Suchergebnisse

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hasgal-1microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 508 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 71 per cent is covered by soil, 24 per cent by rock outcrops and 5 per cent by habitation and water body. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below  The soils belong to 14 soil series and 34 soil phases (management units) and 7 land management units.  The length of crop growing period is 150cm) soils.  About 17 per cent sandy (loamy sand), 44 per cent loamy (sandy loam and sandy clay loam) and 10 per cent has clayey (sandy clay and clay) soils at the surface.  About 29 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200 mm/m) in available water capacity.  An area of about 2 per cent is nearly level (0-1%), 68 per cent is very gently sloping (1-3%) and 0.75%) in 53 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is medium (23-57 kg/ha) in the entire area of the microwatershed.  Available potassium is low (337 kg/ha) in 6 per cent area of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 64 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 5 per cent area of the microwatershed.  Available manganese and copper is sufficient in the entire area of the microwatershed.  The land suitability for 31 major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (class S1) and moderately suitable (class S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 34(7) 101(20) Sapota 34(7) 77(15) Maize 34(7) 101(20) Pomegranate 34(7) 130(25) Bajra 54(11) 145(28) Musambi 34(7) 130(25) Groundnut 54(11) 155(31) Lime 34(7) 130(25) Sunflower 34(7) 73(14) Amla 54(11) 246(48) Redgram 34(7) 73(14) Cashew - 112(22) Bengal gram 54(11) 87(17) Jackfruit 34(7) 77(15) Cotton - 135(27) Jamun - 164(32) Chilli 34(7) 48(10) Custard apple 54(11) 246(48) Tomato 34(7) 48(10) Tamarind - 87(17) Brinjal 20(4) 215(42) Mulberry 34(7) 232(45) Onion 20(4) 215(42) Marigold 34(7) 101(20) Bhendi 20(4) 215(42) Chrysanthemum 34(7) 101(20) Drumstick 34(7) 140(27) Jasmine 34(7) 48(9) Mango - 34(7) Crossandra 34(7) 48(9) Guava 34(7) 77(15)  Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 7 identified LMUs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation and drainage line treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 125 (53.42%) men and 109 (46.58%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.1, marginal farmers' was 4, small farmers' was 5.06, semi medium farmers' was 4.4 and medium farmers' was 6.4.  The data indicated that, 52 (22.22%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 96 (41.03%) were in 16-35 years of age, 67 (28.63%) were in 36-60 years of age and 19 (8.12 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hasgal-2 had 26.92 per cent illiterates, 0.85 per cent functional literates, 34.62 per cent of them had primary school education, 10.68 per cent of them had middle school education, 14.53 per cent of them had high school education, 6.41 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.85 per cent did diploma, 0.43 per cent of them did ITI, 2.14 per cent of them had degree education and 0.43 per cent were in masters.  The results indicate that, 76 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 4 per cent of the households were agricultural labourers, 20 per cent were general labourers, 2 per cent of them were housewives and 2 per cent of them were children.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 48.72 per cent of the household members, 8.12 per cent were agricultural laborers, 12.39 per cent were general labour, 2.56 per cent were in private, 23.50 per cent were students, 1.71 per cent were housewives and 2.14 per cent were children.  The results show that 100 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 14 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 74 per cent of the households possess Katcha house 4 per cent of them possess pucca house and 8 per cent of them possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 84 per cent of the households possess TV, 56 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 46 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 38 per cent of the households possess motor cycle, 4 per cent of them possess landline and 88 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.7571, mixer grinder was Rs.1846, bicycle was Rs. 3347, motor cycle was Rs.37315, landline phone was Rs.3333 and mobile phone was Rs.1653.  About 20 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 34 per cent of them possess plough, 2 per cent of them possess tractor, 22 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2 per cent of them possess sprinkler, 80 per cent of them possess weeder, 4 per cent of them possess harvester, 2 per cent of them possess thresher, 10 per cent of them possess chaff cutter and 2 per cent of them possess JCB/Hitachi. 2  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.21200, plough was Rs.1016, the average value of tractor was Rs.300000, the average value of sprayer was Rs.2844, the average value of sprinkler was Rs. 3300, the average value of harvester was Rs.6942, the average value of thresher was Rs.50000, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.2800, and the average value of weeder was Rs.77.  The results indicate that, 36 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 16 per cent of the households possess local cow, 6 per cent of the households possess buffalo, 4 per cent of them possess sheep, 2 per cent of the households possess goat and 2 per cent of them possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 8.85, average own labour (women) available was 5.55, average hired labour (men) available was 11.40 and average hired labour (women) available was 10.79.  The results indicate that, 80 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hasgal-2 micro watershed possess 42.85 ha (64.97%) of dry land and 23.11 ha (35.03%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.80 ha (84.35%) of dry land and 0.89 ha (15.65%). Small farmers possess 18.34 ha (91.39%) of dry land and 1.73 ha (8.61%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 8.38 ha (37.95%) of dry land and 13.70 ha (62.05%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 11.33 ha (62.53%) of dry land and 6.79 ha (37.47%) of the farmers possess irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 293003 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 514763. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 470674 for dry land and Rs.1347272 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 414210 for dry land and Rs. 925526 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 155120 for dry land and Rs. 474298 for irrigated land. In case of medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 123500 for dry land and Rs.382717 for irrigated land.  The results indicate that, there were 14 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there was 1 functioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 28 per cent of the farmers, and open well was the source of irrigation for 2 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 24.14 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 1.83 meters. 3  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.81 ha, 3.72 ha, 13.91 ha and 5.51 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown bajra (11.62 ha), cotton (1.78 ha), groundnut (5.15 ha), horsegram (1.21 ha), maize (21.74 ha), navane (1.70 ha), paddy (2.83 ha), redgram (1.62 ha), sorghum (2.18 ha), tomato (0.89 ha), and watermelon (2.91 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown bajra, maize, watermelon and groundnut. Small farmers have grown bajra, cotton, groundnut, maize, navane, paddy and watermelon. Semi medium farmers have grown bajra, cotton, maize, paddy, sorghum, tomato, watermelon and groundnut. Medium farmers have grown bajra, groundnut, horsegram, paddy, redgram sorghum and maize.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hasgal-2 micro watershed was found to be 98.20 per cent. In case of marginal and semi medium farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of small farmers it was 101.67 per cent, and medium farmers had cropping intensity of 87.23 per cent.  The results indicate that, 62 per cent of the households have bank account and 40 per cent of the households have savings.  The results indicate that, 44 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 31.82 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank, 13.64 per cent availed loan from cooperative bank, 22.73 per cent availed loan from grameena bank, 13.64 per cent availed loan from money lenders and 36.36 per cent of the households obtained loan from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicate that, marginal, small, semi medium and medium farmers have availed Rs.19285, Rs.90714, Rs.104285, and Rs.50000 respectively.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was agricultural production which accounted for 63.64 per cent of those who borrowed credit. Another 18.18 per cent of the households borrowed for social functions, 9.09 per cent of the households borrowed for the purpose of construction of house or cattle shed and 9.09 per cent borrowed for household consumption.  The results indicated that 80 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources, 13.33 per cent of the households partially paid and 6.67 per cent of the households fully repaid their loan.  Results indicated that 81.82 per cent of the households partially paid their loan borrowed from private sources, 9.09 per cent of the households did not repay their loan and 9.09 per cent of the households fully paid their loans. 4  The results indicate that, around 46.67 per cent of the households opined that the rate of interest was higher in institutional sources; another 40 per cent opined that the loan amount helped to perform timely agricultural operations.  The results indicate that, around 9.09 per cent of the households opined that credit was easily accessible, 18.18 per cent of the households opined that the credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 27.27 per cent opined that the rate of interest was high in non institutional source of credits.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for sorghum was Rs. 37771.28. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 70523.07. The net income from Sorghum cultivation was Rs. 32751.80, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.87.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 46621.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 67059.85. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 20438.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.44.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 16260.02. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 23523.81. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 7263.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.45.  The total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 32823.70. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 38634.10. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 5810.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.18.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 22880. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 20415.02. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. - 2464.98. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.89.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 18070.78. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 46930. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 28859.22. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.6.  The total cost of cultivation for horsegram was Rs. 19107.60. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 29640. The net income from horsegram cultivation was Rs. 10532.40. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.55.  The total cost of cultivation for watermelon was Rs. 53952.66. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 1264061.94. The net income from watermelon cultivation was Rs. 1210109.29. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:23.43.  The total cost of cultivation for cotton was Rs. 29826.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 84288.75. The net income from cotton cultivation was Rs. 54461.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.83.  the total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 41184.13. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 71007.93. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. 29823.79. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.72. 5  the total cost of cultivation for tomato was Rs. 24868.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 158304.54. The net income from tomato cultivation was Rs. 133435.75. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:6.37.  The results indicate that, 40 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 34 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 88,100 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 113,218.75, for small farmers it was Rs. 107,086.67, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 167,966.67, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 134,600.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 7,539.89. For landless households it was Rs. 7,100, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 7,000, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,611.85, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 8,368.06, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 16,080.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 19 coconuts and 27 mangoes in their fields. They have also grown 5 coconut and 1 mango tree in their backyard.  The results indicate that, households have planted 23 teak trees, 79 neem trees, 4 tamarind trees, 2 acacia trees and 1 peepul tree in their field.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 1,280, for irrigation facility Rs. 260, for improved crop production Rs. 720 and for improved livestock management Rs. 420.  The results indicate that, loan from bank was the source of additional investment capacity for 16 per cent of the households for land development, 4 per cent for irrigation facility, 12 per cent for improved crop production and 14 per cent for improved livestock management. Soft loan was the source of funds for 2 per cent of the households for improved crop production.  The results indicated that, bajra, cotton, horsegram, maize, navane, paddy, redgram, tomato and watermelon were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Groundnut was sold to the extent of 77.37 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 30 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets, 38 per cent have sold their produce to local/village merchants, 24 per cent of the farmers have sold through agents/traders and 8 per cent of the farmers have sold their produce in cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 84 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 2 per cent have used truck and 12 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 20 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 12.50 per cent of marginal farmers, 33.33 6 per cent of small farmers, 8.33 per cent of semi medium farmers and 60 per cent of medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 58 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 96 per cent used fire wood and 8 per cent of the households used LPG.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 86 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 12 per cent of the households.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 42 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 50 per cent of the landless, 50 per cent of the marginal, 26.67 per cent of the small, 25 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the medium farmers.  The results indicated that, 96 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card, 2 per cent of the sampled households possessed APL card and 2 per cent did not possess PDS card.  The results indicated that, 54 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 96 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 56 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 16 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 56 per cent, fruits were adequate for 52 per cent, milk was adequate for 90 per cent, eggs were adequate for 84 per cent and meat was adequate for 66 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, cereals were inadequate for 4 per cent, pulses were inadequate for 46 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 80 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 42 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 40 per cent, milk was inadequate for 6 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 6 per cent and meat was inadequate for 24 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 58 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (72%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (48%), inadequacy of irrigation water (42%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (50%), high rate of interest on credit (54%), low price for the agricultural commodities (52%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (50%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (56%), less rainfall (20%), inadequate extension services (44%), and source of agri-technology information (newspaper/TV/mobile) (12%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Gabbur-2microwatershedwas conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 550ha in Koppaltalukand district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 424 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 86per cent is covered by soils, 17 per cent byrock outcrops and 3 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 11soil series and 21soil phases (management units) and 4land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 200 mm/m)in available water capacity.  