Suchergebnisse

This study argues for concentrating the international community's involvement on a few achievable goals: * The structure of the international intervention should be more closely tailored to strategic goals. At the top of the list should be the creation of state structures (state-building). Longer-term nation-building goals should be left to the actors in the region. * Despite the minimization of the United Nations' involvement in Afghanistan ("light footprint" approach), there are now parallel lines of authority at all levels. In the medium term at least they weaken the central state and contradict the goal of state-building, so they must be dismantled wherever possible. * Nevertheless, the international community will need staying power. For decades, the shape and structure of the Afghan buffer state has been determined by the international system, while most Afghans managed without a state. There is no reason to assume that this historical rule will cease to apply precisely at a time when statehood is coming under pressure almost everywhere. Establishing functioning statehood in Afghanistan means assuming a significant portion of the responsibility and costs involved. * Existing instruments do not take sufficient account of the transnational character of the causes of conflict. These cannot be effectively counteracted through a country-specific approach to security and development. Forming a regional security community would also fit in with the limited nature of the international community's political, financial, and military involvement. (SWP-Research Papers / SWP)

The European Union began using accounting rules defined by an independent private sector regime as compulsory norms in 2005. Is the incorporation of these International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) into European law a viable solution to combine external technical expertise with principles of democratic governance? The current financial crisis has shown that the technical expertise of this standard-setting body alone does not sufficiently guarantee satisfactory policy outcomes: The pro-cyclical IFRS-accounting standards have come to be accused of exacerbating the extent of the financial write-offs, which cost an enormous amount of taxpayers' money. In consequence, these standards have lost their output legitimacy. Abandoning public competences and legitimate decision-making have not paid off. What does the global public do about this? As early as 2007 the three most important financial jurisdictions (U.S., EU, Japan) and the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) urged the IASC Foundation to alter its governance structure in order to enhance public accountability of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). How has the relationship of independent but widely influential standard-setters and public authorities developed? While public authorities (especially from the EU) bemoan a loss of public governance in accounting-policy the IASB shows little will to abandon obtained competencies. Public authorities rather have to act strategically in order to retrieve competences within the interwoven field of international financial regulation. The analysis has implications for regime theory, European governance and global political economy of financial regulations. ; Die Europäische Union nutzt seit den Jahr 2005 die Regeln eines unabhängigen privatrechtlichen Gremiums als verbindliche Normen. Bietet diese Übertragung der International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in das Europäische Recht einen geeigneten Weg, um vorhandene externe Expertise mit den Prinzipien demokratischer Governance zu vereinen? Die gegenwärtige Finanzkrise belegt, dass die technische Expertise eines Standardsetzungsgremiums alleine keine zufriedenstellenden policy-Ergebnisse garantiert: Den prozyklisch wirkenden IFRS-Rechnungslegungsregeln wird vorgeworfen, das Ausmaß der notwendigen Abschreibungen und damit die Kosten der Bankenrettung noch zusätzlich erhöht zu haben. In Folge dessen haben diese Standards ihre output-Legitimation verloren und die Abtretung der Regelungskompetenz in diesem Bereich seitens demokratisch legitimierter Institutionen hat sich nicht bewährt. Wie treten staatliche Institutionen diesem Problem gegenüber? Bereits im Jahre 2007 drängten die drei einflussreichsten Finanzmarkt-Jurisdiktionen (USA, EU und Japan) sowie die Internationale Organisation der Wertpapieraufsichtsbehörden (IOSCO) die IASC-Stiftung dazu ihre Governance-Struktur anzupassen, um dadurch Verantwortlichkeit des International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) gegenüber staatlichen Stellen zu verbessern. Wie haben sich nun die Beziehungen zwischen dem gleichermaßen unabhängigen wie einflussreichen Standardsetzungsgremium und staatlichen Autoritäten entwickelt? Durch die Finanzkrise wurde die Rolle des IASB zum Gegenstand hochrangiger Verhandlungen unter den G20-Mitgliedern. Während von staatlicher Seite (insbesondere von der EU) ein Steuerungsverlust in der Rechnungslegungspolitik beklagt wird, ist das IASB kaum dazu bereit bislang erlangte Kompetenzen aufzugeben. Vielmehr müssen staatliche Instanzen strategisch vorgehen, um innerhalb des stark verwobenen Geflechts von Zuständigkeiten auf dem Gebiet der internationalen Finanzmarktregulierung Steuerungskompetenzen zurückzuerlangen. Diese Analyse ist für die Regime-Theorie, die Fragen europäischer Governance und die politische Ökonomie der Finanzmarktregulierung von Bedeutung.

