Suchergebnisse

El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de abordar la temática educación y desarrollo, revisita brevemente la historia analizando las relaciones e interfaces de la educación con el desarrollo de una Nación, principalmente en las sociedades que sufrieron el impacto del desarrollo industrial, mediante revisión bibliográfica. En ese prisma, la educación no puede ser encarada sólo como medio transmisor de cultura alienada, sino que debe estar comprometida con la vida, con la existencia y constituir fuente de promoción del individuo y de la sociedad. Tales convicciones, asumidas conscientemente o no por la sociedad brasileña después de la revolución de 30, conducen a alteraciones sustanciales en el proyecto educacional brasileño. Las reformas ocurridas en la educación en los últimos años procuraron adecuarla a las exigencias de las nuevas relaciones sociales, de esa forma, tiene la escuela, en cuanto agencia de educación, papel preponderante en el proceso de desarrollo, representando al mismo tiempo, capital fijo y capital humano, instrumento y agente de desarrollo. No es fortuito el interés por la educación revelado en todos los momentos por organismos internacionales y responsables de los destinos de la Nación, y no es casualidad que una de las más importantes providencias en la reorganización del nuevo Estado brasileño después del 64 fue la reforma educacional, vinculándola definitivamente al proyecto de desarrollo nacional. Se propone como alternativa para mitigar los efectos maléficos del neoliberalismo una propuesta de educación que adopte los presupuestos del desarrollo local, idealizado como equilibrio de las fuerzas de la globalización, incluyendo los principios de la sustentabilidad como manera de mantener la vida en la Tierra ; The study in hand aims, by means of bibliographical revision, to approach the themes of education and development, briefly reviews the history of education, analyzing the relationships and interfaces of education with the development of a nation, mainly in the societies that have suffered the impact of industrial development. From this point of view, education cannot be seen only as a means of transmitting an alienated culture, but should be committed to life, to existence, and constitute a source for the promotion of the individual and of society. Such convictions, consciously assumed or not by Brazilian society after the revolution of the thirties, lead to substantial alterations in the Brazilian educational project. The reforms that have taken place in education in recent years sought to line up with the demands of new social relationships. In this way, the school as an agency of education has a preponderant role in the process of development, representing at the same time, fixed capital and human capital, instrument and agent of development. The interest for education revealed at all moments by international organisms and those responsible for the destinies of the Nation is not by chance, and it is not by chance either that one of the most important providences in the reorganization of the new Brazilian State following 1964 was educational reform, connecting it definitely to the project of national development. It is proposed that education be an alternative to alleviate the malignant effects of neoliberalism, a proposal of education that adopts the presuppositions of local development, idealized to bring equilibrium to the strengths of globalization, including the principles of sustainability as a way of maintaining life on the Earth. ; Le présent travail a pour objectif d´aborder la thématique liée à l´éducation et au développement, réviser brièvement l´histoire tout en analysant les rapports et les interfaces de l´éducation avec le développement d´une Nation, surtout dans les sociétés qui ont été affectées par l´impact du développement industriel, par le biais de la révision bibliographique. Dans ce contexte, l´éducation ne peut pas être vue seulement comme moyen de transmission de la culture aliénée, mais qu´elle doit être engagée pour la vie, pour la existence et constituer une source pour promouvoir l´individu et la société. Ces convictions, consciemment o non assumées par la société brésilienne depuis la révolution des années 30, conduisent aux altérations substantielles dans le projet d´éducation brésilien. Les réformes effectuées au niveau de l´éducation tout au long des dernières années ont cherché a répondre aux demandes de nouvelles relations sociales. De cette façon, l´école comme agent d´éducation, joue un rôle prépondérant dans le processus de développement, représentant en même temps, capital fixe et capital humain, instrument et agent de développement. L´intérêt pour l´éducation révélé à tout moment par les organisations internationales et qui sont responsables des destins de la Nation, n´est pas fortuit et ce n´est pas casualité le fait que l´une des plus importantes providences dans la réorganisation du Nouveau État brésilien depuis les années 64 a été la réforme d´éducation liée d´une manière définitive au projet de développement national. Pour mitiger les effets maléfiques du néolibéralisme, on propose comme alternative une éducation qui adopte les budgets du développement local, idéalisé comme équilibre des forces de la globalisation, y compris les principes de la durabilité comme façon de maintenir la vie sur la Terre.

This research focuses on post-war and post-crisis reconstruction youth issues. As part of a series of studies conducted on the West African region, specifically in Côte d'Ivoire, it is based on an ethnographic survey of young recruits commonly known as ex-combatants. Given the number of trajectories and social reintegration paths that unfold in different regions of the country, in selected places and times in the big city of Abidjan, this thesis is devoted to examining the pathways of young recruits (ex-combatants) residing in the former university cities of two large outlying suburbs of Abidjan (Abobo and Williamsville). It is from this perspectivethat the process of building their social reintegration, including the reintegration mechanisms put in place by the governing bodies to achieve this, form the subject of a critical review and in-depth analysis6. How to observe and interpret what happens when ex-combatants return to civilian life? How does s/he find normal social relations? What does this return to civilian life consist of? Is it a good way to think of this reintegration from four of the axes of sociability (work, family, neighborhood and citizenship) which, for us, collectively allow the ex-combatant to flourish in their reintegration. Following an analysis from "the bottom", that is to say through experiences, lifestyles and adjustments that lead them to adapt to particular situations, we willtry to trace their path from recruitment, the process of transformation into a soldier, to their life as ex-combatants and their use of devices for social reintegration. Each of the themes corresponds to a criterion and will be developed, to which we will add excerpts of interviews that support our analysis. We will ask ourselves about the unifying factors of our corpus, by setting out the criteria taken into account by all our informants. The successive analysis developed thus makes it possible to advance and test our hypothesis using the analytical framework of Michel Foucault - all the previous governmental and international measures which represent at the same time prolongation and generalization. We are witnessing the emergence of a new mode of postcrisis resocialization, specific to young recruits without a school qualification, from the poorestand most backward sections of the working classes. By means of post-crisis resocialization, we designate both a set of specific bodies, intended to ensure the social care of these fractions of young people and a set of activities based on the alternation between demilitarization / resocialization, training and to prepare them for the new conditions of the labor market resulting from the crisis. Each of the themes corresponds to one criterion and will be developed, to which we will add excerpts of interviews that will support our analysis. We will ask ourselves about the unifying factors of our corpus, by exposing the criteria taken into account by all our informants. ; Cette recherche porte sur les questions de jeunesse d'après-guerre et de reconstruction « post-crise ». S'inscrivant dans l'amorce d'un ensemble d'études menées sur le territoire Ouest-Africain, précisément en Côte d'Ivoire, elle s'appuie sur une enquête ethnographique conduite auprès de jeunes recrues communément appelées ex-combattants. Face au nombre de trajectoires et parcours de réinsertion sociale qui se dévoilent