Entire area has very gently sloping (1-3%)lands.  An area of about 8 per cent has soils that are slightly eroded (e1) and71 per cent moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 30per cent has soils that are slightly to moderately acid (pH 5.5- 6.5), 25 per cent soils are neutral (pH 6.5-7.3),21 per cent are slightly to moderately alkaline (pH 7.3 to 8.4)and2 per cent are strongly alkaline (pH 8.4-9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils is0.75%) in organic carbon.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in11 per cent area of the microwatershed.  About 1 per cent is low (337 kg/ha) in available potassium content.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm).  Available boron is low (0.5 ppm) in about 51 per cent area,26per cent area is medium (0.5-1.0 ppm) and high (>1.0 ppm) in about 2 per cent.  Available iron is sufficient (>4.5 ppm)in 57 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in about 10 per cent area.  Available manganeseand copper are sufficient in all the soils.  The land suitability for 28major agricultural and horticultural crops grown in the microwatershedwere assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 24 (4) 21 (4) Pomegranate 18 (3) 167 (30) Maize 24 (4) 21 (4) Guava 18 (3) 167 (30) Bajra 43 (8) 172 (31) Jackfruit 18 (3) 167 (30) Red gram 18 (3) 26 (5) Jamun - 179 (33) Bengalgram - 75 (14) Musambi 18 (3) 167 (30) Groundnut 38 (7) 251 (46) Lime 18 (3) 167 (30) Sunflower 18 (3) 26 (5) Cashew 24 (4) 209 (38) Cotton - 45 (8) Custard apple 43 (8) 323 (59) Chilli 24 (4) 21 (4) Amla 43 (8) 323 (59) Tomato 24 (4) 21 (4) Tamarind - 23 (4) Drumstick 18 (3) 129 (23) Marigold 24 (4) 21 (4) Mulberry 18 (3) 318 (58) Chrysanthemum 24 (4) 21 (4) Mango - 18 (3) Jasmine 24 (4) 21 (4) Sapota 18 (3) 167 (30) Crossandra 24 (4) 21 (4) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop and drainage line treatment plans have been prepared for the4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder,fibre and other horticulture crops that helps in maintaining productivity and ecological balance in the microwatershed.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested for these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which inturn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 87 (55.77%) men and 69 (44.23%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 3.8, marginal farmers' was 4.8, small farmers' was 4.3, semi medium farmers' was 3.8 and large farmers' was 5.  The data indicated that, 24 (15.38%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 70 (44.87%) were in 16-35 years of age, 51 (32.69%) were in 36-60 years of age and 11 (7.05 %) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Gabbur-2 had 30.77 per cent illiterates, 28.21 per cent of them had primary school education, 8.33 per cent of them had middle school education, 21.79 per cent of them had high school education, 7.69 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.64 per cent of them did ITI and 2.56 per cent of them had degree education.  The results indicate that, 78.95 per cent of households practicing agriculture, 13.16 per cent of the households were agricultural laborers, 2.63 per cent were general labourers and 2.63 per cent were in private service.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 42.95 per cent of the household members, 23.72 per cent were agricultural laborers, 7.05 per cent were general labour, 1.28 per cent had household industry, 4.49 per cent were in private, 19.87 per cent were students and 0.64 per cent were housewives.  The results show that 98.72 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions and only 1.28 per cent of the households participated in self help group.  The results indicate that 2.63 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 92.11 per cent of the households possess Katcha house and 5.26 per cent of them possess pucca house.  The results show that 86.84 per cent of the households possess TV, 68.42 per cent of the households possess Mixer grinder, 68.42 per cent of the households possess bicycle, 28.95 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 100 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs.2696, mixer grinder was Rs.1444, bicycle was Rs. 1038, motor cycle was Rs.31000 and mobile phone was Rs.1005.  About 10.53 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 23.68 per cent of them possess plough, 21.05 per cent of them posses sprayer, 97.37 per cent of them possess weeder and 23.68 per cent of them possess chaff cutter.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs.15500, plough was Rs.1692, the average value of sprayer was Rs.3077, the average value of chaff cutter was Rs.2888, and the average value of weeder was Rs.33. 2  The results indicate that, 23.68 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 10.53 per cent of the households possess local cow, 2.63 per cent of the households possess crossbred cow and 5.26 per cent of the households possess buffalo.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.57, average own labour (women) available was 1.31, average hired labour (men) available was 6.72 and average hired labour (women) available was 13.36.  The results indicate that, 44.74 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate and 39.47 per cent of the households opined that hired labour was inadequate.  The results indicate that, only 1.92 per cent of the population migrated from the micro watershed, which included 5.26 per cent of landless farmers and 4.44 per cent of semi medium farmers.  The results indicate that, the average distance of migration was 800 kms and average duration was 5 months.  The results indicate that, job/wage/work was the main purpose for migration.  The results indicate that, 66.67 per cent of the households opined that their quality of life improved as a result of migration.  The results indicate that, households of the Gabbur-2 micro watershed possess 91.77 ha (84.24%) of dry land and 17.18 ha (15.76%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 3.01 ha (100%) of dry land. Small farmers possess 22.30 ha (96.50%) of dry land and 0.81 ha (3.50%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 2.12 ha (11.45%) of dry land and 16.37 ha (88.55%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 64.35 ha (100%) of dry land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 72,977.06 and average value of irrigated land was Rs. 399,832.71. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 431,586.03 for dry land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 228,620.69 for dry land and Rs. 617,500 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 141,682.60 for dry land and Rs. 389,067.76 for irrigated land. In case of large famers, the average land value was Rs. 258,000 for dry land.  The results indicate that, there were 8 functioning and 7 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there was 3 functioning and 3 defunctioning open well in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 21.05 per cent of the farmers, open well was the source of irrigation for 7.89 per cent of the farmers.  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 17.57 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 0.43 meters. 3  The results indicate that, small and semi medium farmers had irrigated area of 0.81 ha and 20.43 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (24.21 ha), paddy (7.77 ha), navane (4.66 ha), groundnut (2.43 ha), bajra (2.06 ha), mango (3.36 ha), sugarcane (1.36 ha), brinjal (0.81 ha), ladies finger (0.81 ha) and bengal gram (0.81 ha).  Marginal farmers have grown maize, navane and bajra. Small farmers have grown maize, navane, bajra and Bengal gram. Semi medium farmers have grown groundnut, maize, paddy, navane, groundnut, mango, sugarcane, brinjal and ladies finger. Large farmers have grown maize only.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Gabbur-2 micro watershed was found to be 99.75 per cent. In case of marginal and small farmers it was 100 per cent, in case of semi medium farmers it was 99.40 per cent, and large farmers had cropping intensity of 100 per cent.  The results indicate that, 97.37 per cent of the households have bank account and savings.  The results indicate that, 97.37 per cent of the households have availed credit from different sources.  The results indicate that, 5.41 per cent of the households availed loan from commercial bank, 13.51 per cent availed loan from friends/relatives, 35.41 per cent availed loan from money lender, 35.14 per cent have availed loan from grameena bank and 10.81 per cent of the households obtained loan from SHGs/CBOs.  The results indicate that, landless, marginal, small, semi medium and large farmers have availed Rs.81000, Rs.47500, Rs.46125, Rs.79636 and 135000 respectively.  The results indicate that, 100 per cent of the households have borrowed loan from institutional sources for the purpose of agricultural production.  The results indicate that, the main purpose of borrowing credit from private sources was social functions which accounted for 50 per cent of those who borrowed credit. Another 15 per cent of the households borrowed for agricultural production, 25 per cent of the households borrowed for the purpose of construction of house or cattle shed, 5 per cent have borrowed for health care and another 5 per cent have borrowed for purchase of vehicle.  The results indicated that 100 per cent of the households did not repay their loan borrowed from institutional sources.  Results indicated that 81.82 per cent of the households partially paid their loan and 18.18 per cent of the households did not repay their loan. 4  The results indicate that, around 93.33 per cent opined that the loan amount helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 6.67 per cent of the households said that the credit was easily accessible.  The results indicate that, around 18.18 per cent of the households opined that credit was easily accessible, 13.64 per cent of the households opined that loan amount was adequate to fulfill the requirements, 13.64 per cent of the households opined that the credit helped to perform timely agricultural operations and 4.55 per cent opined that the interest rate was higher in non-institutional sources.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 24971.42. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 28026.25. The net income from Maize cultivation was Rs. 3054.83, thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.12.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 27364.07. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 7646.45. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. 594.59. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.39.  The total cost of cultivation for mango was Rs. 100090.86. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 310099.43. The net income from mango cultivation was Rs. 210008.57. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.1.  The total cost of cultivation for bengalgram was Rs. 29944.17. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 95589. The net income from bengalgram cultivation was Rs. 65644.83. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.19.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 53586.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 80670.20. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 27083.99. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:1.51.  The total cost of cultivation for brinjal was Rs. 35169.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 103740. The net income from brinjal cultivation was Rs. 68570.08. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.95.  The total cost of cultivation for Ladies finger was Rs. 31310.76. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 113620. The net income from Ladies finger cultivation was Rs. 82309.24. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:3.63.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 152187.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 102646.33. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. -49541.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.67.  The total cost of cultivation for paddy was Rs. 152187.38. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 102646.33. The net income from paddy cultivation was Rs. -49541.05. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.67.  The total cost of cultivation for sugarcane was Rs. 110481.92. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 477827.40. The net income from sugarcane cultivation was Rs. 367345.48. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:4.32. 5  The results indicate that, 15.79 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate and 5.26 per cent of the households opined that green fodder was adequate. Also around 23.68 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 2.63 per cent of the households opined that green fodder is inadequate.  The results indicate that the average annual gross income was Rs. 114,400 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 82,850, for small farmers it was Rs. 112,442.19, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 271,250, and for large farmers it was Rs.148000.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 6,585.06. For marginal farmers it was Rs. 5,937.50, for small farmers it was Rs. 4,343.39, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 11,624.01, and for medium farmers it was Rs. 17,500.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 14 coconut, and 830 mango trees in their fields.  42.11 per cent of the households showed interest towards cultivation of horticultural crops.  The results indicate that, households have planted 64 neem trees and 9 tamarind trees in their field.  The results indicate that, the average additional investment capacity with the households for land development was Rs. 6,237.99, for irrigation facility Rs. 2,132.65, for improved crop production Rs. 684.32 and for improved livestock management Rs. 2,894.74.  The results indicate that, government subsidy was the source of additional investment capacity for 55.26 per cent of the households for land development, 36.84 per cent for irrigation facility, 5.26 per cent for improved crop production and 5.26 per cent for improved livestock management. Own funds was the source of investment for 5.26 per cent for land development.  The results indicated that, all crops were marketed to the extent of 100 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 92.11 per cent of the famers have sold their produce in regulated markets and 2.63 per cent have sold their produce through contract marketing arrangement.  The results indicated that, 84.21 per cent of the households have used tractor as a mode of transportation for their agricultural produce, 5.26 per cent have used truck and another 5.26 per cent have used cart as a mode of transportation.  The results indicated that, 31.58 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm i.e., 50 per cent of marginal farmers, 56.25 per cent of small farmers and 8.33 per cent of semi medium farmers have experienced soil and water erosion problems.  The results indicated that, 81.58 per cent have shown interest in soil test. 6  The results indicated that, 28.95 per cent of the households have adopted field bunding and 42.11 per cent of the households adopted summer ploughing.  The results indicated that, 100 per cent of the structures needed full replacement.  The results indicated that 31.58 per cent of soil conservation structure is constructed by the government and another 39.47 per cent is constructed by other agencies.  Piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 76.32 per cent of the households and bore well was the source of drinking water for 18.42 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, 94.74 per cent used fire wood and 10.53 per cent of the households used LPG.  Electricity was the major source of light for 100 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 81.58 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet i.e. 20 per cent of the landless, 25 per cent of the marginal, 100 per cent of the small, 100 per cent of the semi medium and 100 per cent of the large farmers.  97.37 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card and 2.63 per cent possessed APL card.  The results indicated that, 26.32 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 78.95 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 15.79 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 28.95 per cent, fruits were adequate for 21.05 per cent, milk was adequate for 73.68 per cent and eggs were adequate for 73.68 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were inadequate for 21.05 per cent, oilseeds were inadequate for 73.68 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 63.16 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 65.79 per cent, milk was inadequate for 13.16 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 23.68 per cent and meat was inadequate for 63.16 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 76.32 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (73.68%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (68.42%), inadequacy of irrigation water (55.26%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (60.53%), high rate of interest on credit (44.74%), low price for the agricultural commodities (60.53%), lack of marketing facilities in the area (60.53%), lack of transport for safe transport of the agricultural produce to the market (63.16%), less rainfall (73.68%) and inadequate extension services (57.89%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project

Shreveport Democrats' plan to have the city's
electorate dump Republican Mayor Tom Arceneaux
is fully afoot as they play
Russian roulette with the city's water and sewerage system.

