Suchergebnisse

This paper deals with Euro introduction and ask whether it is likely to increase the exchange rates volatility on a world-wide scale. Following this purpose, we present a three country-model (US, Germany and France) and compare the exchange rate volatility according to the nature of the shock (demand or supply shock) and to the exchange rate regime in Europe (flexible, EMS or EMU). Each country is represented by two authorities: a central bank and a government (a single central bank and two governments in Europe in the case of EMU). Within this framework, we compute Nashequilibria. In theory, the exchange rate of a large closed country fluctuates more than the exchange rate of a small open country (the size effect), but results are ambiguous in the specific case of the Euro. An increase in volatility would only occur after demand and external supply shocks. Volatility would be reduced following internal supply shocks. The conclusions are the opposite if the sensitivity of intra-European trade to relative prices is particularly strong. In the case of common shocks in Europe, the excess of volatility would help economic stabilisation. As for asymmetric shocks (hitting only one country), the Euro would fluctuate less than the currency of the hit country in the previous monetary system (EMS), but this stability would harm economic stabilisation, as loss functions show. We note also that the independence of the ECB could lead to strong variations of the Euro after inflationary shocks if the ECB and European governments do not share the same inflation target. The constraints on fiscal policies which are induced by the Stability pact could make more active monetary policies necessary: these would be a source of instability for the Euro.

Germany is federally organised. Its Constitution (Basic Law) forbids any alteration to a federal structure, which is unique among EU member states. Regarding international co-operation, a federal structure is likely to cause conflicts between federal and county responsibility. Police work mainly consists of criminal investigation, maintaining law and order, and prevention of crime. International police co-operation is a maze of regulations. The present situation is undergoing drastic changes, ft can be noted that most international law enforcement strategies regard the fight against crime. International extradition laws enable states to prosecute offenders. The European Union and the Schengen-Countries approached police and judicial cooperation. The European Heads of State in the Treaty of Amsterdam amended the Treaty on the European Union. The European provisions on police co-operation are altered to a large extent to "provide citizens with a high level of safety within an area of freedom, security and justice". ; Vokietija -federalinė valstybė. Vokietijos Konstitucija (pagrindinis įstatymas) draudžia keisti unikalią, palyginti su kitomis Europos Sąjungos narėmis, Vokietijos federalinė struktūrą. Turint omeny tarptautinį bendradarbiavimą, federalinė struktūra gali tapti konfliktų tarp federalinės ir žemių valdžios priežastimi. Policijos darbo pagrindas - kriminaliniai tyrimai, teisėtvarkos saugojimas bei nusikaltimų prevencija. Tarptautinis policijos bendradarbiavimas - įvairiu normų labirintas. Šiuo metu vyksta drastiški pokyčiai Pažymėtina, kad daugumos tarptautinės teisės stiprinimo strategijų esmė yra kova su nusikalstamumu. Tarptautiniai ekstradacijos įstatymai suteikia galimybe valstybėms persekioti nusikaltėlius. Europos Sąjungos ir Šengeno valstybės pasiekė policijos ir teismo struktūrų bendradarbiavimo. Europos valstybių vadovai į Amsterdamo sutartį įtraukė Europos Sąjungos sutarties pataisas. Europos sutarčių nuostatos dėl policijos bendradarbiavimo iš esmės keičiamos tam, kad "garantuotų piliečiams didelį saugumą laisvės, saugumo ir teisingumo srityse".

This paper deals with Euro introduction and ask whether it is likely to increase the exchange rates volatility on a world-wide scale. Following this purpose, we present a three country-model (US, Germany and France) and compare the exchange rate volatility according to the nature of the shock (demand or supply shock) and to the exchange rate regime in Europe (flexible, EMS or EMU). Each country is represented by two authorities: a central bank and a government (a single central bank and two governments in Europe in the case of EMU). Within this framework, we compute Nashequilibria. In theory, the exchange rate of a large closed country fluctuates more than the exchange rate of a small open country (the size effect), but results are ambiguous in the specific case of the Euro. An increase in volatility would only occur after demand and external supply shocks. Volatility would be reduced following internal supply shocks. The conclusions are the opposite if the sensitivity of intra-European trade to relative prices is particularly strong. In the case of common shocks in Europe, the excess of volatility would help economic stabilisation. As for asymmetric shocks (hitting only one country), the Euro would fluctuate less than the currency of the hit country in the previous monetary system (EMS), but this stability would harm economic stabilisation, as loss functions show. We note also that the independence of the ECB could lead to strong variations of the Euro after inflationary shocks if the ECB and European governments do not share the same inflation target. The constraints on fiscal policies which are induced by the Stability pact could make more active monetary policies necessary: these would be a source of instability for the Euro.