dans les différentes régions du pays, en des lieux et des temps choisis de la grande ville d'Abidjan, cette thèse est consacrée à celles suivies par des jeunes recrues (ex-combattants) résidant dans les anciennes cités universitaires de deux grandes banlieues périphériques d'Abidjan (Abobo et Williamsville). C'est sous cette optique que le processus de construction de leur réinsertion sociale y compris les dispositifs de réinsertion4 mis en place par les instances dirigeantes pour y parvenir, vont faire l'objet d'un examen critique et d'une analyse approfondie. Comment observer et interpréter ce qui se passe lorsqu'un ex-combattants retourne à la vie civile ? Comment retrouve-t-il un cadre normalisé de relation sociale ? En quoi consiste ce retour à la vie civile ? Est-ce une bonne manière de penser cette réintégration à partir des pôles d'intégration et de production identitaires que sont (le travail, la famille, le voisinage et la citoyenneté) qui, pour nous, forment un ensemble permettant à l'ex-combattant d'être épanoui dans sa réintégration. A partir d'une analyse par « le bas », c'est-à-dire à travers des expériences, des modes de vie et des ajustements qu'ils entraînent pour s'adapter à des situations particulières, nous tenterons de retracer leurs parcours depuis le recrutement, le processus de transformation en soldat, jusqu'à leur vie d'ex-combattants et l'usage qu'ils font des dispositifs. Les analyses successives développées permettent ainsi d'avancer, sinon de tester l'hypothèse suivante : avec le dispositif - au sens de Michel Foucauld5-, préparé par toutes les mesures gouvernementales et internationales antérieures dont il représente à la fois le prolongement et la globalisation, on assiste à l'émergence d'un nouveau mode de resocialisation post-crise, spécifique aux jeunes recrues dépourvues de titres scolaires, originaires des fractions les plus démunies et les plusarriérées des classes populaires. Par mode de resocialisation post-crise, nous désignons à la fois un ensemble d'instances spécifiques, destinées à assurer la prise en charge sociale de ces fractions de jeunes et un ensemble d'activités fondées sur l'alternance démilitarisation/resocialisation, formation et travail, destinées à les préparer aux nouvelles conditions de fonctionnement du marché du travail issues de la crise. Chacun des thèmes correspond à un critère et fera l'objet d'un développement, auquel nous ajouterons des extraits d'entretiens qui appuieront notre analyse. Nous allons nous interroger sur les facteurs d'unité de notre corpus, en exposant les critères pris en compte par l'ensemble de nos informateurs.

At the heart of migration issues, we find concepts of trajectory and mobility in a particular relationship between globalization and localization (Appadurai 1996). These two interrelated processes lead to every movement's form (human, material, immaterial, financial and cultural). In the 1990s, the term diaspora evolved (Mattelart, 2009) and it was based on the "cosmopolitan vision" (Beck, 2006) and the transnational process. Transnationalism is based on social exchanges across the borders that are possible thanks to Information-Communication-Technology (ICT). This paradigm of communication has allowed the beefing-up of the model of "migrant connected" (Diminescu, 2005). The identity of people from the diaspora is defined on "more than one nation-state" (Glick-Schiller et al., 1994).This thesis focuses first, on the questions of collective identity and media representations in the reception of the television. Widely, we treat sociological impacts, called in our research, externalities. The process of these symbolic representations can be compared to a mirror effect (Cefaï and Pasquier, 2003) between the televised world and reality. These informations' flows contribute to the symbolic mediation through television and Internet. For the Maghreb Diaspora, the identity process is influenced by the host country and the origin country.Second, we treat the importance of the audiovisual productions in the identity's construction of the Moroccan Diaspora (Malonga, 2008; Diminescu et al., 2010) and local population of the North Moroccan countryside. It highlights the role of Internet and the satellite channels or the digital broadcasting satellite (DBS) as a vehicle of the Maghreb Diasporas' culture in the world. The Social Network Systems (SNS) (Boyd and Ellison, 2007) offer large web-based services that allow individuals to share content between fans of television. The role of the diaspora in national programs (Nedelcu, 2010) is taken into consideration by the policies of origin countries, which are often developing countries. It is the case of Morocco, which integrates its diaspora population in strategic national area (Daghmi, 2011).This television reception study aims to understand the negative behavior of a specific public after the broadcast of a Moroccan television series Bnat Lalla Mennana, filmed in a rural and touristic locality in the North of Morocco, Chefchaouen. In this work, we present the results of a qualitative survey conducted toward the inhabitants of Chefchaouen. ; L'originalité de cette thèse, qui s'ancre en Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication (SIC), repose sur le croisement de plusieurs thématiques de recherche et qui pourraient sembler à priori distantes. Cette thèse se positionne sur un terrain précurseur puisque très peu d'études se sont intéressées précisément à l'influence d'une série télévisée à la fois sur l'attractivité touristique d'une région (Bryon-Portet, 2011 ; Mille, 2011 ; Mongin, 2008), et sur des facteurs sociologiques et économiques directement liés à sa diffusion télévisuelle ou cinématographiques. L'étude des effets de réception d'une série télévisée est appréhendée dans ce travail de recherche à la fois du point de vue de la sociologie de la télévision (Macé, 2001 ; 2009), de l'analyse structurelle des médias sociaux (Boyd, et Ellison, 2007 ; Cardon, 2008 ; Burke et al. 2011 ; Cavazza, 2015), de la psychologie sociale de la diaspora maghrébine (Ennaji, 2010 ; Mattelart, 2009) et du tourisme durable (Marcotte, Bourdeau, Doyon, 2006 ; Berriane et Abderghal, 2012) plaçant les acteurs locaux au cœur de l'activité touristique et culturelle dans un contexte d'empowerment (Scheyvens, 1999). Ce travail de recherche propose une approche sociale de ces différentes thématiques ayant pour vocation de nourrir la réflexion scientifique. Cette thèse a donc pour objectif d'étudier le phénomène du succès d'une série télévisée particulière ayant entraîné des comportements sociaux directement liés à cette production audiovisuelle et aux lieux de tournage transformés en destination touristique (Grenier, 2011). Ainsi, dans ce travail de recherche, les interdépendances, les comparaisons et les distinctions entre la télévision et Internet permettent d'appréhender la réception télévisuelle selon une perspective de continuum multi écrans (télévision, appareils mobiles, tablettes, ordinateurs…).Cette thèse analyse les effets de réception télévisuelle d'un feuilleton marocain Bnat Lalla Mennana. Diffusée en arabe dialectal marocain, sur la chaîne 2M (deuxième chaîne nationale marocaine) sur deux saisons, en 2012 et 2013, cette série télévisée a atteint une audience estimée à 5,8 millions de téléspectateurs en 2013. Illustrant ainsi son succès auprès des marocains et de la diaspora maghrébine à travers le monde, cette série télévisée est spécifique car son tournage a eu lieu dans une petite ville pittoresque, rurale et touristique du Nord du Maroc : Chefchaouen. Outre le lieu, la série télévisée, pourtant inspirée d'une pièce de théâtre espagnole de Garcia Lorca (La casa de Bernarda alba, 1936), reprend les us et coutumes traditionnalistes de cette région. La mise en scène folklorique des espaces réalistes de Chefchaouen contraste avec les productions audiovisuelles habituelles sur les chaînes maghrébines (lieu de tournage, dialecte, décor…). La mise en avant de la régionalisation dans un programme télévisuel de divertissement pose la question des rapports entre localismes et globalisation au prisme d'une réception transnationale. La télévision d'une part et Internet d'autre part, avec notamment les réseaux socionumériques (Stenger, Coutant et al, 2011) sont devenus des canaux multimodaux de diffusion et de réception de l'information culturelle. Marqués par l'instantanéité et la rapidité, les flux médiatiques sont désormais transnationaux (Appadurai, 2001 ; 1996). L'objet de ce travail de thèse est de caractériser l'influence des pratiques médiatiques des individus sur la perception des territoires, des imaginaires culturels et des trajectoires identitaires à travers des publics à caractéristiques variées.