The city remains under a consent decree that will
demand hundreds of millions in spending to satisfy. Currently, $310.6
million worth of expenditures deemed critical need completion – most of
which the city doesn't have.

It doesn't because of voter hesitancy triggered by
the untrustworthy
performance that featured many questionable spending choices of Democrat
former Mayor Adrian Perkins, who on three occasions proposed large bond issues
that included requests to fund water and sewerage. Out of around $600 million
proposed, all of which involved property tax increases, only a $70.65 million estimated
amount that ended up tacking on 2.5 mils for
public safety made it onto the ballot and gained voter approval.

Meanwhile, the funding well for water and sewerage
threatens to run dry. Such operations are set up so that users pay, but legally
the city can apportion the cost to all property owners. However, users
already have experienced a series of increases. In 2013 in response to the
decree, the city decided that over a two-year span commencing in 2015 sewer rates
would go up 14 percent, then that and water rates would increase 6 percent in
2020, rise 2 percent more for water in 2021, and a year later would be capped
by 4 percent more there and 2 percent more for sewer.

Still, this doesn't appear to be enough. So,
Arceneaux has proposed a two-prong strategy of another bond issue including of
three items that altogether total $256 million one of $82 million for water and
sewerage, and an
increase in rates again, of 10 percent. Last month, the city launched a
road show to gather citizen input and inform them about it.

Except that the City Council, composed of a 5-2
majority of Democrats, dragged its heels on the rate hike. Twice it delayed in February
authorizing that, although last week it did cue up the three bond ballot items
just in time to make the Apr. 27 election.

Democrat Councilors Tabatha Taylor
and James Green
voted against that, and also declared they would provide minimal rhetorical
assistance to mobilize electoral support for the measures. They had backed
reliably the measures Perkins had put forward, including for water and sewerage,
as well as generally Perkins and his initiatives. Green expanded upon his vote
and intended actions, noting that his apathy was not different from that of
Republican councilors on past items, inferring particularly Grayson Boucher who
was on the Council then and now who gave vocal support to the measure that
passed then but not for the others ultimately rejected.

This he attributed to racism – Perkins is black,
Arceneaux is white – falling back on the increasingly patterned behavior of he
and Taylor and Democrat Councilor Alan Jackson,
all of whom are black, to cite
systemic racism as the cause whenever a non-black disagrees with their policy preferences.
This card they had played when Green illegally gave raises to Council employees
and Boucher and Republican Jim Taliaferro,
along with Democrats Ursula Bowman
and Gary Brooks,
united to call for an investigation that nailed Green. Far more likely, tepid
Republican support over the previous bond votes came from suspicion over Perkins'
general laxity about finances – such as not
vetting all available sources for funding before asking for tax increases –
and his shiftiness that led to legal actions and Legislative Auditor rebukes.

Regardless, a political motive clearly presents
itself. Councilors with an eye towards denying Arceneaux a second term can feel
safe in supporting or ignoring a bond issue, because if voters approve the
water and sewerage measure at least the people will have voted it onto
themselves. But they can posture over the rate hikes, because to approve these
puts the spotlight on them and to reject these makes Arceneaux look like the
bad guy for bringing up the idea.

Plus, they get to take shots at Arceneaux for
things Perkins left undone. In the prior
administrative council meeting to the regular meeting that turned down the
rate hikes but approved the bond vote, the issue of overbilling for services
reemerged. A few years ago, the city settled
multi-million dollar class action claims about this, and the lawyer who had
led this battle alleged this still was going on. Green and Taylor particularly
cast aspersions that Arceneaux's administration was negligent on this – except
that the lawyer said he had notified the Perkins Administration in 2021 about
this and nothing was done.

Ironically, the hold that Council Democrats have
placed on rate increases they say comes from concerns that the city's program
helping lower-income families pay water bills can't do enough received a major shot
in the arm as a result of the overbilling settlement, where class members who
couldn't be located had their shares requisitioned for this purpose. How long recalcitrant
councilors stick to that story remains to be seen.

For in their ideal world, they will drag this out
as long as possible – which perhaps is why Green and Taylor talked of the bond
vote to come in the fall rather than spring – in order to have maximal time to paint
Arceneaux as a tax- and rate-raiser with Democrat councilors as a check against
his trying in this manner to impoverish the people, regardless of whether the
city's water and sewerage system receives its badly-needed and legally-required
fixes. Like it or not, decades of neglect have led the city to this point, and
resolution might be swifter and more effective if the Council majority, and
especially those members of it prone to playing the race card, would dial down the
politicking focused too much on political futures.

In a moment of unguarded honesty that went viral last week, President Biden was asked by reporters if U.S. airstrikes in Yemen targeting the Shia Islamist group known as the Houthis were "working."The President sheepishly replied, "Well, when you say 'working'—are they stopping the Houthis? No. Are they going to continue? Yes." In a single sentence, Biden captured the impuissant hollowness of two decades of U.S. foreign policy bromides on the use of military force, the Middle East, and deterrence.Washington's critics have often said that, whenever a crisis occurs, U.S. policymakers exhibit an almost Pavlovian instinct to reach for military options — no matter the facts on the ground or the odds of success — in a desperate attempt to "do something." Amid mounting tension in the Middle East stemming from the Israel-Hamas conflict, the foreign policy establishment is again hand-waving those criticisms away amid vague calls for indefinite U.S.-led intervention in Yemen and even war with Iran — this, despite the President's own admission that doing so will fail to change a thing.Indeed, despite at least eight rounds of U.S. strikes that expended hundreds of valuable precision-guided munitions, Houthi attacks on ships transiting the Red Sea have only increased in frequency and scope, targeting more U.S.-owned and U.S-flagged vessels. While legitimate military analysts and regional experts knew these strikes were doomed to fail from the start, it should now be obvious there is no credible military solution to the crisis in the Red Sea.More importantly, as three U.S. troops were killed and more than 30 injured in a local Shia militia attack on a remote outpost along the Syria-Jordan border known as "Tower 22" on Sunday, the last thing the Biden Administration should be doing is looking to escalate things in Yemen. Instead, Washington should start by recognizing that both its economic and national security interests are largely unaffected by Red Sea transit. If it wants, the U.S. can truly afford to do nothing there. Despite a 65% decline in expected freight container volumes transiting the Red Sea, the U.S. saw just a 1% decline in net imports for the month of December. The U.S. does not need to spend between $260 and $573 million per month, as some analysts estimate, to defend foreign merchant shipping with no end in sight.Meanwhile, China has eschewed the use of force and is instead free-riding on U.S. military action in the Red Sea, even though Beijing faces mounting freight and insurance costs that have caused its economy significant harm. China has a destroyer, frigate, and replenishment vessel currently situated in the Gulf of Aden — not to mention a naval base in Djibouti at the mouth of the Bab el-Mandeb strait — and is perfectly capable of stepping up to conduct defensive operations in the Red Sea.Yet, through no cogent or intentional U.S. action, the demonstrated ineffectiveness of military action — alongside rising costs — are likely now spurring new Chinese efforts to pressure Iran to rein in the Houthis. While Iran retains very strong ties to the group, having provided them with weapons, training, and assistance over the years, it doesn't have total control over the Houthis. Nonetheless, China has the requisite economic leverage over Tehran — and by extension the Houthis — to demand an end to the crisis.For its part, the U.S. should not impede any such resolution simply because it didn't play a leading role in brokering a deal. If a deal is eventually reached, many in Washington would view it as evidence of Beijing establishing itself as a key security broker in the Middle East. But if America's recent experience as a security provider in the region is any guide, it is not clear such a development would be bad for the United States vis-à-vis its rivalry with China.However, if the U.S. wanted to take a more active role in resolving the crisis than passing the buck to China, a diplomatic response could also be pursued. Diplomacy would serve to avoid an unpredictable and costly U.S. military campaign that would immediately compromise two of Washington's stated objectives in the Middle East: to prevent the war in Gaza from further consuming the region, and officially ending the civil war in Yemen.The Houthis have repeatedly linked their motive for attacking ships in the Red Sea to the Israel-Hamas conflict. Over the course of the war, Houthi attacks have correlated with events in Gaza. For example, Houthi attacks decreased during the brief truce in November, only to resume afterwards. In December, the group's official spokesman claimed attacks on ships transiting the Bab el-Mandeb Strait toward the Suez Canal will continue until "Gaza receives the food and medicine it needs." As Houthi strategic intentions have not changed, and their attack capabilities have not been meaningfully degraded, diplomacy is a low-cost option for Washington to consider without foisting some terrible result on the United States.Working to increase aid shipments to Gaza would not just help to alleviate the humanitarian crisis there, but would deprive the Houthis of their claimed justification for attacks in the Red Sea and provide the group with an offramp for de-escalation that would also serve to prevent indefinite U.S. participation in a broader regional war. However, this would also necessitate increased diplomatic pressure on the Israeli government to allow more aid into Gaza, a step the Biden Administration remains uninterested in taking.Put simply, there are no existential or vital U.S. national interests at stake in Yemen, and very little is at stake for the U.S. economically in the Red Sea. Any multi-billion-dollar effort to fight a war in Yemen would render no political, economic, or security benefits to the United States. Strategies like "buck passing" and diplomatic engagement are perfectly viable, would do the U.S. no harm, and could resolve the crisis. Continued military action in Yemen, by contrast, presents dubious prospects for success. The pitfalls of sustained U.S. military action in Yemen — and in other fronts across the Middle East tied to the war in Gaza like Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, or yesterday's tragedy in Jordan — still include a non-trivial risk of regional war that can only be ignored at the world's peril.