The creation of new armies for new nations or the reform of old armies for modernizing states is often tied to the tale of one or two European or American officers, reformers of herculean proportions whose charisma and professionalism shape an institution for years. Sometimes military reform becomes an engine of change for an entire society, intended or otherwise. Given the global reach of British and French military practices and the compulsive energy and hypermilitarization of Imperial Germany, it is not surprising that the great reformers are Europeans: William Carr Beresford in Portugal, Charles George Gordon in China, Ivor Herbert in Canada, H.H. Kitchner in Egypt, Orde Wingate in Jewish Palestine, John Bagot Glubb in Jordan, Joseph-Simon Gallieni in Indochina, Hubert Louis Lyautey in Morocco, Colmar von der Goltz and Liman von Sanders in Turkey, Emil Korner in Chile, Hans Kundt in Bolivia, and Max Bauer and Hans von Seeckt in China. Although not so well known in the pantheon of military imperialists, officers from the United States also played key roles in the creation of modern armies in the Middle East, the Caribbean, and Asia. Absent as statues and almost invisible in literature, these officers include Charles P. Stone in Egypt, William McE. Dye in the Kingdom of Choson (Korea), Herbert J. Slocum in Cuba, Charles Young in Liberia, Smedley D. Butler in Haiti, Henry T. Allen and Edward G. Lansdale in the Philippines, and Joseph W. Stilwell in China. With aspirations that sometimes exceeded the values of their own armies, these officer-missionaries for military professionalism sometimes left unavoidable political power in the hands of the army and a memory (often unfair) of cultural imperialism and unwanted interference in civil political development. Such was the fate of James H. Hausman, the most influential officer in shaping the army of the Republic of Korea.

Im Rahmen eines teilweise (1991 - 1994) vom Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie (BMBF) geförderten Forschungsprojekts analysiert eine multidisziplinäre Forschergruppe der Abteilung Normbildung und Umwelt des WZB in- und ausländische Mediationsfälle im Umweltschutz. Zentraler Untersuchungsgegenstand war das Mediationsverfahren zum Abfallwirtschaftskonzept des Kreises Neuss. In der vorliegenden Studie werden die Ergebnisse der mündlichen Befragung vorgestellt. Vor, während und nach der Mediation wurden mit den Mediationsteilnehmern und weiteren relevanten Akteursgruppen insgesamt 93 qualitative Interviews geführt. Die Befragung zielte zum einen auf zusätzliche Informationen zum besseren Verständnis des Neusser Mediationsverfahrens, die sich auf die Konfliktgeschichte und Konfliktkonstellation, auf die politischen Prozesse im Umfeld der Mediation und auf die politische Weiterentwicklung nach der Mediation beziehen. Zum anderen wurden Daten zu politikwissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen erhoben, die das Verhältnis von Mediationsverfahren und politisch-institutioneller Umwelt zum Gegenstand haben. Sie umfassen das Beteiligungskonzept, die Rolle der Medien, Rückkoppelungsprozesse zwischen Mediationsteilnehmern und ihren Herkunftsorganisationen und Veränderungen in der Netzwerkstruktur. ; In a research project partially supported by the German Federal Ministry for Education, Science, Research and Technology (BMBF) from 1991 to 1994, a multidisciplinary research group from the section Standard Setting and Environment of the Science Center Berlin for Social Research (WZB) analyzed a series of domestic and foreign environmental mediation cases. The main object of the research was the mediation procedure over the waste management concept for the district of Neuss, North Rhine-Westphalia, in Germany. In this paper, the authors present the results of an oral survey. Before, during, and after the procedure, 93 qualitative interviews were conducted with participants in the mediation and other relevant actor groups. The aim of this survey was in part to obtain additional information to better understand what went on in Neuss in terms of conflict history, conflict constellation, the political processes surrounding the Neuss mediation, and further political developments following this event. The survey data also cover research questions exploring the relationship between mediation procedures and their political-institutional environments. In particular, the authors consider the concept of participation, the role of the media, feedback processes between participants in a mediation and the organizations or businesses they represent, and changes in the network structure.

