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"The radicalization of Pakistan's army and its links with worldwide terrorist organizations over the last 70 years, poses a grave danger to the country's nuclear installations in terms of insider attacks. The spectrum of rogue and radicalized elements range from military officers to employees of Strategic Planning Division and officers of nuclear force. The author of this book helps the reader understand Pakistan's nuclear program and its threat of falling into hands of rogue elements.".

1. The Druze and the Lebanese state : a complex dialectic -- 2. Lebanon from mandatory rule to the independence era : the Druze in the center of the storm -- 3. Lebanon under the shadow of revolution : the Druze and the first civil war -- 4. In the shadow of Chehabism : between cooptation and radicalization -- 5. End of the race : the second civil war -- 6. The confessionalism tangle -- 7. The struggle over Lebanon's history : selected matters of the Druze historiography.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction: Rituals, Identities, and Politics -- 1. The Circumcision Questions in the German-Speaking Lands, 1843-1857 -- 2. German Unification, Emancipation, and the "Ritual Questions" -- 3. The Radicalization of the Ritual Questions, 1880-1916 -- 4. "The Disgrace of Our Century!" Circumcision, Kosher Butchering, and Modern German Politics -- 5. The Schachtfragen and Jewish Political Behavior -- 6. A "Renaissance" for the Ritual Questions? The Ritual Debates of the Weimar Republic -- Epilogue -- Bibliography -- Index

""Contents""; ""List of Illustrations""; ""List of Tables""; ""Preface""; ""Acknowledgments""; ""Introduction: Of Memory and Mirrors""; ""1. The Conceptual Framework: Nation-States and the Politics and Identity of Exiles""; ""2. El Exilio: National Security Interests and the Origins of the Cuban Exile Enclave""; ""3. The 1960s: Entrance, Backlash, and Resettlement Programs""; ""4. The 1970s: Pluralization, Radicalization, and Homeland""; ""5. The 1980s: Entering Mainstream Politics""; ""6. Cuban Exile Politics at the End of the Cold War

In recent years the Baloch national movement has undergone a sea change. The dismantling of rudimentary representative institutions by the military regime of Pakistan's president, General Pervez Musharraf, set off a process of radicalization of Baloch nationalism. The excessive reliance on a coercive state apparatus has not only alienated the moderate nationalists but also increased the popularity of a separatist creed. This article argues that aggressive resource exploitation and state repression is pushing Balochs toward secession.

This is the fifth post in the blog series "Movements and Institutions". The article traces a formalization process within the Interventionist Left (IL). Against theoretical expectations that would assume a de-radicalization of aims and repertoires of protest, we find that due to the network's multi-track strategy, and the claim to radicalize existing social debates, the IL did not de-radicalize despite a formalization process and a partial integration into established systems.

Post-Soviet Azerbaijan has been moving through a process of Islamic revival for more than two decades. This revival in itself has not been a homogenous process, having its ups and downs, changing dynamics and multi-dimensional characteristics. Radicalization, sectarianism and state-civil society-religious relations are the issues at stake. A recent trend of more control over faith-based activism with ongoing marginalization along sectarian lines is a problem that must be addressed.

While cadres of professionals have been mobilized and trained to engage with the violent extremist threat in the North Caucasus, families - those closest to the vulnerable people countering violent adicalization (CVE) work tries so hard to reach - have been ignored, blamed, and left to navigate perhaps the most difficult moment of their lives alone. This article identifies what makes families unique in their capacity to influence loved ones, addresses some common misconceptions about their role in the radicalization process, and highlights some potential challenges of family involvement in CVE. The article draws on empirical evidence from various international studies and programs and analyzes its applicability in the North Caucasus context.