The world is at war, with active or simmering conflicts in Ukraine, Israel/Palestine, Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Libya, Syria, Yemen, and Nagorno-Karabakh, destabilizing coups in Niger, Burkina Faso, Guinea, Chad, and Mali, and other nations on the verge of civil or interstate conflicts. The last thing we need in this volatile security environment is an accelerated superpower nuclear arms race.
But don't tell that to the members of the Congressional Commission on the Strategic Posture of the United States, which has spent the past year looking at the current challenges facing the United States and coming up with a solution that would make the militarized competition of the Cold War era look quaint.
The commission's report brings to mind Stanley Kubrick's 1964 classic, "Dr. Strangelove: How I Stopped Worrying and Learned to Love the Bomb." The film underscored the absurdity of the nuclear doctrines of the time, and the insanity of the mindset that had captured political and military leaders of that moment, in an at times humorous take on a subject with a deadly serious potential impact. The new congressional commission report implies that the current strategic environment is more dangerous than at the height of the Cold War, and it adopts an equally dangerous mindset in addressing that alleged situation. Whatever one thinks of the commission's assessment, its recommendations would increase the risks of war among the superpowers, not reduce them.
The commission's analysis and recommendations are grounded in an alarmist view of the current geopolitical landscape that departs significantly from reality. Early in the report, the commission makes the following assessment of the challenges facing the United States:
"The new global environment is fundamentally different than anything experienced in the past, even in the darkest days of the Cold War. Today the United States is on the cusp of having not one, but two nuclear peer adversaries, each with ambitions to change the international status quo, by force, if necessary: a situation which the United States did not anticipate and for which it is not prepared."
First and foremost, it is not clear that either Russia or China seeks or could achieve global domination based on the use of force. Whatever Vladimir Putin's aspirations may be, the war in Ukraine has exposed deep flaws in Russia's military capabilities that make it clear that it is in no position to threaten any of the 31 members of the NATO alliance, much less operate on a global basis. It is essential to continue to provide Ukraine with the assistance it needs to defend itself, but assertions that Russia is poised to reshape the entire international system "by force" in light of that conflict are overblown.
As for China, its main challenges to the United States are political and economic, not military. Its increasing military power is primarily focused on its own region, including on the possibility of taking Taiwan by force at some unspecified future date. But the best way to prevent a U.S.-China conflict over Taiwan is to re-establish a common understanding on its status, along the lines of the "One China" policy that has kept the peace in the Taiwan strait for five decades. Doing so would mean that the United States would not support political independence for Taiwan and China would forswear seeking unification with the island by force. Better crisis communications and a "common good" approach to resolving areas of difference – as proposed in a recent issue brief by my Quincy Institute colleague Jake Werner – should supplement the return to a common view on Taiwan. And cooperation on addressing potential existential threats like climate change and preventing future pandemics should take precedence over aggressive posturing and bellicose rhetoric. Sabre rattling and military buildups will make a war over Taiwan more likely, with disastrous consequences for all concerned.
Last but not least, the active U.S. nuclear stockpile of 4,500 long-range nuclear weapons, with over 1,600 deployed, is more than enough to dissuade Russia or China from attacking the United States, for fear of having their societies devastated in return. But a large deployed arsenal does pose a risk of a nuclear confrontation by accident or miscalculation, and an arms racing environment of the kind recommended by the congressional commission would only make matters worse.
Unfortunately, once the commission adopted its overly pessimistic view of Russian and Chinese capabilities and intentions, its recommendations for a more combative U.S. posture followed closely behind. The Pentagon is already in the middle of a $2 trillion, three decades-long initiative to build new nuclear-armed missiles, bombers, and submarines, with new warheads to go with them. Astoundingly, the commission argues that these investments are not enough, and that the U.S. should consider building and deploying more nuclear weapons, even as it endorses dangerous and destabilizing steps like returning to the days of multi-warhead land-based missiles while placing nuclear-armed missiles in East Asia. These steps would only introduce more uncertainty into the calculations of China and Russia, making a nuclear confrontation more likely.
In addition to increasing nuclear risks at what is certain to be an exorbitant price – an issue the report mentions but refuses to address in detail – the document argues for the United States to expand its nuclear arsenal first, and worry about forging significant arms control agreements later. This approach is precisely backwards, and could spark a three-way arms race that will take arms control off the agenda for years to come.
Sometimes congressional commissions come and go without leaving any substantial imprint on government policy. Let's hope the recommendations of the strategic posture commission fall into that category. But the more likely outcome will be that nuclear hawks – and even moderates who should know better – will brandish the report in their efforts to promote a nuclear buildup that is both enormously risky and immensely expensive. Pushback from advocates of nuclear reductions needs to be heard loud and clear by members of Congress, the administration, and the broader public. We survived the Cold War nuclear arms race in part by sheer luck – we shouldn't take that risk again.

The Washington Post reported recently that U.S. intelligence officials do not believe the Ukrainian military will achieve a key goal set out at the launch of its counteroffensive against Russian occupying forces back in June — reaching the southeastern city of Melitipol and cutting off Russia's access to Crimea by land.While the counteroffensive has achieved some recent successes — including piercing Moscow's first line of multi-echeloned defensive positions and taking a key village — the Wall Street Journal reported last week that "there is no sign of a collapse in Russian lines."In fact, most recent mainstream reporting on the status of the offensive has been similarly dour, which might come as a surprise to anyone paying attention to predictions from the American pundit class shortly before the Ukrainian counteroffensive began.Despite reports at the time quoting U.S. intelligence predicting that the upcoming Ukrainian offensive would result only in "modest territorial gains," and fall "well short" of Kyiv's goals, many lawmakers, experts, and pundits had a much more confident take. In fact, several senior officials openly suggested that the Ukrainian operations would be a rousing success, while others said it would lead to an all-out victory, expelling the Russians out of occupied Ukraine and perhaps even Crimea. "I expect major gains in the coming days and weeks," said Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) — one of Ukraine's most hyperbolic supporters — during a May 28 interview on Fox News. "I think they can expel Russia from Ukraine."The Russians are "in for a rude awakening" he said a couple days later. "In the coming days, you're going to see a pretty impressive display of power by the Ukrainians." Indeed, Graham's rosy assessments were just the tip of the overly optimistic grandstanding iceberg from that time. Here's a brief — albeit not comprehensive — sample of what we heard about the upcoming counteroffensive last spring from not just expert pundits, but also top U.S. officials, despite their presumed knowledge of more sober U.S. intelligence predictions:Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin: "I think Ukraine will have a very good chance of success." [03/28/23]National security adviser Jake Sullivan: "We believe that the Ukrainians will meet with success in this counteroffensive." [06/04/23]NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg: "I'm confident that when Ukraine decides to launch new operations to liberate more land, Ukraine will be successful." [4/21/23]Former CIA Director, Gen. David Petraeus (ret.): "I personally think that this is going to be really quite successful. .. And [the Russians] are going to have to withdraw under pressure of this Ukrainian offensive, the most difficult possible tactical maneuver, and I don't think they're going to do well at that." [05/23/23] "I think that this counteroffensive is going to be very impressive." [06/03/23]Retired U.S. Army Gen. Ben Hodges: "I actually expect, however, that [the Ukrainians] will be quite successful." [05/12/23]Historian Edward Luttwak: "If Kyiv and the West are looking for the most plausible path to victory, this is it." [05/11/23]Atlantic Council non-resident fellow Richard Hooker: "As we are often told, no plan survives contact with the enemy. There will likely be the occasional tactical miscue or operational hiccup during the coming counteroffensive, but a careful assessment suggests the odds are heavily in favor of Ukraine." [05/23/23]Former Chief of the British General Staff, General Richard Dannatt: "[A]fter Kyiv's successful counteroffensive, Vladimir Putin 'may be swept out of the Kremlin.'" [03/28/23]Paul Massaro, senior policy adviser, the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe: "Full Ukrainian victory is coming. Sooner than you think." [06/12/23]It's hard to square these hopeful, borderline fanciful analyses with what we knew at that time. In fact, there were plenty of other experts offering more balanced forecasts of what was to come with Ukraine's counteroffensive. For example, the Quincy Institute's George Beebe wrote back in April that available evidence at that time "paint[s] a much bleaker picture of Kyiv's prospects in the war than the White House has acknowledged." He added that that evidence depicts "manning and training levels for Ukraine's much anticipated counter-offensive that inspire little confidence it will produce a decisive breakthrough against reinforced Russian defenses." Good policy requires good information, particularly when it comes to war and peace. Unfortunately, the commentariat in U.S. media and beyond hasn't been providing very informed analysis when it comes to the war in Ukraine.Analysts should separate what they might want to happen with what — from a more objective point of view — is more likely to actually happen. Too often, experts are offering rosy predictions of Ukrainian military operations where most available evidence suggests otherwise. And as these unfounded optimistic predictions pile up, so too does American support both among the public and policymakers to pour more weapons and money into — what should look like to anyone taking a sober look at realities on the ground — a protracted stalemate or perhaps worse. Joint Chiefs Chairman Gen. Mike Milley was shouted down last November when he suggested that perhaps Ukraine and its Western allies had a decent window of opportunity to negotiate an end to the war. While he has said more recently that it's too early to assess whether the Ukrainian counteroffensive has been a success (albeit without defining success), he also maintained that kicking all Russian forces out of Ukraine via solely military means "is going to be very, very difficult and challenging.""A different way of going at it is through negotiations," he said last week. "And maybe that'll happen too."But if more objective assessments of the war in Ukraine continue to be drowned out by this same kind of emotion-based, wishful-thinking commentary and analysis, maybe it won't.