A review essasy on books by (1) Christiane Dienel, Kinderzahl und Staatsrason. Empfangnisverhutung und Bevolkerungspolitik in Deutschland und Frankreich bis 1918 ([Number of Children and Reasons of State: Contraception and Population Policy in Germany and France Up to 1918] Munster: Westfalisches Dampfboot, 1995); (2) Cornelie Usborne, Frauenkorper Volkskorper. Geburtenkontrolle und Bevolkerungspolitik in der Weimarer Republik ([Female Body, People's Body: Birth Control and Population Policy during the Weimar Republic] Munster: Westfalisches Dampfboot, 1994); (3) Susanne Heim & Ulrike Schaz, Berechnung und Beschworung: Uberbevolkerung. Kritik einer Debatte ([Calculation and Conjuration: Overpopulation. Critique of a Debate] Berlin: Schwarze Risse, Rote Strasse, 1996); (4) Diana Hummel, Bevolkerungsentwicklung und okologische Krise. Ein Literaturbericht. Sozial-okologisches Arbeitspapier 44 ([Population Growth and Ecological Crisis: A Report on the Literature] Frankfurt: IKO, 1994); & (5) Cornelia Schlebusch, Bevolkerungspolitik als Entwicklungsstrategie. Historisches und Aktuelles zu einem fragwurdigen Argument ([Population Policy as a Development Strategy. The History and Present of a Questionable Argument] Frankfurt: IKO, 1994). These five works all focus on the relationship between modernization & population issues, trying to determine whether changes in population accompanying modernization result from government policies or are individual responses to changing socioeconomic conditions. The historical perspectives offered by Dienel (German Empire) & Usborne (Weimar Republic) on the role of technology, eg, birth control techniques, & the relationship between state & individual are discussed. Heim & Schaz's focus on the theme of the perceived threat of overpopulation in their historical analysis of discourse on the subject is analyzed. Schlebusch's treatment of the discourse on women & development, as seen in studies of the developing world, is described. The contributions of all the works to the current population debate, the subject of Hummel's collection, are assessed. It is concluded that more research into the motives for & conditions underlying reduced birthrates in the Third World is needed. 5 References. T. Arnold

Editada en la Fundación Empresa Pública ; James Foreman-Peck. Historia Económica Mundial. Relaciones Económicas Internacionales desde 1850 (Por R. Sicotte).-- Pablo Martín Aceña y M. Gárate Ojanguren. Economía y empresa en el norte de España. Una aproximación histórica (Por Stefan Houpt).-- Daniel Díaz Fuentes. Crisis y cambios estructurales en América Latina, Argentina, Brasil y México durante el período de entreguerras (Por Antonio Santamaría).-- Mª Lourdes Miró Liaño. Sociedades mercantiles de Huelva. 1886-1936 (Por Carlos Larrinaga).-- W. Meter Ward. Birth Weight and Economic Growth. Women's Living Standards in the Industrializing West (Por José M. Martínez Carrión).-- Santiago Zapata Blanco. La industria de una región no industrializada: Extremadura 1750-1990 (Por Josep M. Benaul).-- Joaquín Melgarejo. La intervención del Estado en la cuenca del Segura. 1926-1986 (Por Salvador Calatayud).-- Pablo Martin Aceña y James Simpson. The Economic Development of Spain since 1870 (Por Vera Zamagni).-- Manuel Martinez Neira. Revolución y fiscalidad municipal La hacienda de la villa de Madrid en el reinado de Fernando VII (Por Hilario Rodríguez de Gracia).-- Carlos Arenas Posadas. Sevilla y el Estado. Una perspectiva local de la formación del Capitalismo en España (1892-1923) (Por Andrés Moreno Menjíbar).-- Jesús Cruz. Political Change and Cultural Persistence Among the Spanish Dominant Groups, 1750-1850 (Por Concepción de Castro).-- Peter Temin. Lecciones de la Gran Depresión (Por José Luis García Ruiz).-- Klaus Gallo. De la invasión al reconocimiento. Gran Bretaña y el Río de la Plata, 1806-1826 (Por Carlos Rodríguez Braun).-- James K. J. Thomson. Els orígens de la induslrialització a Catalunya. El cotó a Barcelona (Por Lluis Torró Gil).-- Jeremy Edwards y Klaus Fischer. Banks, finance and investment in Germany (Por M.ª Ángeles Pons Brías) ; Publicado