Chapter 1. Introduction -- Part I: Conceptualizing Peace and War -- Chapter 2. Representing and Feeling Conflict: Lessons for Building Peace -- Chapter 3. Religions and Violence -- Chapter 4. The Notion of Unity in Russian Thought and Its Implications for Peaceful Coexistence -- Chapter 5. Peace with the Future. How Narratives of the Anthropocene Form Relational Concepts of Peace -- Chapter 6. Hermeneutical and Exegetical Approaches to the Concepts of Peace and Violence in the Qur'ān -- Chapter 7. War and Peace Through a Feminist Lens: The Need for a Gender-Responsive, Humanitarian Approach for 'Conflict Resolutions' and 'Peace Processes' -- Part II: Examples of War and Peacebuilding -- Chapter 8. New Approaches within the Peace Mission in Africa Using the Example of Uganda -- Chapter 9. Mohammed Merah and the Birth of Post-Modern Jihadism: The Genesis of Merah's Jihadist Extremism as a Rupture and its Effects on the French Society -- Chapter 10. War and Peace in the Understanding of Turkish Politics -- Chapter 11. Victim or Perpetrator? Child Returnees´ Perceptions of Peace and War -- Chapter 12. Women, Minors and Families Affiliated with Terrorist Groups: Reintegration and Peacebuilding in Morocco -- Chapter 13. The Meaning of War and Peace in Jihadist Online Radicalization -- Chapter 14. 'I Need You As My Foe'. A Practical Perspective on the Need of Having Enemies in the Process of Radicalization.

Even before the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Central Region faced numerous obstacles to building a stable and prosperous future. The region, which encompasses the Middle East, the Horn of Africa, Central Asia, and South Asia, has been plagued by economic and political uncertainty amidst dramatic shifts in the global power structure. With the pandemic now exacerbating the volatility in this already fragile region, the U.S.'s strategic objectives are rife for re-examination. A complicated stew of factors such as weakening of established governance systems, the emboldening of extremist individuals and groups through advances in digital technology, the humanitarian crises in Afghanistan and Syria, and the intensification of the great power competition with China and Russia are creating a fertile environment for the growth of violent extremist organizations (VEOs). Such organizations take advantage of vulnerable, aggrieved, and traumatized populations to fuel radicalization, recruitment, and unrest, which further undermine stability and the potential for peace and prosperity. While it is still early to fully understand how the ongoing response to the COVID-19 pandemic will impact U.S. policy, this book provides a timely analysis of relevant dynamics such as popular radicalization, digital information ecosystems, networks of influence, and new capabilities to recognize and prepare for other such black swan events in the region.

Intro -- HOMEGROWN TERROR AND AMERICAN JIHADISTS: ADDRESSING THE THREAT -- HOMEGROWN TERROR AND AMERICAN JIHADISTS: ADDRESSING THE THREAT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 AMERICAN JIHADIST TERRORISM: COMBATING A COMPLEX THREAT -- SUMMARY -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- Homegrown Jihadi Terrorists: the Problem -- How Do People Become Violent Jihadists? -- Analysis of Homegrown Jihadist Plots -- Combating Homegrown Violent Jihadists -- Preventive Policing -- Untitled -- Investigative Approaches -- Trust and Partnership -- Balancing Security and Liberty -- Issues for Congress -- INTRODUCTION -- HOMEGROWN VIOLENT JIHADISTS -- Shortcomings and Strengths -- RADICALIZATION AND VIOLENT EXTREMISM -- From Radicalization to Violent Extremism -- Forces and Factors in the Forging of Terrorists -- Intermediaries -- Social Networks -- Intermediaries within Networks -- Jihadi Cool -- The Internet -- Jailhouse Jihadism -- OVERVIEW OF POST 9/11 HOMEGROWN JIHADIST TERRORISM PLOTS AND ATTACKS -- Overarching Themes -- A Variety of Endgames -- Foreign Fighters -- Explosives and Firearms -- Multiple, Unclear, or Unique Tactics -- Material Support -- Little Stomach for Suicide or Martyrdom -- The Success of Lone Wolves -- Varied Capabilities -- COMBATING HOMEGROWN TERRORISM: ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES -- Intelligence Approaches -- Preventive Policing -- Detecting the Shift from Radical to Violent Jihadist -- The Role of State and Local Law Enforcement -- Investigative Approaches -- The Capone Approach -- Agent Provocateur Cases -- The ―Bind‖ for Law Enforcement -- Newburgh Four -- Liberty City Seven -- COMBATING HOMEGROWN TERRORISM: BUILDING TRUST AND PARTNERSHIP -- Engagement with Communities -- Federal, State, and Local Government Activities -- Muslim Community Activities -- Risks and Challenges -- The Tension between Enforcement and Engagement Activities