The execution of the visual task of data acquisition by a multi-channel target sightseeing system of a sample of armored vehicle in the interests of target awareness situation, target tracking and destruction of enemy armament and military facilities on maximal distances (within the limits of action of basic regular armament of samples of the armored vehicles) is considered. The criterion for the effectiveness of execution of the task of detection / recognition / identification of the target is the probability of execution of the corresponding visual task. The analysis of modern approaches to the assessment of the effectiveness of the task of data acquisition on the target, based on the Johnson and TTP (Targeting Task Performance) models is performed.The empirical parameter introduced by Johnson by its physical content is the size of the image of the target, which provides a fifty-percent-probability of execution of the corresponding visual task. Obviously, by itself a certain size of the image cannot guarantee a desired probability of solving the corresponding visual problem at low contrast values (visibility of the target). Conversely, even the very high contrast of the target is not sufficient to successfully execute the visual problem: the size of the target must be sufficient to be capable to detect / recognize / identify a target. Thus, when using Johnson's approach, one inevitably faces a contradiction.Namely: on the one hand, Johnson's approach assumes that the size of the image of the target, described by the number N50task, corresponds to the fifty-percent-probability of performing the corresponding visual task, while on the other hand, it is clear that at low visibility even a fairly large size of the image does not provide even a fifty percent probability of performing the corresponding visual task. At sufficiently low values of the visibility of the target, the probability of performing the corresponding visual task falls to zero. In Johnson's approach, this contradiction is overcome implicitly, assuming that the numberN50task that shows the number of pairs of lines, corresponding to the fifty-percent-probability of performing the corresponding visual task is determined from the experiment and depends on the conditions of visibility of the target. For different visibility conditions, different values of the number N50 task are obtained for the same target.The experimental data available in the literature suggest a linear relationship between the integral number of line pairs in the TTP model and the number of line pairs in the Johnson model, but there was no theoretical explanation for this fact.This paper theoretically proves that the corresponding variables in both models are indeed linearly related. Estimation of the coefficient of linearity leads to the need to solve the equation with exponential functions, the solution for which is not known. To proceed with the solution of this mathematical problem, we used the property according to which in both models (Johnson and TTP) he probability of performing the visual task is a sigmoid function, which in turn provides the possibility of approximating the probability function by a linear dependence in the range between two corresponding thresholds in the Johnson model and the TTP model. To determine the corresponding lower and upper threshold values, we use the double-tangent method.The threshold nature of visual perception leads to the conclusion that the probability of performing a visual task should also be threshold. The threshold nature of human visual perception shows up in the fact that the targets (for visual observation) or their images (when viewed on the monitor of the target sightseeing system) can be detected by the operator only if the size and contrast for a sufficient duration of the target image are higher than the corresponding threshold values associated with the threshold nature of human visual perception.Taking into account that because of the threshold nature of human visual perception, the probability of execution of the visual task should also be of threshold character, we conclude that the double-threshold linear approximation of the sigmoid function is more appropriate to describe the probabilities of execution of the visual task than the sigmoid functions given by equations, used in the Johnson and TTP models. Notice, that the functions describing the probability of the performance of execution of the visual task are empirical dependencies that satisfactorily describe the experiment, while their smooth character contradicts with the threshold nature of human visual perception. In turn, human visual perception is based on the response of the corresponding neurons. The response of each individual neuron is, firstly, threshold, and secondly not smooth, being in the form of a step from 0 to 1. These features are different from the properties of the sigmoid function. Therefore, for modeling the probability of execution of the visual task, any sigmoid function will be convenient, but worse approximation in comparison with the step function, for example, a function of the type of ReLU activation function. The double-threshold approximation proposed in this paper for the sigmoid function is more adequate model representation than the sigmoid functions themselves. ; Розглядаються питання вирішення візуального завдання зі збору інформації багатоканальним прицільно-спостережним комплексом зразка бронетанкового озброєння в інтересах усвідомлення ціле-фонової обстановки, супроводження та знищення озброєння та військової техніки противника на максимальних дальностях (в межах дії основного штатного озброєння зразків бронетанкового озброєння). В якості критерію ефективності виконання завдання з виявлення/розпізнавання/ідентифікації цілі виступає ймовірність виконання відповідної візуальної задачі. Проведено аналіз сучасних підходів щодо оцінки ефективності виконання завдання зі збору даних про ціль, основу яких складають моделі Джонсона та ТТР (Targeting Task Performance, ефективність задачі прицілювання). Пороговий характер зорового сприйняття свідчить про те, що ймовірність виконання візуальної задачі також повинна мати пороговий характер. Тому дво-порогова лінійна апроксимація, запропонована в цій роботі, є більш адекватним модельним представленням, ніж власне сигмоїдні функції, які моделюють ймовірності виконання візуальних задач в рамках моделей Джонсона та моделі TTP.

La Costituzione italiana (Cost.) rappresenta un unicum dal punto di vista degli ordinamenti passati e vigenti, giacché è la sola a porre a suo fondamento il concetto di "lavoro". Tale nozione, nell'ottica della Carta, assurge a diritto, dovere e principio di natura costituzionale. Va sottolineato che la relazione di impiego che soggiace a questa stessa nozione è quella che le norme civilistiche definiscono come subordinata. L'intenzione del Costituente era quella di conciliare la subordinazione del lavoratore con la libertà del cittadino. Per questo, la Cost. introduce dei "contrappesi" volti a tutelare quegli individui che, sprovvisti di mezzi di produzione, per vivere dignitosamente sono vincolati al potere direttivo di un datore di lavoro. Sebbene molte disposizioni costituzionali non siano state pienamente attuate, la Cost. ha comunque assolto la funzione di migliorare le condizioni dei lavoratori italiani. La globalizzazione e le cicliche recessioni del mercato internazionale hanno messo in crisi l'anima lavoristica della Cost., esigendo il sacrificio di numerose garanzie. Nonostante oggi si registrino alcune timide migliorie dei livelli occupazionali, è difficile sperare in una restaurazione completa di quelle stesse tutele di cui hanno goduto generazioni passate di lavoratori italiani. Se da un lato la globalizzazione ha messo in crisi l'anima della Cost., dall'altro i trattati internazionali e l'Unione europea hanno fatto nascere nuove forme di tutela per i lavoratori. Si assiste sempre più spesso a garanzie definite multilivello tramite le quali è l'intreccio di diverse fonti normative e giurisprudenziali a costituire l'essenza del diritto stesso. Ciò si verifica in particolare considerando la disciplina del licenziamento illegittimo nell'ordinamento italiano: la competitività richiesta sul piano internazionale ed economico ha indebolito le garanzie per il lavoratore sul piano della legislazione statale. Di contro, gli organismi ed i giudici internazionali propendono per non ritenere adeguati i suddetti strumenti e chiedono che si torni ad instaurare maggiori tutele a favore dei lavoratori. ; The Italian Constitution (Const.) represents a unicum from the point of view of the past and current regulations, since it is the only one to put the concept of "work" at its foundation. This notion rises as a right, a duty and principle of constitutional nature. It should be stressed that the employment relationship underlying this very concept is that which civil law defines as subordinate. The intention of the Constituent was to reconcile the subordination of the worker with the freedom of the citizen. For this reason, the Constitution introduces "counterbalances" aimed at protecting those individuals who, without means of production, in order to live in dignity are bound to the managerial power of an employer. Although many constitutional provisions have not been fully implemented, the Cost. has nevertheless fulfilled its function of improving the conditions of Italian workers. Globalization and the cyclical recessions of the international market have put the working spirit of the Cost. in crisis, requiring the sacrifice of numerous guarantees. Although today there are some timid improvements in employment levels, it is difficult to hope for a complete restoration of the same safeguards that past generations of Italian workers have enjoyed. If on the one hand globalization has put the soul of the Constitution in crisis, on the other hand, international treaties and the European Union have given rise to new forms of protection for workers. We are witnessing more and more often defined multi-level guarantees through which the intertwining of different regulatory and jurisprudential sources constitutes the essence of the law itself. This occurs in particular considering the discipline of unlawful dismissal in the Italian system: the competitiveness required on an international and economic level has weakened the guarantees for the worker in terms of state legislation. On the other hand, the international bodies and judges are inclined not to consider the instruments adequate and ask that more protection be established in favor of workers. ; La Constitución Italiana (Const.) representa un unicum desde el punto de vista de la normativa pasada y actual, ya que es la única que pone el concepto de "trabajo" a su fundamento. Esta noción, desde el punto de vista de la Carta, se convierte en un derecho, un deber y un principio constitucional. Cabe destacar que la relación laboral que subyace a este mismo concepto es la que el derecho civil define como subordinada. La intención del Constituyente era conciliar la subordinación del trabajador con la libertad del ciudadano. Por esta razón, la Constitución introduce "contrapesos" destinados a proteger a los individuos que, sin medios de producción, para vivir dignamente están vinculados al poder de gestión de un empleador. Aunque muchas disposiciones constitucionales no se han aplicado plenamente, la Cost. ha cumplido con su función de mejorar las condiciones de los trabajadores subordinados. La globalización y las recesiones cíclicas del mercado internacional han puesto en crisis el espíritu laborista de la Cost., lo que ha exigido el sacrificio de numerosas garantías. Aunque hoy en día hay algunas tímidas mejoras en los niveles de empleo, es difícil esperar un restablecimiento completo de las mismas salvaguardias de las que han disfrutado generaciones pasadas de trabajadores italianos. Si por un lado la globalización ha puesto en crisis el alma de la Const., por otro lado, los tratados internacionales y la Unión Europea han dado lugar a nuevas formas de protección para los trabajadores. Asistimos a garantías multinivel cada vez más definidas a través de las cuales el entrelazamiento de distintas fuentes normativas y jurisprudenciales constituye la esencia del propio derecho. Esto ocurre en particular considerando la disciplina del despido ilegal en el sistema italiano: la competitividad requerida a nivel internacional y económico ha debilitado las garantías para el trabajador en términos de la legislación estatal. Por otro lado, los órganos internacionales y los jueces se inclinan a no considerar adecuados los instrumentos y piden que se establezca una mayor protección a favor de los trabajadores.

The content of the mandates for UN peacekeeping operations (PKO) has not changed over the last 20 years and based on three key principles: consent, impartiality and restrictions on the use of force. At the same time, the forms of their holding have undergone significant changes and have the following features: multidisciplinary, complex, integrated, combined, centralized. Such missions are called "hybrid".The purpose of the article is to analyze the hybrid forms of conducting UN peacekeeping operations.The goal of hybrid missions is to achieve political goals, not military ones. To this end, a politically complex cooperation agreement is concluded in advance between two or more security organizations that provide resources for the peacekeeping mission; management, both at the military-political level and operational for all organizations and forces participating in the mission, is carried out from a single center (headquarters), ensures the preservation of the individuality of organizations involved in the conflict. Such features provide a higher level of integration of strategic and operational resources.However, hybrid missions can also have negative consequences: enabling individual states to interfere in the internal affairs of their former satellites, especially against unpopular governments, using conflicting international legal norms of aggression and intervention, to become a "cover" to advance the interests of influential local and external actors through an international mandate. Although equal cooperation between the UN and regional organizations seems effective at this stage, it will not necessarily be effective in maintaining peace and security in other parts of the world.Thus, PKOs have been transformed from a tool for mitigating the intensity of military conflict and facilitating the resolution of conflicts between states by deploying unarmed or lightly armed military personnel under UN command on the line of contact between hostile parties (traditional peacekeeping) into hybrid peacekeeping operations to reach peace agreements between the main actors in the conflict. The new hybrid form of UN missions includes multi-level integration and interaction, and has more political influence over the parties to the conflict. This is a real success of the hybrid model, and it is unlikely that an alternative will be found, despite the difficulties in its planning and management, and less than expected, the probability of success. Therefore, the number of hybrid PKO is likely to increase in the future. ; Содержание мандатов на проведение миротворческих операций ООН за последние 20 лет практически не изменился и опирается на три ключевых принципа: согласие, беспристрастность и ограничения в применении силы. В то же время формы их проведения претерпели значительные изменения и стали многопрофильными, комплексными, интегрированными, комбинированными, централизованными, которые получили название "гибридных".Целью статьи является анализ гибридных форм проведения миротворческих операций ООН.Целью гибридных миссий является достижение политических целей, а не военных. Для этого заблаговременно заключается сложное с политической точки зрения соглашение на сотрудничество между двумя или более организациями по безопасности, которые предоставляют ресурсы, обеспечивающие управление и участвуют в миссии. Такой подход обеспечивает более высокий уровень интеграции стратегических и оперативных ресурсов.Вместе с тем, гибридные миссии могут иметь и негативные последствия: предоставлять возможности отдельным государствам для вмешательства во внутренние дела своих бывших сателлитов, особенно против непопулярных правительств, используя противоречивые международно-правовые нормы агрессии и вмешательства; стать "прикрытием" для продвижения интересов влиятельных местных и внешних действующих лиц с помощью международного мандата. Хотя равноправное сотрудничество между ООН и региональными организациями на текущем этапе кажется результативным, оно не обязательно станет эффективным для поддержания мира и безопасности в других регионах мира.Таким образом, миротворческие операции трансформировались из инструмента снижения интенсивности военного конфликта и содействия разрешению конфликтов между государствами, которое достигалось путем развертывания невооруженного или легко вооруженного военного персонала под командованием ООН на линии соприкосновения между враждующими сторонами (традиционное поддержанию мира), в гибридные миротворческие миссии, которые осуществляют многопрофильные операции, направленные на достижение мирных соглашений между главными действующими лицами конфликта. Новая гибридная форма миссий ООН включает многоуровневую интеграцию и взаимодействие, имеет больше политического влияния на субъекты конфликта. Это реальный успех гибридной модели, и маловероятно, что ей будет найдена альтернатива, несмотря на сложности в ее планировании и организации управления, и меньше, чем ожидаемая, вероятность успеха. Поэтому количество гибридных миротворческих операций, скорее всего, будет расти в будущем. ; Зміст мандатів на проведення миротворчих операцій ООН за останні 20 років практично не змінився і спирається на три ключові принципи: згода, неупередженість і обмеження у застосуванні сили. В той же час форми їх проведення зазнали значних змін та стали багатопрофільними, комплексними, інтегрованими, комбінованими, централізованими, які отримали назву "гібридних".Метою статті є аналіз гібридних форм проведення миротворчих операцій ООН.Метою гібридних місій є досягнення політичних цілей, а не воєнних. Для цього завчасно укладається складна з політичної точки зору угода на співпрацю між двома або більше організаціями з безпеки, які надають ресурси, забезпечують управління і приймають участь в місії. Такий підхід забезпечує вищий рівень інтеграції стратегічних і оперативних ресурсів.Разом з тим, гібридні місії можуть мати і негативні наслідки: надавати можливості окремим державам для втручання у внутрішні справи своїх колишніх сателітів, особливо проти непопулярних урядів, використовуючи суперечливі міжнародно-правові норми агресії і втручання, стати "прикриттям" для просування інтересів впливових місцевих і зовнішніх дійових осіб за допомогою міжнародного мандату. Хоча рівноправне співробітництво між ООН і регіональними організаціями на поточному етапі здається результативним, воно не обов'язково стане ефективним для підтримання миру і безпеки в інших регіонах світу.Таким чином, миротворчі операції трансформувалися з інструменту послаблення інтенсивності воєнного конфлікту і сприяння вирішенню конфліктів між державами шляхом розгортання неозброєного або легко озброєного воєнного персоналу під командуванням ООН на лінії зіткнення між ворогуючими сторонами (традиційне підтримання миру) в гібридні миротворчі місії, які здійснюють багатопрофільні операції та спрямовані на досягнення мирних угод між головними дійовими особами конфлікту. Нова гібридна форма місій ООН включає багаторівневу інтеграцію і взаємодію, має більше політичного впливу на суб'єкти конфлікту. Це реальний успіх гібридної моделі, і малоймовірно, що їй буде найдена альтернатива, незважаючи на складнощі у її плануванні та організації управління, і меншу, ніж очікувана, ймовірність успіху. Тому кількість гібридних миротворчих операцій, швидше за все, буде зростати в майбутньому.