At the heart of migration issues, we find concepts of trajectory and mobility in a particular relationship between globalization and localization (Appadurai 1996). These two interrelated processes lead to every movement's form (human, material, immaterial, financial and cultural). In the 1990s, the term diaspora evolved (Mattelart, 2009) and it was based on the "cosmopolitan vision" (Beck, 2006) and the transnational process. Transnationalism is based on social exchanges across the borders that are possible thanks to Information-Communication-Technology (ICT). This paradigm of communication has allowed the beefing-up of the model of "migrant connected" (Diminescu, 2005). The identity of people from the diaspora is defined on "more than one nation-state" (Glick-Schiller et al., 1994).This thesis focuses first, on the questions of collective identity and media representations in the reception of the television. Widely, we treat sociological impacts, called in our research, externalities. The process of these symbolic representations can be compared to a mirror effect (Cefaï and Pasquier, 2003) between the televised world and reality. These informations' flows contribute to the symbolic mediation through television and Internet. For the Maghreb Diaspora, the identity process is influenced by the host country and the origin country.Second, we treat the importance of the audiovisual productions in the identity's construction of the Moroccan Diaspora (Malonga, 2008; Diminescu et al., 2010) and local population of the North Moroccan countryside. It highlights the role of Internet and the satellite channels or the digital broadcasting satellite (DBS) as a vehicle of the Maghreb Diasporas' culture in the world. The Social Network Systems (SNS) (Boyd and Ellison, 2007) offer large web-based services that allow individuals to share content between fans of television. The role of the diaspora in national programs (Nedelcu, 2010) is taken into consideration by the policies of origin countries, which are often developing countries. It is the case of Morocco, which integrates its diaspora population in strategic national area (Daghmi, 2011).This television reception study aims to understand the negative behavior of a specific public after the broadcast of a Moroccan television series Bnat Lalla Mennana, filmed in a rural and touristic locality in the North of Morocco, Chefchaouen. In this work, we present the results of a qualitative survey conducted toward the inhabitants of Chefchaouen. ; L'originalité de cette thèse, qui s'ancre en Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication (SIC), repose sur le croisement de plusieurs thématiques de recherche et qui pourraient sembler à priori distantes. Cette thèse se positionne sur un terrain précurseur puisque très peu d'études se sont intéressées précisément à l'influence d'une série télévisée à la fois sur l'attractivité touristique d'une région (Bryon-Portet, 2011 ; Mille, 2011 ; Mongin, 2008), et sur des facteurs sociologiques et économiques directement liés à sa diffusion télévisuelle ou cinématographiques. L'étude des effets de réception d'une série télévisée est appréhendée dans ce travail de recherche à la fois du point de vue de la sociologie de la télévision (Macé, 2001 ; 2009), de l'analyse structurelle des médias sociaux (Boyd, et Ellison, 2007 ; Cardon, 2008 ; Burke et al. 2011 ; Cavazza, 2015), de la psychologie sociale de la diaspora maghrébine (Ennaji, 2010 ; Mattelart, 2009) et du tourisme durable (Marcotte, Bourdeau, Doyon, 2006 ; Berriane et Abderghal, 2012) plaçant les acteurs locaux au cœur de l'activité touristique et culturelle dans un contexte d'empowerment (Scheyvens, 1999). Ce travail de recherche propose une approche sociale de ces différentes thématiques ayant pour vocation de nourrir la réflexion scientifique. Cette thèse a donc pour objectif d'étudier le phénomène du succès d'une série télévisée particulière ayant entraîné des comportements sociaux directement liés à cette production audiovisuelle et aux lieux de tournage transformés en destination touristique (Grenier, 2011). Ainsi, dans ce travail de recherche, les interdépendances, les comparaisons et les distinctions entre la télévision et Internet permettent d'appréhender la réception télévisuelle selon une perspective de continuum multi écrans (télévision, appareils mobiles, tablettes, ordinateurs…).Cette thèse analyse les effets de réception télévisuelle d'un feuilleton marocain Bnat Lalla Mennana. Diffusée en arabe dialectal marocain, sur la chaîne 2M (deuxième chaîne nationale marocaine) sur deux saisons, en 2012 et 2013, cette série télévisée a atteint une audience estimée à 5,8 millions de téléspectateurs en 2013. Illustrant ainsi son succès auprès des marocains et de la diaspora maghrébine à travers le monde, cette série télévisée est spécifique car son tournage a eu lieu dans une petite ville pittoresque, rurale et touristique du Nord du Maroc : Chefchaouen. Outre le lieu, la série télévisée, pourtant inspirée d'une pièce de théâtre espagnole de Garcia Lorca (La casa de Bernarda alba, 1936), reprend les us et coutumes traditionnalistes de cette région. La mise en scène folklorique des espaces réalistes de Chefchaouen contraste avec les productions audiovisuelles habituelles sur les chaînes maghrébines (lieu de tournage, dialecte, décor…). La mise en avant de la régionalisation dans un programme télévisuel de divertissement pose la question des rapports entre localismes et globalisation au prisme d'une réception transnationale. La télévision d'une part et Internet d'autre part, avec notamment les réseaux socionumériques (Stenger, Coutant et al, 2011) sont devenus des canaux multimodaux de diffusion et de réception de l'information culturelle. Marqués par l'instantanéité et la rapidité, les flux médiatiques sont désormais transnationaux (Appadurai, 2001 ; 1996). L'objet de ce travail de thèse est de caractériser l'influence des pratiques médiatiques des individus sur la perception des territoires, des imaginaires culturels et des trajectoires identitaires à travers des publics à caractéristiques variées.