The International Criminal Court (ICC) was officially opened in The Hague on March 11, 2003, in a special ceremony attended by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands and United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan. Less than four years after the historic breakthrough by the Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries in Rome on July 17, 1998, the Statute of the ICC had entered into force on July 1, 2002. The required number of sixty ratifications, which is laid down in Article 126, paragraph 1 of the Rome Statute, was reached much faster than for other comparable multilateral treaties and faster than had been expected by the global public. Secretary-General Annan attracted widespread attention when he observed that July 1, 2002, was a decisive landmark in breaking with the cynical worldview of people like Joseph Stalin, who is alleged to have remarked that while "a single death is a tragedy, a million deaths is a statistic."

This book examines the need for greater legal coherence within international trade negotiations between the European Union (EU) and external trade relations. An introspective analysis of EU trade law and policy is presented that highlights the complex issue of EU unity. A particular focus is given to the Doha Round and the General Agreement on Trade in Services, with empirical analysis placing the negotiations not just within the context of international trade law, but also within broader social and political contexts. This book aims to provide an interdisciplinary understanding of the EU's international trade negotiations. It will be relevant to researchers and policy-makers interested in international trade and EU law. Rafael Leal-Arcas is Professor of Law at Alfaisal University (Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia).

The Organization of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has unique characteristics, apart from the legal systems in Southeast Asian countries that are different from one another, but also have different historical aspects. If ASEAN is compared to the European Union, which has the same legal vision, characteristics of society, and even a uniform financial system, ASEAN does not yet have this uniformity. This study aims to identify the legal personality for ASEAN as a subject of international law. This study looks at various theories and concepts regarding international organizations as subjects of international law. This study confirms that the basis for ASEAN legal personality as a subject of international law can be seen in the ASEAN Charter, however, this form of legal personality is still limited.

ناقشت هذه الورقة موضوع بالغ التعقيد والحساسية، يتعلق بالنظام النقدي الدولي، وأساسه القانوني؛ حيث تناولت قاعدة الذهب التي تشكلت من خلال التعاملات التجارية الدولية التي كانت تكريس للقواعد العرفية في هذا الجانب؛ ثم الترتيبات التي تم التوصل لها في مؤتمر "بريتون وودز" التي قرنت الدولار بالذهب، وتحوله في التعاملات اللاحقة إلى نظام يسيطر على التعامل فيه الدولار، الذي كان يفترض انه مغطى بالذهب، لكن تبين بعد إعلان الولايات المتحدة وقف مبادلة الدولارات بالذهب عام 1971، أن الولايات المتحدة طبعت من الدولار أكثر من ثلاثة أضعاف قيمة الذهب الموجود لديها، وانها اتجهت لحل مشكلتها إلى إعلان ما أطلق عليه نظام تعويم العملة، كنظام وصف بالفوضى النقدية الدولية، وبينت الورقة الازمات الاقتصادية والسياسية التي نجمت عن ذلك، وبين الواقع القانوني لهذا النظام الذي هو أقرب إلى فوضى محكومة لهيمنة الدولار، وقدمت أفكار لإعادة إنتاج نظام نقدي دولي عادل ومقبول. ; This paper discusses a highly complex and sensitive topic, related to the international monetary system, and its legal basic. It dealt with the gold standard that was formed through international commercial dealings, which was a dedication of customary rules in this aspect. Then I dealt with the arrangements reached at the "Bretton Woods" conference that linked the dollar to gold, and its transformation in subsequent dealings to a system in which the dollar is the dominant, which is supposed to be covered with gold. However, after the United States announced the cessation of exchanging dollars for gold in 1971, it became clear that the United States had printed more than three times the value of the gold it has. It also resorted to solve its problem by declaring what was called the floating currency system, as a system described as the international monetary anarchy. This paper shows the economic and political crises that resulted from this procedure issued by the United States. It also showed the legal reality of this system, which is closer to chaos governed by the hegemony of the dollar. Moreover, it offered ideas to reproduce a fair and acceptable international monetary system.