About two thirds of all NDIS participants of working age have intellectual disability, autism and/or psychosocial disability. One of the aims of the NDIS is to give people with disability the same opportunities to work as other Australians including people with intellectual disability, autism and/or psychosocial disability. This research was commissioned by the NDIA to help them understand how they can best support people with intellectual disability, autism, and/or psychosocial disability to work towards their employment goals. It involved reviewing journal articles and reports to see what employment programs help people with autism, intellectual disability and/or psychosocial disability to find and keep a job, and where more research is needed. What did the research involve? The research included four parts and each report is available to download below. They include: A review of how employment programs are described. A structured review of national and international trials of employment programs to find out which programs work best. Identification of current employment programs in Australia. Interviews with academics and senior government and non-government staff working in employment for people with disability. Mapping the evidence @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face {font-family:Rubik; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:Rubik; mso-font-charset:177; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610610065 1073750107 0 0 183 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:2.0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;}p.PlainParagraph, li.PlainParagraph, div.PlainParagraph {mso-style-name:"Plain Paragraph\,PP"; mso-style-priority:4; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-link:"Plain Paragraph Char\,PP Char"; margin-top:7.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:7.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm; line-height:14.0pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;}span.PlainParagraphChar {mso-style-name:"Plain Paragraph Char\,PP Char"; mso-style-priority:4; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-locked:yes; mso-style-link:"Plain Paragraph\,PP"; mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Arial; mso-hansi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;}.MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;}div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;} @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face {font-family:Rubik; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:Rubik; mso-font-charset:177; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610610065 1073750107 0 0 183 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:2.0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;}p.PlainParagraph, li.PlainParagraph, div.PlainParagraph {mso-style-name:"Plain Paragraph\,PP"; mso-style-priority:4; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-link:"Plain Paragraph Char\,PP Char"; margin-top:7.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:7.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm; line-height:14.0pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;}span.PlainParagraphChar {mso-style-name:"Plain Paragraph Char\,PP Char"; mso-style-priority:4; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-locked:yes; mso-style-link:"Plain Paragraph\,PP"; mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Arial; mso-hansi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;}.MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;}div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;} The Systematic Review and Environmental Scan: Part 1, were designed to identify the state of research and evaluation and the extent and quality of the empirical evidence base however they yield different types of evidence. The Systematic Review assessed interventions implemented as randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with a range of different comparator populations. Because people are allocated to an intervention randomly the outcome does not depend on pre-existing differences between the intervention and comparison populations, which may occur if people simply 'opt in' to an intervention. The Systematic Review provides information about the extent of the evidence base from RCTs and its quality. The Environmental Scan Part 1 provides information about the extent of research and evaluation in the field and the types and quality of the Australian evaluations using meta-evaluation tools. Typically, evaluations are considered a 'weaker' form of evidence because many do not have comparison populations and/or people self-select or opt into being part of a program or intervention. This means we cannot be sure whether differences in outcomes are due to the characteristics of people who take up a particular intervention or the intervention itself. However, when interventions are multi-faceted and individualised, they are challenging, and often unsuitable, to evaluate through an RCT. Technical reports from the Systematic Review, Environmental Scan Parts 1 and 2 (Mallett, Brown and Finnis, 2021) provide a detailed account of the methods and findings. Report details are listed above.

About two thirds of all NDIS participants of working age have intellectual disability, autism and/or psychosocial disability. One of the aims of the NDIS is to give people with disability the same opportunities to work as other Australians including people with intellectual disability, autism and/or psychosocial disability. This research was commissioned by the NDIA to help them understand how they can best support people with intellectual disability, autism, and/or psychosocial disability to work towards their employment goals. It involved reviewing journal articles and reports to see what employment programs help people with autism, intellectual disability and/or psychosocial disability to find and keep a job, and where more research is needed. What did the research involve? The research included four parts and each report is available to download below. They include: A review of how employment programs are described. A structured review of national and international trials of employment programs to find out which programs work best. Identification of current employment programs in Australia. Interviews with academics and senior government and non-government staff working in employment for people with disability. Mapping the evidence @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face {font-family:Rubik; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:Rubik; mso-font-charset:177; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610610065 1073750107 0 0 183 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:2.0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;}p.PlainParagraph, li.PlainParagraph, div.PlainParagraph {mso-style-name:"Plain Paragraph\,PP"; mso-style-priority:4; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-link:"Plain Paragraph Char\,PP Char"; margin-top:7.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:7.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm; line-height:14.0pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;}span.PlainParagraphChar {mso-style-name:"Plain Paragraph Char\,PP Char"; mso-style-priority:4; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-locked:yes; mso-style-link:"Plain Paragraph\,PP"; mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Arial; mso-hansi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;}.MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;}div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;} @font-face {font-family:"Cambria Math"; panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4; mso-font-charset:0; mso-generic-font-family:roman; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face {font-family:Rubik; panose-1:0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0; mso-font-alt:Rubik; mso-font-charset:177; mso-generic-font-family:auto; mso-font-pitch:variable; mso-font-signature:-1610610065 1073750107 0 0 183 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-parent:""; margin-top:0cm; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:2.0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;}p.PlainParagraph, li.PlainParagraph, div.PlainParagraph {mso-style-name:"Plain Paragraph\,PP"; mso-style-priority:4; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-link:"Plain Paragraph Char\,PP Char"; margin-top:7.0pt; margin-right:0cm; margin-bottom:7.0pt; margin-left:2.0cm; line-height:14.0pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;}span.PlainParagraphChar {mso-style-name:"Plain Paragraph Char\,PP Char"; mso-style-priority:4; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-locked:yes; mso-style-link:"Plain Paragraph\,PP"; mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Arial; mso-hansi-font-family:Arial; mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;}.MsoChpDefault {mso-style-type:export-only; mso-default-props:yes; font-size:10.0pt; mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; mso-fareast-language:EN-AU;}div.WordSection1 {page:WordSection1;} The Systematic Review and Environmental Scan: Part 1, were designed to identify the state of research and evaluation and the extent and quality of the empirical evidence base however they yield different types of evidence. The Systematic Review assessed interventions implemented as randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with a range of different comparator populations. Because people are allocated to an intervention randomly the outcome does not depend on pre-existing differences between the intervention and comparison populations, which may occur if people simply 'opt in' to an intervention. The Systematic Review provides information about the extent of the evidence base from RCTs and its quality. The Environmental Scan Part 1 provides information about the extent of research and evaluation in the field and the types and quality of the Australian evaluations using meta-evaluation tools. Typically, evaluations are considered a 'weaker' form of evidence because many do not have comparison populations and/or people self-select or opt into being part of a program or intervention. This means we cannot be sure whether differences in outcomes are due to the characteristics of people who take up a particular intervention or the intervention itself. However, when interventions are multi-faceted and individualised, they are challenging, and often unsuitable, to evaluate through an RCT. Technical reports from the Systematic Review, Environmental Scan Parts 1 and 2 (Mallett, Brown and Finnis, 2021) provide a detailed account of the methods and findings. Report details are listed above.