The aim of this doctorate was to explore the potential contribution to food security of ancient genetic resources of crops, from the field to the market. Special attention was given to the resistance to drought stress, in the context of climate change, and to the production of bioactives potentially useful for human health. This project encompassed a broad diversity of topics, from fundamental sciences to social sciences, and was constructed around the case model of the potato crop, fourth staple crop worldwide in terms of tonnage produced. Focussing on Chile was another deliberate selection that was done in the beginning of the thesis: The genetic resources of potato from this country were assessed regarding their tolerance to drought and their production of health promoting bioactives. This genepool was chosen because of its diversity of landraces, and because it has not been given strong attention so far in scientific literature. Additionally, the cultivation of native Chilean potatoes is tightly linked to traditional small-scale farming systems, which may be threatened by globalisation and large-scale farming systems. These reasons call for more extensive description of the potential of potato landraces from Chile to contribute to food security. In chapter 2, the value of Chilean native potatoes was determined as a source of bioactives, especially of polyphenols and anthocyanins. These compounds are partly responsible for the interesting antioxidant properties of these potatoes, hinting on their potential interest as functional food rich in antioxidants. From this experiment, we could observe a diverse composition of bioactives across 14 genotypes, varying up to 10 fold regarding anthocyanin content. Moreover, a critical difference between samples analysed raw or cooked was observed, calling for caution in the interpretation of results from the numerous studies carried out only on raw samples. Additionally, the link between total polyphenols (TPC) and antioxidant activity (ORAC) could be clearly observed across all the samples. Investigating the profile in phenolic acids of these 14 Chilean landraces, we observed that caffeic acid was the major phenolic acid in these potatoes, followed by chlorogenic acid, which accounted for 61-85% and for 10-25%, respectively, of the content of phenolic acids detected in cooked samples. The interesting amounts of bioactives detected in this study, combined with the extent of their variation between genotypes, suggested the possibility of breeding potatoes for increased contents in anthocyanins and other phenolic compounds. In chapter 3, I detailed the response to drought stress of nine potato genotypes, including the commercial variety Désirée. The trial was conducted in field conditions in the south of Chile, with a plastic mulch preventing the rain from interfering with the drought treatments. Water was provided through drip irrigation, installed below the plastic foil. Two treatments of drought stress were implemented in distinct plots 88 days after planting (DAP) and 110 DAP, respectively, for a duration of six weeks. This experiment showed a strong negative impact of the drought treatments on the yield, on average 42% for the treatment 88 DAP and 23% for the treatment 110 DAP. The number of tubers produced for plant was also reduced by 40% and 12% for the treatments 88 DAP and 110 DAP, respectively. The impact of drought was genotype specific. Considering bioactives in the tubers, drought did not have any effect on their concentration. However, because of the reduction of the yield, the production of bioactives per ha was reduced, which could impact negatively the production of nutraceuticals based on potato tubers. Furthermore, the concentration of starch and bioactives (resistant starch, total phenolics, anthocyanins) as well as the antioxidant activity were genotype dependent, validating the potential of native Chilean potatoes for plant breeding programs targeting nutrients and bioactives. The 4th chapter of this thesis presented how ancient genetic resources can be useful for food security and the economy, and gave rationales for their conservation, in an attempt to bridge agricultural sciences and policy sciences. Currents trends on the conservation and the use of potatoes and potato genetic resources 7 in Chile were analysed, as well as the bio-physical, socio-economical and political factors conditioning the conservation and use of potato genetic resources in Chile. Via an exploratory study combining qualitative interviews of the stakeholders of the Chilean food chain with a semi quantitative survey of Chilean consumers, it was possible to test the interest of the Chilean food chain for potato products with specific qualitative aspects, including functional food. The two main outcomes of this study were a) strong interest for attractive colours and high contents of antioxidants and b) willingness to pay a higher price for potato products presenting demonstrated health benefits. Interestingly, a high proportion of the interviewed consumers had knowledge about antioxidants, and could associate them with a positive contribution to health and welfare. Overall, this approach allowed us to verify that the Chilean food chain perceived Chilean potato landraces as a valuable resource, and showed interest for new products that are highly colourful. Additionally, the concept of functional potato food, in this case potatoes enriched in antioxidants, was positively received by the consumers. The results of the individual chapters show the complexity but also the high potential to improve the food chain of a certain region with a specific, so far underexploited product. These considerations are discussed in the context of global food security, for which not only an increased access to healthy food but also the consideration of the limitation of the food demand seems to be a highly relevant and underexplored aspect.

Nafta je imala značajni utjecaj na razvoj svjetskog pa tako i hrvatskog gospodarstva. Dinamičan rast proizvodnje, prerade i potrošnje nafte, posebno 1970. tih i 1980. tih godina bio je praćen i utjecao je na znatno veće stope rasta bruto domaćeg proizvoda nego su one posljednjih godina. Velike nafte kompanije bile su nositelji gospodarskog razvoja na svjetskoj razini, a na lokalnoj razini to su manje nacionalne kompanije, kao što su INA d.d. i JANAF d.d. u Hrvatskoj. Naftno gospodarstvo razvijalo se u turbuletnim uvjetima naftnog tržišta uz stalne oscilacije cijena nafte, prilagođavajući se izazovima provedbe novih energetskih politika i mjera u vezi klimatskih promjena, političkim krizama, i dr. Posljednjih godina proizvodnja i potrošnja nafte stagniraju na svjetskoj razini (4,2 -4,3 milijarde tona), pri čemu se u razvijenim državama bilježi pad, a veće stope rasta u Kini, Indiji i rastućim ekonomijama Azije. Počeci nafte (istraživanje i proizvodnja) u Hrvatskoj bili su u prvoj polovici 19. stoljeća, odnosno krajem 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća (rafinerije). Procvat naftnog gospodarstva Hrvatske u 1970. tim i 1980. tim godinama obilježili su rekordna proizvodnja nafte od 3,1 mil. tona (1981.) prema današnjih 613 tisuća tona (2015.) i rekordna prerada od 9,2 mil. tona (1979.) prema današnjih 3,5 mil. tona. Hrvatska sudjeluje s 0,145 promila u svjetskoj proizvodnji nafte i s 0,862 promila u svjetskoj potrošnji nafte. Daljnji razvoj i globalizacija naftnog sektora može se desiti intenziviranjem istraživanja i proizvodnje nafte kako u Hrvatskoj tako i u inozemstvu, ali i uz modernizaciju rafinerija i povećanje udjela na domaćem i inozemnim tržištima. Transport nafte pratio je razvoj prerade nafte na domaćem tržištu, ali posebno na inozemnim tržištima država jugoistočne i srednje Europe, pa je tako najveći transport od 9,7 mil. tona ostvaren u 1990. prema 6,2 mil. tona u 2015. s trendom rasta zbog povećanja transporta za inozemne rafinerije i njihove diverzifikacije uvoza nafte iz pravca Omišlja. Strategija diverzifikacije prema skladištenju nafte i naftnih derivata podržava i dalje rast kako naftnih kompanija tako i hrvatske ekonomije. Naftno gospodarstvo Hrvatske biti će i dalje pod utjecajem promjenjivog naftnog tržišta kojeg obilježava: promjenjivost cijena, globalni trend smanjenja potrošnje derivata, stroža regulativa i standardi kvalitete, politika i mjere za povećanjem sigurnosti opskrbe, rast troškova i investicija uz pritiske smanjenja cijena, trend rasta uvoza i konkurentnosti derivata, diverzifikacija izvora i pravaca opskrbe, i dr. Zbog toga su nužne kontinuirane prilagodbe, brzi odgovori na izazove i razvoj novih strategija diverzifikacije i rasta. ; Crude oil had a significant influence on the development of both global and Croatian economies. The dynamic growth of production, refining and consumption of crude oil, especially in the 1970s and 1980s was followed by and influenced the significantly higher growth rates of the gross domestic product than those occurred during the last years. Major oil companies were the leaders of the economic development on