and by highlighting contestatory practices. Appreciation of the promise and perils of global civil society requires moving beyond preconceptions rooted in dated ideas about civil society and democracy as they allegedly function within states. Irrespective of the sophistication of such post-Westphalian moves, global civil society remains contested terrain, involving interconnected political and intellectual disputes. International relations theory proves less useful than it should be in clarifying what is at stake. Democratic theory can be brought to bear, and this encounter sheds new light on what democracy itself can entail.

Despite lingering ambiguity surrounding the concept, global civil society is acclaimed by those who think they belong to it, and validated by international governmental organizations seeking legitimation for their activities. Its enthusiasts believe global civil society presages a more congenial kind of politics that transcends the system of sovereign states. Its critics deride its unrepresentativeness and complicity in established power relations. The critics can be answered by more subtle accounts of representation and by highlighting contestatory practices. Appreciation of the promise and perils of global civil society requires moving beyond preconceptions rooted in dated ideas about civil society and democracy as they allegedly function within states. Irrespective of the sophistication of such post-Westphalian moves, global civil society remains contested terrain, involving interconnected political and intellectual disputes. International relations theory proves less useful than it should be in clarifying what is at stake. Democratic theory can be brought to bear, and this encounter sheds new light on what democracy itself can entail.

AbstractProperty rights are important for economic exchange, but in many parts of the world, they are not publicly guaranteed. Private market associations can fill this gap by providing an institutional structure to enforce agreements, but with this power comes the ability to extort from group members. Under what circumstances do private associations provide a stable environment for economic activity? The author uses survey data collected from 1,179 randomly sampled traders across 199 markets in Lagos, Nigeria, and finds that markets maintain institutions to support trade not in the absence of government, but rather in response to active government interference. The author argues that associations develop protrade policies when threatened by politicians they perceive to be predatory and when the organizations can respond with threats of their own. The latter is easier when traders are not competing with one another. To maintain this balance of power, an association will not extort; it needs trader support to maintain the credibility of its threats to mobilize against predatory politicians.

The consolidated hegemony of the northern powers over the international system during WWII & the Cold War is now challenged by the ideological power of Political Islam. Political Islam, like socialism, is argued to possess the capacity to combine with nationalism to mobilize populations simultaneously for God & Country. A brief review of historical Political Islam locates a relationship between ideology & rich energy resources of the region. Political Islam is defined, & the alienation of Muslim masses from the West is described. The impact of Islam policies of growth, political machines, & anti-Americanism indicates the North-South divide now coincides with the "clash of civilizations" in an inevitable confrontation between Islam & the West/North. References. J. Harwell

Introduction. The article attempts to analyze the attempts of political leaders of various types to build political communications in the new social reality - on the Internet. The material of the study was taken from the storytelling of the three leaders in social networks during the first attempts to create elements of symbolic politics. In the process of analyzing this narration, we asked ourselves: - How much is the traditional image of a particular political leader related to his reflection on social networks? The relevance of the author's approach lies in the analysis of storytelling as a tool for the formation of symbolic politics and social reality. Political leaders moved into a virtual environment following their target audiences.Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the work is verification on practical material of socio-philosophical concepts and models of political analysts, cultural scientists, sociologists (P. Shtompki, V.A. Yadova, O.Yu. Malinova, G.L. Tulchinsky and others). The article uses narratives obtained from open access social networks. To clarify the formation of social reality, a comparative analysis of the narratives of public leaders regarding the creation of a space of symbolic politics was carried out.Results and discussion. As a result of the study, theoretical models that describe the behavioral patterns of political leaders in the information society were verified. In the modern information society, the main focus is transferred to social networks, where the target audience of political figures spend their time. Political leaders follow their target audience in different ways by showing their presence on social networks, both quantitative and qualitative. As a result of the study, the distinctive features of storytelling of public politicians, the similarities and differences in the technologies for creating a full-fledged image of a leader in the mass consciousness of the target audience, the similarities and differences between the image of a political leader taking shape in traditional media and on the Internet are clarified.Conclusion. In 2018, we observe the phenomenon of the entry into the space of social networks of politicians with the aim of event formation of elements of symbolic politics. In the study of storytelling as a process of forming public communications, the roles of sources and actors are defined. In today's digital society, social networks play a critical role in the processes of generating social reality. The mechanisms for the formation of narratives may require additional research, but now we can determine their impact on the political, socio-cultural and business environment.

How should the United States respond to Russia's increasingly anti­competitive conduct in the oil and gas market, especially given the Russian military involvement in the crises in Ukraine and Syria and the Russian leadership's increasingly vitriolic anti-Western sentiment? This Article contemplates the potential role of several federal agencies, including the Department of Justice, Federal Trade Commission, and the United States Trade Representative, in the resolution of this issue. It then considers these various agencies' potential restrictions to action, including both jurisdictional limitations and comity concerns. I use the resulting framework to analyze Russia's anticompetitive conduct in the oil and gas industry to comparable issues, like anticompetitive action in the airline industry by foreign carriers and disruptive conduct in the international agriculture sector. Largely due to foreign policy concerns, previous Russian action, and the legal nuances of unilaterally navigating such a global issue, I find that the United States' best opportunity is to pursue action through invoking the procedures of the World Trade Organization's Dispute Settlement Body.

In Why Leaders Lie, Mearsheimer provides the first systematic analysis of lying as a tool of statecraft, identifying the varieties, the reasons, and the potential costs and benefits. Drawing on a wealth of examples, he argues that leaders often lie for good strategic reasons, so a blanket condemnation is unrealistic and unwise. Perhaps no distinction is more important than that between lying to another state and lying to one's own people. There has never been a sharp analysis of international lying. Now a leading expert provides a richly informed and powerfully argued work that will change our understanding of why leaders lie.