This thesis investigates the tension between science and politics in contemporary polar research. Twin objectives underpin this central theme. The first is to investigate the relationship between science and politics when analysed through an understanding of international collaboration in Arctic and Antarctic research. The second is to gain an understanding of the nature of research collaboration as an important mode of working in modern science. A framework for analysing collaboration as a work process is proposed. The empirical research interprets how and why polar researchers collaborate. This is done by investigating a number of collaborative projects with reference to their policy and political context. Three countries with contrastive polar political interests were chosen within which to conduct the empirical work: the UK, Norway and Germany. Science logistics (the means of supporting research in the field, e.g. transport, research platforms) are identified as the most significant enabling factor in experimental polar research. They also perform a symbolic political role for governments. In the three countries forming the focus of this study, science logistics are controlled bygovernment polar research institutes which also house multidisciplinary research programmes. Logistics are traced to the heart of collaboration; they bring researchers together, and shape the nature of collaborative research. Differences in ease of access to national logistics structure collaboration. The interface between these politics of access andnational political agendas is blurred, owing to the central role played by logistics in both science and politics. However, the apparent conflict between scientists' careers and polar politics masks the finding that scientists shape their careers in creative ways, despite, or perhaps because of the constraints imposed by structural conditions. Viewing science as work reveals the importance of taking account of what scientists do when analysing the relation between science and politics.

Comparative research on welfare states has most focused on social transfers as the depen dent variable. As demographic changes make social services increasingly important ingredi ents of welfare state production, however, it will be necessary to shift the research agenda accordingly, and to take servtces more system atically into account. Building on Stein Rok kan's approach to the study of European political development, this article specifies some tasks for the comparative study of social services. Following a short overview of the topics and phases of comparative welfare state research, it proposes a set of variables for the mapping of variations in service supply as well as a check-list of variables which might help to explain such variations. The new research per spective is then applied to a comparative analysis of services for elderly people in Euro pean countries, which is based on a re-analysis if the country reports for the European Com mission's Observatory on Older People in Europe. Denmark and the Netherlands are shown to have more highly developed levels of social service supply than Germany. Such cross-country variations are related to differ ences in the modes of regulation, of financing, and of service delivery, and to the degree that decision makers at these crucial points are related to consumer interests. A theoretical conclusion relates the proposed new perspec tive to the work of Stein Rokkan. It is argued that variations of social transfer provisions could be analysed in terms of the class cleavage and of the power relations between capital and labour, but that the study of social services requires a shift in the theoretical perspective which puts more emphasis on centre-periphery relations and on church-state relations.

Abstract. The Federal Republic of Germany only implemented the EC Directive on Products Liability of July 25 1985 by means of a law dated December 15 1989. In the implementing law, most of the options set out in Article 15 of the Directive have not been used. Primary agricultural products and game before initial processing are not included within the scope of liability and no general principle of liability for development risks is provided for; however, the already existing liability for pharmaceutical products intended for human consumption has been retained. In contrast, German Products Liability Law does adopt the possibility of setting upper compensation limits for serial losses. The upper limits also apply to other cases of loss, such as the losses caused by an accident involving a single aeroplane. The Product Liability Law has yet to play a significant role in the German case law. However, a number of problems of interpretation of the German Product Liability Law have already emerged. These concern mostly the protective scope of the liability. Considerations based on such an argument would tend to point in favour of a restriction upon liability if the loss which occurs is the result, not of the specific risk posed by the defective product, but not if the products have been altered in way which infringes the criminal law. Liability is provided for also in respect of damage caused by books and other publications, as well as by computer software. In accordance with the protective scope of the Products Liability Law, however, liability is excluded if the reader or user of the product merely receives incorrect information or advice as a result of the defect in such a product.