the global level, while at the local level such leaders are smaller national companies, such as INA Plc. and JANAF Plc. in Croatia. Oil economy developed in turbulent conditions of crude oil market with constant oscillations of crude oil prices, through adjustments to the challenges of implementing new energy policies and measures with regard to climate changes, political crises, and others. Over the last years, a stagnation in crude oil production and consumption has been observed on the global level (4,2 -4,3 billion tons), with a decline being recorded in the developed countries, while higher growth rates have been noticed in China, India and the emerging Asian economies. The beginnings of crude oil (exploration and production) in Croatia dated back to the first half of the 19th century and the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century (refineries) respectively. The bloom of the Croatian oil economy during the 1970s and 1980s was marked by the crude oil production hitting a record high of 3,1 mil. tons (in 1981) in comparison with the present 613 thousand tons (in 2015) and refining of an all-time high amounting to 9,2 mil. tons (in 1979) as compared to the present 3,5 mil. tons. Croatia contributes with 0,145 pro mille in the global oil production and with 0,862 pro mille in the global oil consumption. Further development and globalisation of oil sector may occur through intensifying the activities on crude oil exploration and production both in Croatia and abroad, but also along with the refineries modernization and increase of share on both domestic and foreign markets. Crude oil transport followed the development of crude oil refining on the domestic market, and especially on the foreign markets of the countries of South-Eastern and Central Europe, with the highest transport of 9,7 mil. tons being achieved in 1990, as compared to 6,2 mil. tons in 2015, with the growth trend being observed owing to increase in transport for foreign refineries and their diversification of crude oil imports from the Omišalj direction. The diversification strategy directed towards storage of crude oil and petroleum products further supports the growth of oil companies and Croatian economy as well. The Croatian oil economy will still remain under the influence of volatile oil market characterised by: price volatility, global trend of reducing the petroleum products consumption, stricter regulations and quality standards, policies and measures for enhancing the security of supply, growing costs and investments together with pressures of reducing prices, growth trend of imports and competitiveness of petroleum products, diversification of supply sources and routes and other. Therefore, continuous adjustments are necessary, as well as prompt responses to challenges and development of new strategies for diversification and growth.

What is this book? This is an article-based dissertation. It explores issues which are foundational for the theory of comparative law. Ideas drawn from neighbouring disciplines (philosophy, social sciences epistemology, anthropology) are made to interact with law: the conception of otherness, the understanding of pluralism and the meaning of context are basic – in this sense underground – theoretical issues that determine the subsequent methodological choices of the comparatist. What is theory of comparative law? The comparative study of laws brings forth various compelling theoretical issues. For example, these concern questions about what is the conception of law in foreign cultures: through comparison domestic notions are put into question, as the comparatist faces the fact that in other places things are organized differently. Moreover, comparison brings about issues on the very possibility to understand the other, in addition to questions about the comparatist's own ideas and tacit prejudices. Can the other be understood on its own terms? How does the comparatist relate new knowledge to what she already knows? Her pre-understanding is something she cannot completely get rid of, so she needs to acknowledge its influence on the process of acquisition of knowledge. Furthermore, the comparatist exits the normative legal sphere she was trained in and faces other normative spheres. She has to reconsider what normativity means; being "out" of the normative domestic legal system does not mean to be entirely freed from normativity. Are other scholars concerned about those issues? Indeed. Recently, comparative law has been described as the Cinderella that became the Queen. This has happened for various reasons. Classical comparative law drew much on legal material produced by nation states, while nowadays the law is created at multiple levels; its general structure appears more like a net rather than a pyramid. To face the challenges of globalisation, the study of comparative law (and of law in general) has to transform itself by assuming the transnational dimension of the legal and including in the analysis normative phenomena existing on a smaller scale too. Legal theorists and comparatists are needed in order to develop analytic tools which can make sense of the new normative structures studied. Furthermore, the last 30 years have also witnessed a deeply unravelling internal debate concerning the very fundaments of the discipline, its directions and purposes. Sharp disagreements have been manifested concerning the nature of the legal comparative scholarly endeavour and its aims and reasons: is it a method or a discipline? Does it further knowledge or use in practice? Other debated issues are: micro- and macrocomparison (which one to favour in different circumstances); functionality (whether it is a meaningful starting point); structuralism (whether to adopt it as a background theory); differences vs. similarities (what to focus on); tertium comparationis (what it is and is it necessary to have one for comparing); and translation (practical and ethical issues). Moreover, debates have considered the possibility and desirability of legal transplants and of legal convergence. The unrest is due to influences coming from among others the following: post-modern philosophy; critical schools of thought such as critical legal studies, post-colonial studies, discourse theory and orientalism; economic analysis of law, behavioural economics and neo-institutional economics; and the debate on objectivity carried out in philosophy of science. What to learn from this internal debate? According to the author, this debate resulted in a double complexification. On the one side, the understanding of the compared laws is complexified. This entails perceiving the laws as radically other and therefore not fully comprehensible. Laws have to be analysed without assuming their internal coherence but rather giving voice to the silenced disagreements and placing them within their context, without thereby crystallising it in an unmovable monolith. On the other side, the position of the comparatist has been complexified as well. This leads to the acknowledgment of her responsibility in choosing the appropriate analytical tools for her cognitive interests and stresses the ethical dimension connected to comparative legal research. These two complexifications when combined create the methodological basis against which the articles included in this dissertation have to be read. Are these two complexifications accepted in the literature? Overall, while the complexification of the concept of law has now reached a relatively higher level of acceptance (at least most comparatists would agree that good comparison has to look further then black-letter, legislated rules), the same cannot be said for the complexification of the position of the comparatist. Indeed the more easily spottable political implications of legal comparison have been unveiled, as have the parochialism and ethnocentrism of certain scholarship. Still, not many are willing to stop pondering on the epistemological position of the comparatist as a knower. The methodological debate within comparison seems to have really digested only the first complexification. This is the historical conjuncture where this dissertation can be located. It contributes to this debate by claiming that the two complexfications actually travel together. A broadened understanding of law requires a rethinking of the role of the comparatist as well: the field of study gets so broadened that the comparatist herself is included in it. What is the overall aim of this dissertation? Although each article stands on its own, the overall aim of this dissertation is to advance a certain attitude toward comparativism as an academic endeavour. It aims at raising awareness of the risks connected to reductionism and simplification and argues for a conception of legal comparative knowledge that embraces complexity theory and that reflects on its own epistemological status. Both the understanding of the compared laws and the ethical position of the comparatist need to be reflected upon, which is what these contributions purport to do.