Radicalization is currently one of the biggest social and security challenges. Nonetheless, the increase in arrests that has taken place the last years has moved the focus towards deradicalization and disengagement processes. In an attempt to converge academic knowledge on the topic, this article provides a literature review where relevant deradicalization, disengagement, and rehabilitation factors and models are identified and evaluated. Initially, the article will conceptualize deradicalization, understood as a social and psychological process in which individuals engaged actively in violent radicalization reduce their commitment to the cause, up to the point there is no risk of supporting and participating in violent activities. Then, it will differentiate disengagement as the process by which individuals change their role or function in a way that reduces their participation in violence. Afterwards, the main deradicalization push and pull factors will be analyzed, highlighting, on the one hand, disappointment with the strategy or actions of the radical group and, on the other hand, external relationships and family commitments. Subsequently, seven theoretical models from different disciplines are described, which explain disengagement, deradicalization and rehabilitation. Amongst the models, we find the six-phase disengagement trajectory, the investment model, the 3N model, the pro-integration model, the reinforcement loops model, the disengagement dynamics model, and the phoenix disengagement model. Finally, similarities and differences, and limitations of these models are discussed.

Since January 2019, Kazakhstan has been evacuating its citizens from the terrorism-affected area in Syria and Iraq. Yet, three years later, rehabilitation and reintegration proved ineffective especially in regards of women and children. The programme faces a number of obstacles, i.e. shortages of qualified professional personnel and underdevelopment of the indicators; capacity deficit in tackling domestic and financial problems of the repatriated persons; safety and stigmatization of the returned women. The article is focused on the shortcomings of the information and awareness-raising component of the programme. The content analysis of the materials from the printed and social media revealed the limitations of the measures aimed at repatriation and rehabilitation of the persons evacuated from the terrorism-affected areas who are still regarded as 'posing security threat' by ordinary people. Public condemnation and resentment have an anti-therapeutic effect and complicate reintegration of such women and children. Moreover, the findings of the expert survey indicate that the gender factor has been neglected and de-radicalization measures aimed at repatriated women - including so-called 'theological correction' - are similar to those applied while working with male inmates in the penitentiary facilities in Kazakhstan. These have also been proved ineffective. The author concludes that the acute shortcomings in the rehabilitation programme may result in re-radicalization of the repatriated women.

Most research in psychiatry on extremism focuses on the question whether there is a connection between extremism and psychiatric diagnoses. In addition, practitioners are increasingly asked to take part in programs aimed at preventing and countering violent extremism by assessing risk for radicalization. However, an issue that remains largely unaddressed is that the rise of the far right in many countries during the last years poses a challenge for psychiatric services as working with right-wing patients can be a source of conflict for practitioners and patients alike. In this article, we assert that the narrow conceptual scope on psychological vulnerabilities and the practical focus on risk assessment contribute to processes of psychiatrization and limit the scope of research on right-wing extremism in psychiatry. By giving a brief overview of social research into right-wing extremism, the article argues that right wing beliefs should not be conceptualized as an expression of psychological vulnerabilities but rather as attempts to deal with conflict-laden social reality. Thus, a shift of perspective in psychiatric research on extremism is needed. On a conceptional level, the scope needs to be broadened to grasp the interplay of individual and social factors in radicalization with sufficient complexity. On a practical level, it is necessary to further investigate challenges for practitioners and institutions working with right-wing extremist patients.

What drives some people to "perpetrate violence"? Why do others, by contrast, not perpetrate violence, even under the same conditions? Do all violent acts involve a radicalization or a dehumanization and degradation of civil relations between subjects, sometimes even between neighbors or even within the same family or community, be it ethnic or national? This special theme gathers contributions from many different geographical areas (mainly Morocco, Syria, Germany, and Rwanda) and from several disciplines (literature, political science, sociology, history) in order to offer keys to understanding the factors that trigger or accelerate the perpetration of violence, but also those that curb or limit it. The reader will also find exhaustive states of the art and case studies on different types of violence (riot, political, paramilitary, genocidal), leading to transversal theorizations that go well beyond dichotomies and old debates. For example, the authors discuss the "old" opposition between a situational and a procedural approach, embodied—not without artifice—by Browning and Goldhagen, or the necessary dehumanization of the enemy generally associated with the study of genocides. Another methodological choice with a strong epistemological implication consisted in not contrasting the recent theories on radicalization with those on extreme violence, and rejecting any obvious determinism between both moments, in order to avoid explaining the perpetration of violence in too facile a way.