Ratifying the Paris Treaty in 2016, China committed itself to the global climate target to keep the global temperature increase well below 2 °C. With an expected accelerated urbanization process until 2050 and high industrial activity, China faces big challenges in achieving an environmentally friendly energy supply and, in particular, mitigating CO2 emissions. Especially the eastern coastal metropolitan regions are playing an important role in decision making and implementation processes on the way to a decarbonized economy and society. The national and provincial administrations in China have already started to address the issue of energy transition towards a low-carbon system, but long-term integrated transition plans are not yet available on the regional level. In this thesis I therefore focus on two metropolitan regions of eastern China (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region in the north and Yangtze River Delta region in the south) with high energy consumption and related CO2 emissions. The analysis starts with the main challenges the regions are facing with regard to energy transition and the existing energy policy plans on different administrative levels. The review shows that the current policies are rather short-term driven and weak regarding sector coupling and regional integration. As in China economic activities and population are concentrated in the eastern coastal regions, while renewable energy resources are concentrated in the western inland regions, specific regional challenges and conditions must be taken into account when modelling long-term integrated energy systems. In my thesis, three scenarios are therefore constructed, namely the Current Policy Scenario (CPS), the Natural Gas & Nuclear Scenario (NGNS) and the Renewable & Import Scenario (RIS), which are based on a normative storyline-and-modelling approach. The scenario analysis shows that regional CO2 emissions could be significantly reduced in all sectors by adjusting the economic structure, implementing efficiency measures, replacing coal and oil, and multi-sector electrification supported by enhanced electricity import capacities. Due to the massive electrification, CO2 emissions in both regions will remain mainly from gas combustion in the power sector. The scenario comparison provides insights into requirements of the energy transition regarding the implementation of new technologies and their effects. Thus, it can serve as a basis for deriving political strategies from long-term perspective to further shape the transition process in metropolitan regions from both the supply and the demand side. In order to analyze import options from renewable electricity for the metropolitan regions, a case study focusses on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region with Inner Mongolia as the supply region. Main research questions are how a predominantly renewable energy power supply can be implemented and which shares of locally available or imported renewable resources can be used. Based on the Renewable & Import Scenario (RIS), the future power systems are further analyzed applying the REMix energy system model developed at DLR, which uses a cost-minimizing algorithm. Temporally and spatially resolved load profiles and variable wind and solar power generation are the most important input data. A sensitivity analysis for key parameters provides important information on the robustness and interactions in modelling. The results provide insights into the infrastructural needs such as storage and grid expansion. The above model-based scenario analysis depends on a number of key assumptions and leads to conclusions mainly from a system perspective. It demonstrates that the eastern metropolitan regions could largely be supplied with imported electricity from onshore wind and solar power plants in the west at reasonable costs. Therefore, regional coordination and governance, the establishment of energy and carbon markets are crucial factors for successful energy transition processes at different administrative levels. Regionally integrated modelling of the energy system can support decision making in the implementation of new technologies and infrastructure options for metropolitan regions to achieve the long-term climate targets. ; Mit der Ratifizierung des Übereinkommens von Paris im Jahr 2016 hat sich China dem globalen Klimaziel verpflichtet, den globalen Temperaturanstieg deutlich unter 2 °C zu halten. Mit einem erwarteten beschleunigten Urbanisierungsprozess bis 2050 und einer hohen industriellen Aktivität steht China vor großen Herausforderungen, um eine umweltfreundliche Energieversorgung zu erreichen und insbesondere die CO2-Emissionen zu verringern. Insbesondere die Metropolregionen an der Ostküste spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entscheidungsfindung und Umsetzung auf dem Weg zu einer dekarbonisierten Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft. Die nationalen und provinzialen Verwaltungen in China haben bereits begonnen, sich mit der Frage der Energiewende hin zu einem kohlenstoffarmen System zu befassen, aber auf regionaler Ebene liegen noch keine langfristigen integrierten Übergangspläne vor. In dieser Arbeit konzentriere ich mich daher auf zwei Metropolregionen Ostchinas (Peking-Tianjin-Hebei-Region im Norden und Yangtse-Delta-Region im Süden) mit hohem Energieverbrauch und damit verbundenen CO2-Emissionen. Die Analyse beginnt mit den wichtigsten Herausforderungen, denen sich die Regionen im Hinblick auf die Energiewende und die bestehenden energiepolitischen Pläne auf verschiedenen Verwaltungsebenen gegenübersehen. Die Überprüfung zeigt, dass die derzeitige Politik in Bezug auf die Kopplung der Sektoren und die regionale Integration eher kurzfristig und schwach ist. Da sich in China die wirtschaftlichen Aktivitäten und die Bevölkerung auf die östlichen Küstenregionen konzentrieren, während sich die erneuerbaren Energiequellen auf die westlichen Binnenregionen konzentrieren, müssen bei der Modellierung langfristiger integrierter Energiesysteme spezifische regionale Herausforderungen und Bedingungen berücksichtigt werden. In meiner Arbeit werden daher drei Szenarien konstruiert, nämlich das aktuelle politische Szenario (CPS), das Erdgas- und Nuklearszenario (NGNS) und das erneuerbare und importierte Szenario (RIS), die auf einem normativen Storyline- und Modellierungsansatz basieren. Die Szenarioanalyse zeigt, dass die regionalen CO2-Emissionen in allen Sektoren erheblich reduziert werden könnten, indem die Wirtschaftsstruktur angepasst, Effizienzmaßnahmen umgesetzt, Kohle und Öl ersetzt und die sektorübergreifende Elektrifizierung durch verbesserte Stromimportkapazitäten unterstützt werden. Aufgrund der massiven Elektrifizierung bleiben die CO2-Emissionen in beiden Regionen hauptsächlich bei der Gasverbrennung im Stromsektor. Der Szenariovergleich liefert Einblicke in die Anforderungen der Energiewende hinsichtlich der Implementierung neuer Technologien und deren Auswirkungen. Somit kann es als Grundlage für die Ableitung politischer Strategien aus einer langfristigen Perspektive dienen, um den Übergangsprozess in Metropolregionen sowohl von der Angebots- als auch von der Nachfrageseite weiter zu gestalten. Um die Importoptionen aus erneuerbarem Strom für die Metropolregionen zu analysieren, ich konzentriere mich eine Fallstudie auf die Region Peking-Tianjin-Hebei mit der Inneren Mongolei als Versorgungsregion. Hauptforschungsfragen sind, wie eine überwiegend erneuerbare Energieversorgung implementiert werden kann und welche Anteile lokal verfügbarer oder importierter erneuerbarer Ressourcen genutzt werden können. Basierend auf dem erneuerbaren und importierten Szenario (RIS) werden die zukünftigen Stromversorgungssysteme anhand des am DLR entwickelten REMix-Energiesystemmodells weiter analysiert, das einen kostenminimierenden Algorithmus verwendet. Zeitlich und räumlich aufgelöste Lastprofile sowie variable Wind- und Sonnenenergieerzeugung sind die wichtigsten Eingangsdaten. Eine Sensitivitätsanalyse für Schlüsselparameter liefert wichtige Informationen zur Robustheit und den Wechselwirkungen bei der Modellierung. Die Ergebnisse liefern Einblicke in die Infrastrukturanforderungen wie Speicher und Netzausbau. Die obige modellbasierte Szenarioanalyse hängt von einer Reihe wichtiger Annahmen ab und führt hauptsächlich aus Systemsicht zu Schlussfolgerungen. Es zeigt, dass die östlichen Metropolregionen größtenteils zu angemessenen Kosten mit importiertem Strom aus Onshore-Wind- und Solarkraftwerken im Westen versorgt werden könnten. Regionale Koordination und Governance, die Errichtung von Energie- und Kohlenstoffmärkten sind daher entscheidende Faktoren für erfolgreiche Energiewendeprozesse auf verschiedenen Verwaltungsebenen. Die regional integrierte Modellierung des Energiesystems kann die Entscheidungsfindung bei der Implementierung neuer Technologien und Infrastrukturoptionen für Metropolregionen unterstützen, um die langfristigen Klimaziele zu erreichen.

The content of the mandates for UN peacekeeping operations (PKO) has not changed over the last 20 years and based on three key principles: consent, impartiality and restrictions on the use of force. At the same time, the forms of their holding have undergone significant changes and have the following features: multidisciplinary, complex, integrated, combined, centralized. Such missions are called "hybrid".The purpose of the article is to analyze the hybrid forms of conducting UN peacekeeping operations.The goal of hybrid missions is to achieve political goals, not military ones. To this end, a politically complex cooperation agreement is concluded in advance between two or more security organizations that provide resources for the peacekeeping mission; management, both at the military-political level and operational for all organizations and forces participating in the mission, is carried out from a single center (headquarters), ensures the preservation of the individuality of organizations involved in the conflict. Such features provide a higher level of integration of strategic and operational resources.However, hybrid missions can also have negative consequences: enabling individual states to interfere in the internal affairs of their former satellites, especially against unpopular governments, using conflicting international legal norms of aggression and intervention, to become a "cover" to advance the interests of influential local and external actors through an international mandate. Although equal cooperation between the UN and regional organizations seems effective at this stage, it will not necessarily be effective in maintaining peace and security in other parts of the world.Thus, PKOs have been transformed from a tool for mitigating the intensity of military conflict and facilitating the resolution of conflicts between states by deploying unarmed or lightly armed military personnel under UN command on the line of contact between hostile parties (traditional peacekeeping) into hybrid peacekeeping operations to reach peace agreements between the main actors in the conflict. The new hybrid form of UN missions includes multi-level integration and interaction, and has more political influence over the parties to the conflict. This is a real success of the hybrid model, and it is unlikely that an alternative will be found, despite the difficulties in its planning and management, and less than expected, the probability of success. Therefore, the number of hybrid PKO is likely to increase in the future. ; Содержание мандатов на проведение миротворческих операций ООН за последние 20 лет практически не изменился и опирается на три ключевых принципа: согласие, беспристрастность и ограничения в применении силы. В то же время формы их проведения претерпели значительные изменения и стали многопрофильными, комплексными, интегрированными, комбинированными, централизованными, которые получили название "гибридных".Целью статьи является анализ гибридных форм проведения миротворческих операций ООН.Целью гибридных миссий является достижение политических целей, а не военных. Для этого заблаговременно заключается сложное с политической точки зрения соглашение на сотрудничество между двумя или более организациями по безопасности, которые предоставляют ресурсы, обеспечивающие управление и участвуют в миссии. Такой подход обеспечивает более высокий уровень интеграции стратегических и оперативных ресурсов.Вместе с тем, гибридные миссии могут иметь и негативные последствия: предоставлять возможности отдельным государствам для вмешательства во внутренние дела своих бывших сателлитов, особенно против непопулярных правительств, используя противоречивые международно-правовые нормы агрессии и вмешательства; стать "прикрытием" для продвижения интересов влиятельных местных и внешних действующих лиц с помощью международного мандата. Хотя равноправное сотрудничество между ООН и региональными организациями на текущем этапе кажется результативным, оно не обязательно станет эффективным для поддержания мира и безопасности в других регионах мира.Таким образом, миротворческие операции трансформировались из инструмента снижения интенсивности военного конфликта и содействия разрешению конфликтов между государствами, которое достигалось путем развертывания невооруженного или легко вооруженного военного персонала под командованием ООН на линии соприкосновения между враждующими сторонами (традиционное поддержанию мира), в гибридные миротворческие миссии, которые осуществляют многопрофильные операции, направленные на достижение мирных соглашений между главными действующими лицами конфликта. Новая гибридная форма миссий ООН включает многоуровневую интеграцию и взаимодействие, имеет больше политического влияния на субъекты конфликта. Это реальный успех гибридной модели, и маловероятно, что ей будет найдена альтернатива, несмотря на сложности в ее планировании и организации управления, и меньше, чем ожидаемая, вероятность успеха. Поэтому количество гибридных миротворческих операций, скорее всего, будет расти в будущем. ; Зміст мандатів на проведення миротворчих операцій ООН за останні 20 років практично не змінився і спирається на три ключові принципи: згода, неупередженість і обмеження у застосуванні сили. В той же час форми їх проведення зазнали значних змін та стали багатопрофільними, комплексними, інтегрованими, комбінованими, централізованими, які отримали назву "гібридних".Метою статті є аналіз гібридних форм проведення миротворчих операцій ООН.Метою гібридних місій є досягнення політичних цілей, а не воєнних. Для цього завчасно укладається складна з політичної точки зору угода на співпрацю між двома або більше організаціями з безпеки, які надають ресурси, забезпечують управління і приймають участь в місії. Такий підхід забезпечує вищий рівень інтеграції стратегічних і оперативних ресурсів.Разом з тим, гібридні місії можуть мати і негативні наслідки: надавати можливості окремим державам для втручання у внутрішні справи своїх колишніх сателітів, особливо проти непопулярних урядів, використовуючи суперечливі міжнародно-правові норми агресії і втручання, стати "прикриттям" для просування інтересів впливових місцевих і зовнішніх дійових осіб за допомогою міжнародного мандату. Хоча рівноправне співробітництво між ООН і регіональними організаціями на поточному етапі здається результативним, воно не обов'язково стане ефективним для підтримання миру і безпеки в інших регіонах світу.Таким чином, миротворчі операції трансформувалися з інструменту послаблення інтенсивності воєнного конфлікту і сприяння вирішенню конфліктів між державами шляхом розгортання неозброєного або легко озброєного воєнного персоналу під командуванням ООН на лінії зіткнення між ворогуючими сторонами (традиційне підтримання миру) в гібридні миротворчі місії, які здійснюють багатопрофільні операції та спрямовані на досягнення мирних угод між головними дійовими особами конфлікту. Нова гібридна форма місій ООН включає багаторівневу інтеграцію і взаємодію, має більше політичного впливу на суб'єкти конфлікту. Це реальний успіх гібридної моделі, і малоймовірно, що їй буде найдена альтернатива, незважаючи на складнощі у її плануванні та організації управління, і меншу, ніж очікувана, ймовірність успіху. Тому кількість гібридних миротворчих операцій, швидше за все, буде зростати в майбутньому.