Public diplomacy is gaining international recognition as a necessary and important tool needed for nations to successfully pursue their political goals. But what is public diplomacy? Public diplomacy involves the transnational flow of ideas and the active engagement of both government and non-government actors in policy development. Public diplomacy can be used to influence governments through the public or merely as a way to influence the public in order to build broad national relationships. Public diplomacy can be effective because it supports traditional diplomacy, because of the message it delivers or through the context a message is delivered in. To be effective it is necessary for a government to clarify for themselves an understanding of public diplomacy that matches their goals and objectives. The growing importance of public diplomacy has been driven largely by globalisation and the increasing impact many non-government actors are having on policy development. Nations now recognise that in order for them to effectively pursue national interests many actors need to be incorporated into creating an enabling policy environment. Nations also realise that public diplomacy can have a positive effect on their reputation which has important political and economic ramifications. Public diplomacy is particularly important for small-medium sized nations who cannot match the military or political powers of larger nations. Because public diplomacy is a freely contested activity, it can help maintain national links between countries which have a temporary lack of traditional national links and enables smaller nations to gain international public ity on issues decided on by them rather than by the media. H.E Tammam Sulaiman, Ambassador of the Syrian Arab Republic in Australia, (hereafter refered to as Ambassador Sulaiman) places a great deal of emphasis on the importance of public diplomacy for improved bilateral relations between Syria and Australia. The most important part of Syrian public diplomacy in Australia is the 'Friends of Syria' Group (FOSG). The FSOG is a non-political 'solidarity' network of Australian residents with an interest in Syria who meet in an informal forum at the Syrian embassy in Canberra. The group essentially supports the Syrian government by creating policy space into which information or a message can be introduced to the Australian public. The FOSG operates effectively but does not yet have the governance mechanisms in place that are needed for it to reach its full potential. Through the FOSG there are several positive messages coming out of the Syrian Embassy but there is a lack of a core message reflecting Syrian values. The FOSG activities reflect positively on Syria by bringing a number of individuals into positive contact with the embassy, its staff, the Syrian government and Syrian culture and it is clear it is achieving a lot with limited government funding. The FOSG will be effective into the future if it continues a focus on cultural issues, develops some clearly defined membership benefits, develops a proactive nucleus made up of members from inside the FOSG, and c reates a stronger presence outside of Canberra for the FOSG to expand its operations. There is scope in Australia for the FOSG and Syrian public diplomacy in general to inc rease its effectiveness. Despite a distinct lack of academic and professional interest in public diplomacy Australia has a wide variety of societal mechanism that allow the public to exercise a degree of influence over government decision making. This is exemplified by the fact that Australia is a democracy, has a relatively open forum of national debate and has a liberal media. Making use of these mediums will however only benefit a nation if they utilise national commonalities and Australian values into their public diplomacy program. There are also some limitations to Syria being able to Influence the Australian public. These include the lack of focus of Australian geopolitical interest in the middle-east the lack of traditional bilateral relations between Australia and Syria, the minimal general knowledge most Australian's have about Syria, a competitive political and media environment political positioning incompatibilities between Australia and Syria and funding limitations of public diplomacy. The key findings and recommendations of the report are: • Recommendation 1 : The Syrian government should develop and document a future plan for the FOSG to protect and guide the group through administration changes. • Finding l: FOS dinners have been the most successful and influential Initiative with regard to the FOSG • Recommendation 2: The FOSG should encourage/delegate greater member involvement in governance in Canberra as well as other major cities and regional centres • Recommendation 3: The Syrian government should give consideration to the development and communication of additional member incentives in order to facilitate member engagement • Recommendation 4: The Syrian government should develop a clear a consistency message reflecting fundamental Syrian values which can be communicated to the Australian public through the FOSG • Recommendation 5: The embassy should seek to enable members of the FOSG as potential ambassadors of Syrian cultural or politics by consistently providing members with relevant information on developments in Syrian governance. • Recommendation 6: The FOSG should be used sparingly as a platform for political discussion. Politics in some cases are inevitable and if this is the case the FOSG 'can be used to present some perspectives without pushing an agenda too heavily. • Recommendation 7: The FOSG should continue to be used primarily as a source of building positive reflection on Syrian culture. • Finding 2: Building relationships is enhanced by persistently steering dialogue towards a positive focus on commonalities

Freiwilligenarbeit spielt in der Schweiz wie in vergleichbaren Ländern eine wichtige Rolle für Nonprofit- und öffentliche Organisationen. Betroffen sind die Anbieter von Freiwilligenarbeit vom gesellschaftlichen Wertewandel, den Herausforderungen der Globalisierung, den Chancen und Risiken neuer Technologien, dem Umgang mit demographischen und bildungspolitischen Entwicklungen, mit konkreten Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitstätigkeit der Freiwilligen. Die zunehmende Spezialisierung der Freiwilligenarbeit erfordert zusätzliche Investitionen in Aus- und Weiterbildungsmöglichkeiten, differenzierte Formen der Anerkennung und neue Karrieremuster. Ebenso zeichnet sich eine zunehmende Formalisierung in den personalen und sozialen Rahmenbedingungen ab, mit denen die Anbieter von Freiwilligenarbeit konfrontiert sind. Diese Trends belasten in erster Linie die personal- und finanzschwächeren Organisationen mit limitierten Ressourcen und Wissenspotenzialen. Während die Bedeutung der Freiwilligenarbeit für Gesellschaft, Wirtschaft und NPO gut dokumentiert ist, insbesondere anlässlich des UNO-Jahres der Freiwilligen und der Studien in dessen Folge, geben nur wenige Studien detailliert Auskunft über das Management von Freiwilligen. Da der Begriff Freiwilligenmanagement ebenso unklar und unerforscht ist wie die benötigten Werkzeuge und Instrumente, Strategien und Ansätze und die sich ergebenden Konsequenzen, wird auch die Frage der Relevanz eines Managements von Freiwilligen in der Literatur kontrovers diskutiert. Erste Recherchen brachten Quellen zu Tage, die sich mit unterschiedlichen Aspekten des Managements von NPO befassen. In grossem Umfang liegt Literatur vor zu Organisation, Marketing und Unternehmensführung. Spezifische Publikationen, die sich ganzheitlich mit der systematischen Führung von Freiwilligen befassen, sind dünn gesät. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass sich NPO zunehmend mit einer Professionalisierung der Freiwilligenarbeit auseinandersetzen müssen, besteht hier ein Defizit an theoretischer und praxisorientierter Literatur. Grundsätzlich lässt sich erkennen, dass sich die Wissenschaft allgemein schwer tut, quantitativ- empirische Erkenntnisse über NPO zu gewinnen, da die staatlichen Kontrollen und damit auch die gesetzliche Datenerfassung häufig ungenügend sind. Bis anhin existiert für die Schweiz kein Gesamtbild darüber, wie Freiwilligenmanagement praktiziert wird. Grundsätzlich kann man davon ausgehen, dass NPO den Einsatz von Freiwilligen bewusst führen und managen. Allerdings stützen sie sich dabei eher auf praktische Erfahrung als auf systematisiertes Managementwissen. Angesichts der vorgefundenen Forschungsdefizite möchte die vorliegende Arbeit helfen, das Gesamtverständnis über das Freiwilligenmanagement zu verbessern, sowohl hinsichtlich der vorliegenden Praxis als auch der dazugehörigen Personalpolitik. Im engeren Fokus stehen Notwendigkeit und Entwicklung des Freiwilligenmanagements innerhalb Schweizer NPO und die Frage, wieweit Freiwilligenmanagement relevant ist im Kontext unbezahlter Arbeit sowie die Identifikation relevanter Einflussgrössen. Das Ziel dieser Studie ist es, basierend auf einer Bestandsaufnahme des Freiwilligenmanagements in NPO der Schweiz, einen Überblick zu vermitteln zum Verständnis der Rolle des Freiwilligenmanagements im Kontext der Organisation und der unterschiedlichen Ausprägungen insbesondere der personalen Arbeit innerhalb der unterschiedlichen Typen von NPO. Es wird versucht, verschiedene Ansätze des Freiwilligen-managements zu qualifizieren und grössenklassen-adäquate Empfehlungen zu geben für die Gestaltung effizienter und effektiver Einsätze des Freiwilligenmanagements im Sinne des Auftrags der NPO. Darüber hinaus steht die Entwicklung eines Praxisführers an. Abschliessend wird im engeren Kontext der Arbeit auf offene Forschungsfragen hingewiesen. ; The work done by volunteers in Switzerland as well as in comparable countries plays an important role for non-profit and public organisations. Those organisations that have volunteer work to offer are feeling very definite effects on the work being done by their volunteers as a result of the