En esta conferencia, dictada en la Universidad Nacional en abril de 1993, se describe el proceso de transformación de Alemania Oriental y se analiza el proceso de reconstrucción económica, tomando como ejemplo la industria de la construcción naval. Su detallado análisis de los efectos de la reunificación alemana sobre la reestructuración de los astilleros de la antigua República Alemana Oriental muestra las consecuencias a largo plazo de la reunificación alemana y la transformación de la economía de Alemania Oriental todavía no son claras y que el proceso puede sufrir reversiones. Sin embargo, una de las expectativas, la de que la liberación de las fuerzas de mercado promoviera automáticamente la recuperación económica, ya demostró ser una quimera. La transformación fue controlada en términos políticos, económicos y sociales; de hecho, ésta fue posible no sólo porque el Estado fijó las condiciones básicas, sino también porque orientó el proceso mediante la inyección de cuantiosos recursos financieros. ; This was a lecture given at Universidad Nacional in April 1993,describing the process of transformation in the former East Germany. It analyzes the process of economic reconstruction, using the shipbuilding industry as an example. There is a detailed analysis of the effects of reunification on the restructuring of the former East German shipyards and the changes in the economy. The picture is still unclear, and there may yet be setbacks. Nevertheless, one expectation has certainly turned out to be an illusion, namely that the unleashing of market torces would automatically foster economic recovery. The changes were controlled in political, economic and social terms, not only because it was the State which set the economic conditions for them, but also because it determined the direction of the process through the injection ot considerable financial resources.

How to fight against mass unemployment in Europe ? Henri Sterdyniak, Emmanuel Fourmann, Frédéric Lerais (OFCE), Henri Delessy, Frédéric Busson (СЕРП) In 1994, the number of unemployed in the European Union should exceed 18 million, which means a 12 % unemployment rate. According to our projection, the US recovery and the continuing interest rate cuts in Germany should not provide sufficient economic growth to limit the rise of unemployment in most European countries. What can economic policy do ? As a contribution to the debate, this paper discusses the effects on unemployment of different economic policy measures. It uses, whenever possible, the MIMOSA model. A policy based on a quick reduction of fiscal deficits or on wage moderation would further limit demand, and would therefore prolong stagnation. Protectionnist measures against imports from low-wage regions are hardly conceivable, for both political and economic reasons. A strategy of sharply reducing the duration of work, together with a partial wage-compensation and a reorganisation of the production system, could certainly allow a major reduction in the unemployment rate without unbearable inflation. However neither firms nor already employed people have a clear interest in such a change. A more determined economic policy is then necessary. It should combine an important and rapid decrease in interest rates along with a temporary fiscal expansion, the latter including either cuts on employers' contribution (focusing on low wages), or tax reductions for households, or a raise in public investment. Our calculations give the requested order of magnitude and yield a strong conclusion : such a strategy could be efficient, at a limited budgetary cost, and without getting rid of the price stability target. It could therefore meet full support from the monetary authorities.

The article surveys the history of economic warfare from the Seven Years' War to the present. Three different aspects of economic warfare are studied: international law, effectiveness, and strategies. From the seventeenth century until World War I economic warfare scholarship was dominated by the perspective of international law. But as belligerents ignored jurists' rules of acceptable conduct in economic warfare, the international law approach receded into irrelevance. Practitioners and analysts alike have differed over the effectiveness of economic warfare. Its lack of success against Germany in World War II was a severe blow to the prestige of the blockade weapon. Economic warfare protagonists had underestimated the capability of a determined power elite, controlling the army, to retain power despite economic hardship. In general, economic warfare seems able to do little more than shorten conflicts. Strategies of economic warfare have two dimensions: the institution of blockades and other measures `at large', and the question of according to which principles one should draw up lists of prohibited items. Developments on the first dimension have gone full circle, from Napoleon's Continental self-blockade prohibiting imports from the United Kingdom while promoting exports, to the CoCom embargo of the USA and its allies restricting exports to the Warsaw Pact countries without attempting to prevent imports. On the second dimension, lists of contraband swelled until by World War II they became all-encompassing. In modern wars every good can have relevance to the war effort. Economists have even pointed out that the most strategic item is not the one having the greatest military use but the one relatively most expensive for the adversary to produce domestically and therefore bringing the greatest gains from trade.

