Suchergebnisse

Le deuxième Congrès international des écrivains pour la défense de la culture s'est ouvert le 4 juillet 1937 dans la salle des séances de la mairie de Valence, alors capitale de la République. Organisé conjointement par le ministère de l'Instruction publique et des Beaux-Arts du gouvernement républicain et par l'Alliance des intellectuels pour la défense de la culture, il s'est également déroulé à Madrid, Barcelone et Paris. Ce Congrès, résolument antifasciste, a constitué l'acte de propagande le plus spectaculaire organisé par le gouvernement républicain pendant la guerre civile espagnole et a eu un grand impact médiatique à l'échelle internationale. Il a d'autre part permis aux intellectuels du monde entier d'exprimer leur solidarité envers le gouvernement de Front populaire de la République espagnole, victorieux lors des élections démocratiques de février 1936 mais victime du coup d'État mené par le général Franco avec l'aide du fascisme international.

The article deals with the interconnected issues of tax "burden" and international tax competition. Author bases his argumentation vis'a vis these issues on holistic assumptions, namely on the postulates that the public sector is part of the economy and that taxes are not simply a burden laid down on the private sector, but the source of investment in the production (procurement) of public goods. Furthermore, author stresses that for more than a century one can follow the tendency of the increasing share of tax revenues in the national product, the so-called as Wagner's law.In recent decades, another - international-factor of fiscal policy is playing an increasingly importan role. This is tax competition among national states. This factor poses threat to tax bases of sovereign countries and leads, as some assume, to the appearance of tax havens, tax poaching, race-to-the botton, social dumping and other negative phenomenan which distort the natural course of economic development. This trend is supported by power centers which pursue the individualistic economic strategy and base their perception of economy on the premises of methodological individualismSome other power centers, institutions, on the other hand, resist this tendency as harmful to the global welfare. The United Nations, OECD and partly EU assert that international harmonization in the field of taxation could be conductive to economic growth and prosperity of mankind. ; Straipsnyje nagrinėjami tokie kontroversiški teoriniai viešųjų finansų klausimai - mokesčių krūvis ir tarptautinė mokesčių konkurencija. Jame remiantis holistine paradigma pateikiami argumentai, parodantys, kad, sprendžiant viešųjų šalies finansų problemas, reikėtų atsisakyti požiūrio, jog viešasis sektorius nepriklauso ekonomikai ir todėl jo finansavimas yra "grynoji" našta ekonomikai. Taip pat iš holistinių pozicijų analizuojamas preferencinių mokesčių sistemų ir mokesčių rojų klausimas.

AbstractMost Polish historians have misinterpreted Poland's international situation during the general "Eastern Crisis" of 1787-1791, which coincided with the period of great internal Polish political development during the Four-Year Diet of 1788-1792, whose work was crowned with the declaration of the May Third Constitution of 1791. Among Polish historians only Szymon Askenazy, and among foreigners only the American, Robert Howard Lord, fully understood the situation and interpreted it in conformity with the facts, although many important developments were unknown when they wrote on this theme. The purpose of this study is to re-interpret many facts of Poland's international situation during the Eastern Crisis, while also offering a new approach to the problem on the basis of many new documents unavailable until now. Although my interpretation runs contrary to the opinions of most Polish historians, extensive research in Polish as well as foreign archives supports it under close examination. The most important point I wish to make is that Poland's general situation in the years preceding the Second Partition of 1793 was not as hopeless as has generally been considered, and there were opportunities for the country to avoid the mortal blows of 1792-1794. It is important to emphasize that almost all the facts concerning Poland's international position at the end of the eighteenth century had been established by scholars before World War I. Rather than adding to this basic factual storehouse, further studies only interpreted or discussed them. But new research indicates that the basic facts were not at all well known, and hence the interpretations were overhasty. This is, therefore, a fresh attempt to show one important aspect of Poland's chances during this period in the light of considerable new material.

Abstract. In this study, the assessment of the 2nd Sarajevo International Conference of Social Sciences: EU Integration and Balkan Countries held in Sarajevo will be evaluated.Keywords. Balkan Countries, European Union, Board of Directors' Quality, Public Health Expenditures Efficiency.JEL. D61, O52, M10.

Why does the modern world food system fail to adequately feed some 800 million people?" This and other topics will be addressed during the 21st annual international World Food Day Teleconference, entitled "The Politics of Hunger: What's at Stake?

Introduction -- Theory overview -- Evolution of climate change politics and policies -- Pre-World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) -- Germany and the European Union -- WSSD and COP8 -- Actions outside of WSSD and COP8 -- Conclusion