shift in values which is taking place within society, the challenges being posed by globalisation, the chances and risks associated with new technologies and how developments in demographic and educational policy are being dealt with. The increasing specialisation that the volunteer work now demands, requires additional investment in training and further training possibilities, differentiated forms of recognition and new career models. An increasing formalisation of the personnel and social framework conditions has also begun to emerge with which volunteer work has to deal with. These trends first and foremost affect those organisations that have significant personnel, financial and resource limitations as well as a shortfall in resources and expertise. While the importance of voluntary work for the society in general, the economy and NPOs is well documented – in particular on the occasion of the UNs International Year of Volunteers and the studies that followed as a result – only very few studies offer any detailed information on the management of volunteers. Because the term volunteer management is as unclear and unresearched as the tools and instruments, strategies and approaches, as well as the consequences that arise as a result, the question with respect to the relevance of managing volunteers is critically discussed in the literature. Initial research brought sources to light that dealt with the different aspects of NPO management. There is a lot of literature available relating to the topics organisation, marketing and company management. Specific publications that deal entirely with the systematic management of volunteers are few and far between. As a consequence of the fact that NPOs are increasingly being required to react and come to terms with the increasing professionalization of the volunteer work, a deficit when it comes to theoretical and practically-orientated literature has arisen. One thing is certainly clear, scientific academia has found it hard to acquire quantitative-empirical knowledge on NPOs because the state controls, and as a result, the legal collection of data is often insufficient. Until now, no overall picture detailing how the management of volunteers is practiced exists for Switzerland. One thing that can be readily assumed is that NPOs consciously guide and manage the volunteers when in deployment. In such cases however, they rely far more on their practical experience than on systematic management knowledge. In view of the deficiency in the research carried out, this paper is to contribute to the betterment of the overall understanding of managing volunteers, both in terms of the practical experience available as well as the human resources management which goes hand-in-hand with this. The necessity and development of volunteer management within Swiss NPOs and the question as to what extent volunteer management is relevant within the context of unpaid work as well as the identification of relevant influencing variables will be subjected to closer scrutiny. Based on a survey of the volunteer management in NPOs in Switzerland, it is the goal of this paper to present an overview of the role played by volunteer management within the context of the organisation, and the different characteristics of the work, particularly the work with volunteers, carried out by the different types of NPOs. The attempt to qualify the different approaches to volunteer management is undertaken and recommendations suitable for small- to large-scale implementation with respect to the structuring of efficient and effective implementation of volunteer management in keeping with the objective of the NPO are put forward. The development of a practical guidebook is also being planned. In the conclusion of this paper, reference will be made to open research.

Haiti's new Dictatorship: The Coup, the Earthquake and the UN Occupation.By JUSTIN PODUR. Pluto Press, 2012. $29.95Reviewed by Natali DownerThe controversial book Haiti's new Dictatorship: The Coup, the Earthquake and the UN Occupation is a significant contribution to current discussions around globalisation, political economy, development, post-colonialism, and human rights. Podur's work provides welcome insight and a critical perspective on the struggle for sovereignty in modern day Haiti. The author takes the reader through Haiti's political history, beginning with the slave revolution of 1804, which established Haiti as the world's first independent black Republic. The historical account grounds the reader in Haiti's reality—the ongoing battle for economic and political sovereignty within its borders. Since its independence, Podur argues, the successful slave revolt in Haiti has been an ontological challenge to those who would seek to impose colonialism; it is the challenge they posed in 1804 and today.Podur sections the book into historical eras, including the Duvalier dictatorship followed by Haiti's popular movement and Jean-Bertrand Aristide, which act as signposts for his study. In Podur's analysis of the second and pivotal coup against Aristide in 2004, he argues that the new dictatorship was imposed and solidified under the control of the U.S., Canada, France and later, the United Nations. Specifically, under the guise of the Responsibility to Protect doctrine (the new iteration of the "White Man's Burden",) western countries employed the old colonial pretext in order to "overthrow Haiti's elected government and replace it with an internationally constructed dictatorship." Drawing on Michel-Rolph Trouillot's concept of dictatorship, as the use of violence and centralization of power, Podur adds "impunity" to the description as it characterizes how violations by the regime and its supporters go unpunished. Podur categorises the new international variety of dictatorship as a "laboratory experiment in a new kind of imperialism."Podur discusses the contradictory role of the domestic and international media as contributing to the success of the coup. He argues that the media misrepresented the details surrounding the kidnapping and replacement of a democratically elected prime minister with the dictatorship of the United Nations. He describes the "media disinformation loop" as part of the coup infrastructure by shaping beliefs and actions. Podur's work is an attempt to publicize an alternative to corrupt mainstream reporting.The media did not question the legitimacy of the coup regime or the United Nations' Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Podur argues that the occupation of Haiti by the MINUSTAH occurred under peculiar justifications. He reports that, "in Haiti an internationalized military solution is being offered for what even the UN admitted were problems of poverty and social crime that occur in many places." He argues that violence and murder rates are higher in other countries, including the Dominican Republic, Guyana, Trinidad, and Jamaica. The mainstream rationale for UN occupation in Haiti has evaded inquiry.Podur's analysis of the coup extends to the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the new dictatorship. In Haiti, Podur argues, NGOs perform tasks that belong in the hands of a functioning public service, accountable to the people. Instead, NGOs operate in the interests of their donor countries—"offering wealthy countries a morally responsible way of subcontracting the sovereignty of the nations they exploit." Making NGOs "less non-governmental and more 'over governmental'" and revealing the determinant role of external intervention in corrupting sovereignty.NGOs are responsible for the bulk of disaster response in Haiti. Podur's analysis of the earthquake of 2010 reveals a stunning account of how well-meaning donors are part of a feedback loop that (in part) finances a corrupt system. This system of local elites, international enterprises, and NGOs acts with impunity as they create and reinforce vulnerabilities because funds are controlled by western technocrats and corporations (particularly in times of crisis). Rather than geographic factors, Podur argues that social factors are the major cause of Haiti's horrific death toll following disasters. The decapitation of Haiti's government and the subsequent program cuts demobilizes the public service while it enables the rise of the "republic of NGOs" and the UN Dictatorship. As Haiti lacks the sovereignty to orchestrate its own disaster response, the failure to rebuild after the earthquake marks the failure of the new dictatorship and not the people of Haiti.Podur illustrates the character of the new dictatorship allowing readers to understand the truly gruesome nature of the post-coup occupiers. Podur's report leaves the reader spinning from accounts of murder and corruption; page after page the reader experiences Haiti's grim reality in the new imperialist regime. While the lists of events in the book become disorienting to read, they serve to demonstrate the brutality of actions performed by western nations, the Haitian elite, and armed factions.In this book Podur argues that Haiti is engaged in a historical struggle for democracy against external control. Podur's work on Haiti reveals how a multilateral violation of sovereignty is organized and carried out, and exposes the "new face of dictatorship in the twenty-first century global order." However, the larger project of this book suggests a call to action. Podur recounts the illegitimacy of the occupation and its atrocities so that widespread recognition can be achieved and policies changed. Podur challenges us to consider what it truly means to help Haiti, to face the consequences of our "do-good" attempts at aid and instead aim to assist Haitians to reclaim national sovereignty.Work CitedTrouillot, Michel-Rolph. Haiti, State Against Nation: The Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1990. Print.~NATALI DOWNER is a PhD candidate in the Faculty of Environmental Studies at York University. Her research explores the contradictions of capitalism as expressed in the twin crisis of peak oil and climate change.