"This book provides an introduction to positivist-pluralist theories of international relations (IR) which emerged during the early-and mid-1950's along with Marxist political economics and non-Marxist economic theories of IR. This book is an in-depth critical study texts and literature which highlight IR's methodological pluralism even after it gained maturity. It examines how pluralist political status-quo and radical economic criticism coexist in discrete areas of the discipline. The book provides insights into key positivist liberal-pluralist theories, namely decision-making approaches, and theories of integration, regionalism, interdependence, and regime. It discusses the four political economic-economist and critical theories of Marxism, dependency, world systems, and international political economy. The book, as an advanced supplementary reader, will be of great interest to researchers and students of international relations, history, law and the multidisciplinary social scientific field of political economy"--

AbstractThis article seeks to shed some light on financing and supporting international trade with a particular focus on SMEs. The paper will look into the situation of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) countries vis‐à‐vis international trade. Then, the role of multilateral development banks (MDBs) in supporting international trade will be expounded, while the following section will focus on the experience of ITFC as the sole MDB fully dedicated to trade. Afterwards, the article will cover SMEs' state in today's world, and make the case of SME development through trade. Finally, a proposal for an innovative trade fund for SMEs will be put forward. The article will conclude with recommendations and proposals to reinforce and develop SMEs through trade for sustainable global social and economic prosperity.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is the first new major infectious disease of the 21st century following reports of cases of atypical pneumonia in Vietnam, Hong Kong, and China. By July 11 2003 8437 people had been effected by the disease. Within six months, 813 people died. SARS has spread rapidly across international borders resulting in significant morbidity, widespread public alarm, and economic loss. It is critical to assess the likelihood of similar occurrences and their possible impact on public health and economic performance. Therefore, the following study was carried out in order to analyze existing international guidelines and to elucidate policy diversity within 30 European countries. Results of this study should support international efforts to formulate effective strategies to combat against SARS.

Résumé Jusqu'à la deuxième guerre, l'activité des organisations internationales en matière de population était extrêmement restreinte. Il s'agissait surtout des migrations, étudiées par le Bureau international du Travail, des questions sanitaires et des questions statistiques (Société des Nations). Les conséquences des variations de population n'étaient guère étudiées qu'à l'échelle nationale ou par des organisations privées. Un important changement s'est produit après la fin de la guerre, marqué par une prise de conscience internationale des problèmes démographiques. Dans le n° 3 de Population 1959, MM. A. Sauvy et R. Pressat ont décrit l'activité des Nations Unies pour les questions de population. Depuis cette date, le champ des préoccupations s'est encore élargi. Mlle Elisabeth Garlot, chargée de mission à l'I.N.E.D., fait ici le point des changements intervenus.