Introduction. Currently, internationalisation is a priority for the development of higher education, as an institutional component of its academic functioning, both in terms of ensuring the quality of education, and in connection with the implementation of a multi-level integration agenda, in which a modern university is involved. In order to increase the effectiveness of the international dimension of higher education, it remains necessary to clarify a number of theoretical and fundamental questions, among them one of the most important is the problem of the institutional conditions of the academic environment that contribute to the emergence of internationalisation. Mass higher education can be found as fundamental condition and in that relation the clarification of the interrelations between massification and internationalisation of higher education can expand the theoretical understanding of current processes in higher education, providing the necessary theoretical framework for further applied research. The aim of the present article is to investigate the interrelations between the massification and internationalisation of higher education in order to clarify the institutional conditions that contribute to the development of the international dimension of the modern university. Methodology and research methods. The methodological framework of this research involves socio-philosophical tools. In particular, the research is based on a retrospective analysis and philosophical deconstruction of the socio-historical transition of higher education from elite to mass model. Both statistical data and analytical materials on the national conditions of transition to mass higher education are used to investigate the issue. Results. The massification of the higher school became reality due to the historical development of social systems, representing the further evolution of global higher education. Acting as a source of society's emancipation and democratisation, the massification of higher education ensured the reorientation of universities from upbringing needs (ideology) to professional competence (economics). Meanwhile, mass higher education is considered to be the reason of destruction of the imperialist agenda, including the problem of alienated labour. Institutionally, the massification of higher education has become possible due the state-private cooperation. The implementation of this cooperation requires two options: 1) via government subsidies to private higher education, 2) via private investments into public higher education. Mass higher education is an institutional factor of internationalisation development: 1) it creates a need to improve the quality of education; 2) it acts as an instrument of the international integration. Scientific novelty. The connection between mass education and internationalisation of higher education has been found. Mass higher education acts as an institutional factor in the formation of academic demand for the development of internationalisation processes: 1) forming the need to improve the quality of education; 2) acting as one of the tools for implementing the integration agenda. The absence of processes of massification and internationalisation in the modern system of higher education may indicate on fundamental barriers in the national development of a particular state. Practical significance. The results obtained will contribute to further fundamental research in the fields of philosophy and sociology of education. Moreover, the present findings could be applied as a theoretical basis for further practical research on modern processes of higher education development. ; Введение. В настоящее время интернационализация выступает приоритетом развития высшего образования в качестве институциональной составляющей его академического функционирования как с точки зрения обеспечения качества образования, так и в связи с реализацией многоуровневой интеграционной повестки, в которую вовлечен современный университет. В целях повышения эффективности международного измерения высшего образования необходимо прояснить ряд теоретико-фундаментальных вопросов, среди которых один из наиболее важных - проблема институциональных условий академической среды, способствующих возникновению интернационализации. Фундаментальным условием может выступать массовая высшая школа, в связи с чем прояснение взаимозависимостей между массовизацией и интернационализацией высшего образования позволит расширить теоретическое понимание его актуальных процессов, предоставив необходимый исследовательский каркас для дальнейших прикладных изысканий. Целью данной работы является исследование взаимозависимости между массовизацией и интернационализацией высшего образования для уточнения институциональных условий, способствующих развитию международного измерения современного университета. Методология и методика исследования. С точки зрения методологического аппарата данного исследования избран социально-философский инструментарий. В частности, работа основана на ретроспективном анализе и философской деконструкции социально-исторического перехода высшей школы от элитарной модели к массовой. В качестве исследуемого материала выступают работы, содержащие как статистические, так и аналитические данные относительно национальных условий перехода к массовой высшей школе. Результаты исследования. Массовизация высшей школы обусловлена эволюцией исторического развития социальных систем и является составной частью дальнейшего развития всемирного высшего образования. Выступая одним из источников эмансипации и демократизации общества, массовое высшее образование обеспечило переориентацию университетов с воспитательных нужд на нужды компетенций, тем самым став спутником разрушения империалистической повестки, включая снятие проблемы отчужденного труда. Институционально массовизация высшего образования стала возможной за счет объединения ресурсов государства и частного сектора. Оно имеет два варианта реализации: 1) за счет государственных субсидий в частное высшее образование; 2) за счет частных инвестиций в государственное высшее образование. Массовое высшее образование выступает институциональным фактором развития интернационализации: 1) формирует потребность в совершенствовании качества образования; 2) выступает инструментом имплементации интеграционной повестки. Научная новизна. Установлена связь между массовизацией и интернационализацией высшего образования: массовое высшее образование выступает институциональным фактором формирования академического запроса на развитие процессов интернационализации: 1) формируя потребность в совершенствовании качества образования; 2) выступая одним из инструментов реализации интеграционной повестки. Отсутствие процессов массовизации и интернационализации в современной системе высшего образования может свидетельствовать о фундаментальных барьерах в национальном развитии того или иного государства. Практическая значимость. Полученные результаты поспособствуют проведению дальнейших фундаментальных изысканий в философии и социологии образования, а также могут быть использованы в качестве теоретической основы для реализации практических исследований относительно современных процессов развития высшего образования. ; The article was prepared in the framework of the five-year working plan of the Sino-Belarusian Research Center of Philosophy and Culture at Lingnan Normal University. ; Статья выполнена в рамках реализации пятилетнего плана работы Белорусско-китайского исследовательского центра философии и культуры Линнаньского педагогического университета.

As the world continues to urbanize, some cities are fast becoming the focal point of the global economy. These cities are competing to attract talent and investment, deemed necessary for their growth on a global scale. The organization of these flows of financial and human capital has resulted in the constitution of a network of global cities whose power has transcended their national borders.It is in this competitive context, and under the "futuristic vision" of its Ruler, that Dubai has striven to become a leading city and a global key player since the turn of the 21st century, far from the oil economy image usually associated with Gulf cities. This competitive vision has resulted in the completion of a series of mega real estate and infrastructure projects fueled by a synergistic relationship between global and local powers in a particular historical and geographic context. Dubai's ruling elite has invested in an entrepreneurial strategy to promote the city, representing its ultra-capitalist economic vision but at the same time producing a rather fragile and complex urban environment to manage. Thus, the urban development of the city is overtaken by its economic development based on real estate, mass tourism and services, leading to a strong socio-spatial polarization between its different social groups and, inevitably, to its fragmentation, making Dubai a series of cities within the city.However, if Dubai has worked itself onto the global trade network through its infrastructure projects, in particular its Jebel Ali port and its international airport, it seems that the emirate has not yet mastered all the required elements for it to access the club of global cities. In fact, Dubai continues to attract an unskilled labor force as well as a large Arab population seeking refuge from the political and economic instability of their home countries. The same goes for its human capital. The emirate continues to build its economy and reputation by importing knowledge and expertise instead of investing in its core components, namely higher education and research. Thus, this land of freedom for "starchitects" and urban development professionals coupled with the abundance of financial resources of its ruling elite facilitates the "spectacularizing" of real estate megaprojects, which have become symbols of a semblance of urban policies outcomes.The apparent success of Dubai's urban development model, driven by the transnational circulation of knowledge and urban policies, continues to inspire other cities, especially in the Arab world. Yet this model, seen as a simple investment tool, underpins a number of multi-scaled geopolitical objectives. It acts, primarily, as a tool for marketing the emirate beyond its mere status as an oil state. It also aims to support certain Arab political regimes to strengthen the growing role of the United Arab Emirates in the power politics of the Middle East. Lastly, it serves as a soft power tool to facilitate the acceptance of its ruling elite as the vanguard of knowledge on a global scale ; Alors que le monde continue à s'urbaniser, certaines villes deviennent les points de convergence de l'économie mondiale. Ces dernières se font désormais la concurrence pour attirer talents et investissements, jugés nécessaires à leur essor à l'échelle mondiale. Cette organisation de ces flux de capitaux financiers et humains a abouti à la constitution d'un réseau de villes globales dont leur pouvoir a dépassé leurs frontières nationales.C'est dans ce contexte concurrentiel et sous la « vision futuriste » de son souverain, que Dubaï s'est efforcée de devenir une ville de premier rang et un joueur incontournable sur la scène mondiale depuis le début du 21ème siècle loin de son image de ville pétrolière habituellement associée aux villes du Golfe. Cette vision compétitive s'est traduite par la réalisation d'une série de projets immobiliers et d'infrastructure démesurés alimentée par une relation synergique entre forces mondiales et locales dans un contexte historique et géographique assez particulier. L'élite dirigeante de Dubaï s'est investie dans une stratégie de promotion entrepreneuriale de la ville représentant sa vision économique ultra-capitaliste mais en même temps produisant un environnement urbain assez fragile et complexe au niveau de sa gestion. Ainsi, le développement urbain de la ville finit par être dépassé par son développement économique reposant sur l'immobilier, le tourisme de masse et les services, conduisant à une forte polarisation socio-spatiale entre ses différents groupes sociaux et, inévitablement, à sa fragmentation, faisant de Dubaï une série de villes dans la ville.Mais si Dubaï s'est forcée sur le réseau mondial d'échange à travers ses projets d'infrastructure, notamment son port de Jebel Ali et son aéroport international, il nous semble que l'émirat n'a pas encore maitrisé tous les éléments nécessaires pour son accès au club fermé des villes globales. En effet, Dubaï continue à attirer une main d'œuvre peu qualifiée ainsi qu'une population Arabe à la recherche d'un refuge loin de l'instabilité politico-économique de leur pays d'origine. De même pour ce qui est de son capital humain. L'émirat continue à construire son économie et sa renommée par l'importation de la connaissance et de l'expertise au lieu d'investir dans ses composantes de base, à savoir, l'enseignement supérieur et la recherche. Ainsi, cette terre de liberté pour les « starchitectes » et les professionnels du développement urbain couplée à l'abondance des ressources financières de son élite dirigeante facilitent la mise en spectacle des mégaprojets immobiliers, devenus symboles d'un semblant de résultats de politiques urbaines.Enfin, le succès apparent de ce modèle de développement urbain à Dubaï conduit par la diffusion transnationale de la connaissance et des politiques urbaines continue à inspirer d'autres villes, notamment dans le monde Arabe. Pourtant, ce modèle, aperçu comme un simple outil d'investissement, sous-tend des objectifs géopolitiques à plusieurs échelles. Il agit, principalement, comme un outil de commercialisation de l'émirat au-delà de son simple statut d'État pétrolier. Il vise également à soutenir certains régimes politiques arabes renforçant le rôle grandissant des Émirats arabes unis dans la politique des puissances au Moyen-Orient. Enfin, il sert d'outil de puissance douce facilitant l'acceptation de son élite dirigeante comme avant-gardiste de la connaissance à l'échelle mondiale