Macroeconomic Theories and Policies for the 1990s. Edited by Bruno Amoroso and Jesper Jespersen. Economic Convergence and Monetary Union in Europe. Edited by Ray Barrell. Counting the Cost of Global Warming. By John Broome.Equity, Efficiency, and Social Choice. By Donald E. Campbell. Establishing a Central Bank: Issues in Europe and Lessons from the US. Edited by Matthew B. Canzoneri, Vittorio Grilli and Paul R. Masson. Income, Inequality and the Life Cycle. By John Creedy. Applied Econometric Techniques. By Keith Cuthbertson, Stephen G. Hall and Mark P. Taylor. The Economics of Monetary Integration. By Paul de Grauwe. Technology and Enterprise in a Historical Perspective. Edited by Giovanni Dosi, Renato Giannetti and Pier Angelo Toninelli. Keynes, Coordination and Beyond: The Development of Macroeconomic and Monetary Theory Since 1945. By Harry Garretsen. The Philosophy and Economics of J. M. Keynes. Edited by Bill Gerrard and John Hillard. The Fading Miracle: Four Decades of Market Economy in Germany. By Herbert Giersch, Karl‐Heinz Paqué and Holger Schmieding. Beyond the Steady State: A Revival of Growth Theory. Edited by Joseph Halevi, David Laibman and Edward J. Nell. Modelling Seasonality. Edited by Svend Hylleberg. Geography and Trade. By Paul Krugman. The Economics of Oligopolistic Competition: Price and Nonprice Rivalry. By Robert E. Kuenne. New Directions in Economic Psychology. Edited by Stephen E. G. Lea, Paul Webley and Brian M. Young. The Economic Legacy 1979‐1992. Edited by Jonathan Michie. Market and Non‐Market Hierarchies: Theory of Institutional Failure. By Christos Pitelis. Income Distribution, Inflation, and Growth. By Lance Taylor. Optimal Regulation: The Economic Theory of Natural Monopoly. By Kenneth E. Train. On the Dynamics of Growth and Debt. By Casper van Ewijk.

Trop souvent négligés par la littérature spécialisée, les scandales politiques, tels qu'ils se développent dans les démocraties pluralistes, ne peuvent être appréhendés comme la simple transgression de normes établies. L'analyse comparative de Irangate aux Etats-Unis, des affaires Flick en RFA et Carrefour du développement en France révèle qu'il s'agit de phénomènes socialement construits, procédant de la mobilisation d'un nombre restreint d'acteurs directement engagés dans la lutte pour le pouvoir. Leur traitement et leur issue dépendent d'une combinaison complexe de processus micro- et macro-dimensionnels : les ressources stratégiquement mobilisables par les protagonistes dans le cadre du jeu démo­cratique, d'une part, et, d'autre part, l'articulation spécifique entre justice et politique telle qu'elle s'est historiquement constituée, ainsi que la place accordée aux procédures de délibérations collectives dans chaque société. En ce sens, le scandale politique ne peut être étudié en dehors de son contexte historique et des stratégies qui lui sont consubstantielles. Too often neglected by specialized literature political scandals, such as those that develop pluralist democracies, cannot be understood as simple transgressions of established norms. A comparative analysis of Irangate in the US, the Flick affair in Germany and the Carrefour du Développement affair in France reveals socially constructed phenomena, resulting from the mobilization of limited number of actors directly involved in the struggle for power. Their treatment and their outcome depend on a complex combination of micro- and macro- dimensional processes : the resources strategically mobilizable by the protagonists within the democratic framework, and the specific articulation of justice and politics as it is historically constituted, as well as the place granted to procedures of collective deliberation in each society. In that sense, political scandals cannot be studied outside of their historic context and the strategies which are integral components.