Maģistra darba tēma - "Starptautiskās alimentu tiesības un to īstenošana". Maģistra darba mērķis - studējot tiesisko regulējumu, dažādus rakstus un viedokļus, juridisko/ekonomisko literatūru, apskatīt, izpētīt un iztirzāt šo aktuālo un līdz šim nepietiekami izpētīto tēmu, lai izprastu ar starptautisko alimentu tiesību saistītās nianses, kā arī noskaidrotu likumdošanas nepilnības un problēmas šajā jomā gan Latvijā, gan ārvalstīs, piedāvājot savus risinājuma mehānismus. Lai sasniegtu nosprausto darba mērķi, autore izvirzīja sekojošus uzdevumus – sniegt starptautisko alimentu tiesību vispārējo raksturojumu; izpētīt starptautisko alimentu tiesisko attiecību subjektus; apskatīt un izanalizēt starptautisku alimentu tiesību būtību un to īstenošanu gan Latvijā, gan ārvalstīs, kā arī to regulējumu un pilnveidošanas nozīmi starptautisko ģimenes tiesību jomā. Nospraustā mērķa sasniegšanai maģistra darbs veidots no četrām nodaļām. Pirmajā nodaļā apskatīts starptautisko alimentu tiesību vispārējs raksturojums, proti, apskatīta starptautisko alimentu būtība, starptautisko alimentu tiesību regulējošie normatīvie akti un uzturēšanas pienākums uz uztura līguma pamata. Otrā nodaļa veltīta starptautisko alimentu tiesisko attiecību subjektiem, t.i., alimentu piedziņai no vecākiem bērnu uzturēšanai, alimentu piedziņai no laulātā un / vai bijušā laulātā otram laulātajam iepriekšējā labklājības līmeņa vai uztura nodrošināšanai, alimentu piedziņai no citiem ģimenes locekļiem, alimentu uzturlīdzekļu piedziņai, kas rodas personisku aizskārumu rezultātā. Maģistra darba trešajā nodaļā apskatīta starptautisko alimentu maksāšanas un piedziņas kārtība, ja alimentu maksātājs dzīvo citā valstī un / vai alimentu maksātājs ir citas valsts pilsonis. Ceturtajā nodaļā izpētītas starptautisko alimentu saistību neizpildes sekas. Maģistra darba nobeigumā autore izvirzīja darba rakstīšanas gaitā aktualizējušos problēmjautājumus (secinājumus), kā arī piedāvāja savus priekšlikumus to risināšanai / novēršanai. Maģistra darbs sastāv no 113.lpp. un ir papildināts ar 3 shematiskiem attēliem. ; Аnnotation Theme master`s work - "International alimony rights and their implementation". The purpose master`s works - studying legal regulation, various clauses and opinions, the legal/economic literature to consider, study and disassemble this actual and till now insufficiently studied theme, with the purpose to understand nuances international alimony the rights, as well as to find out lacks of the legislation and a problem of the given branch as in Latvia, and abroad, offering the mechanisms of the decision. For achievement of an object in view of work the author puts forward following problems - to give a general characteristic international alimony the rights; to make studying subjects of legal relations international alimony the rights; to consider and analyse essence and realization international alimony the rights as in Latvia, and abroad, as well as regulation of the last and value of perfection in branch of the international family right. For achievement of an object in view master`s work consists of four sections. In the first section the general characteristic international alimony the rights is considered, i.e. the essence international alimony the rights, the statutory acts adjusting international alimony the right and a duty of the maintenance on the basis of the contract of the maintenance is considered. The second section is devoted to subjects of legal relations international alimony the rights, i.e. to collecting of the alimony from parents on the maintenance of children, to collecting of the alimony from the spouse and-or the former spouse in favour of the second spouse with the purpose of maintenance of the previous standard of well-being of the last, to collecting of the alimony from other members of family, to collecting of the alimony as a result of the personal insult. In the third section master`s works the order of payment and collecting of the alimony in international law if the payer of the alimony lives in other country is considered and-or the payer of the alimony is the citizen of other state. In the fourth section studying consequences of default from obligations in branch international alimony the rights is made. In summary master`s works the author puts forward satirized problem questions (conclusions) during a writing of work, as well as offers the offers for their decision of/prevention. Master`s work consists from 113 sheets and is added by 3 schematic displays.