Ķīniešu musulmaņi hui pieder pie vienas no lielākajām Ķīnas etniskajām minoritāšu grupām. Maģistra darbs "Ķīnas musulmaņu hui vēsturiskā attīstība un etniskās īpatnības" ir veltīts šīs etniskās minoritātes izcelsmes meklējumiem, tās vēsturiskās attīstības galveno posmu izpētei un hui raksturīgo etnisko īpatnību analīzei. Līdz ar Ķīnas salīdzinoši jaunu atvērtības politiku, jautājumi par etnisko minoritāšu statusu Ķīnā kļuvuši ļoti aktuāli. Darba mērķi ir izsekot laika gaitā notikušajai hui etnisko īpatnību modernizācijai, izanalizēt, cik lielā mērā hui integrējušies haņ ķīniešu sabiedrībā, un noskaidrot, kā dažādos Ķīnas rajonos dzīvojošajiem hui atšķiras dzīves līmenis un dzīvesveids. Neskatoties uz to, ka hui tautieši nemitīgi konfrontējas ar straujo modernizāciju Ķīnā, salīdzinoši maza daļa hui musulmaņu spējuši saglabāt savu tradicionālo dzīvesveidu un paražas. Globalizācijas straujās attīstības rezultātā hui un haņ tautības ir satuvinājušas līdz saplūšanas robežai, taču gandrīz visi hui minoritātes pārstāvji joprojām stingri pieturas pie savas ticības tradīcijām. Maģistra darbs ir sadalīts divās daļās. Pirmā daļa "Hui vēsturiskā attīstība" ir sadalīta piecās nodaļās. Šeit sniegts hui tautības vispārējais raksturojums un izsekots viņu vēsturiskajai attīstībai. Pirmajā nodaļā izskaidrota etniskās piederības problemātika, kas ir atskaites punkts jebkuras etniskās minoritātes izpētē, un izanalizēta hui etniskā piederība. Otrajā nodaļā izsekots islāma attīstībai līdz pat Min dinastijas laikam. Darba trešajā nodaļā izvērtēti hui kopienu nostiprināšanās galvenie iemesli, kā arī sniegts ieskats 19. gs. konflikta situācijās ar haņ ķīniešiem. Nodaļa "Hui kopienu vajāšana 20. gs. otrajā pusē" veltīta hui protestu aprakstu apkopojumam, kas atspoguļo reālo situāciju, kas izveidojusies hui sabiedrībā attiecīgajā laika posmā. Darba piektajā nodaļā sniegts mūsdienu hui kopienu vispārējais raksturojums, kā arī piedāvāts viens no iespējamiem viņu klasifikācijas veidiem. Darba otrā daļa ar nosaukumu "Etniskās īpatnības un to izmaiņas mūsdienās" ir sadalīta septiņās nodaļās. Otrajā daļā apkopotas un izanalizētas hui kultūras galvenās iezīmes, kā arī izsekots to pakāpeniskai modernizācijai. Īpaši uzsvērtas tās etniskās īpatnības, kas tiek uzskatītas par noteicošajām šīs tautības dzīvesveida un kultūras izveidošanā, proti, valoda un rakstība, reliģiskās prakses, tradicionālie svētki, kas lielākoties ir cieši saistīti ar hui reliģiju – islāmu, laulības tradīcijas un mūsdienu ģimenes struktūra, izglītības problemātika, tradicionālie tautas tērpi, kā arī ēšanas kultūra un nacionālā virtuve. Katrai no šīm hui kultūras galvenajām iezīmēm veltīta atsevišķa nodaļa. Maģistra darbs izstrādāts, izmantojot vēsturiskās izziņas metodi ar antropoloģisku pieeju, analizējot iegūto informāciju vēsturiskajā un sociālajā kontekstā. Darbā ievietotas četras tabulas un divi attēli ar paskaidrojumiem. ; Chinese Muslims Hui belong to one of the China's largest ethnic minority groups. The master's thesis "Historical Development and Ethnic Characteristics of Muslims Hui in China" is devoted to the search for the origins of this ethnic minority, the study on its main historical development stages, and the analysis of the Hui significant ethnic characteristics. Due to the relatively new China's open policy, ethnic minority issues have become very topical in China. The objectives of the thesis are to trace the modernization of the Hui ethnic characteristics, analyze the extent to which the Hui have been integrated into the Han Chinese society, and to bring to light how the Hui lifestyle and the standard of living differ from each other depending on the China's region they inhabit. Despite the fact that the Hui have been constantly confronting the rapid modernization in China, a relatively small part of the Hui Muslims were able to maintain their traditional lifestyle and customs. As a result of the growth of globalisation, the Hui and the Han nationalities almost totally blended, however the majority of the Hui representatives still fully adhere to the traditions of their faith. The master's thesis is divided into two parts. The first part "Historical Development of the Hui" is divided into five chapters. It gives general characteristics of the Hui nationality, as well as the analysis of their historical development. In the first chapter ethnicity issues are elucidated, since they are considered to be the reference point for any ethnic minority research, and Hui ethnicity is analyzed. In the second chapter early development of Islam is traced back to the Ming Dynasty. In the third chapter of this paper the main reasons for the Hui community consolidation are evaluated, and an insight into the conflict situations with the Han Chinese in the 19th century is provided. Chapter "Persecution of the Hui communities in the second half of the 20th century" is devoted to the summary of the Hui protests and insurrections, which reflect the real situation that developed within the Hui society during the respective period of time. In the fifth chapter of the paper general characteristics of the contemporary Hui community are given, as well as one of the possible classification approaches to the Hui is offered. The second part "Ethnic Characteristics and Their Modification Nowadays" is divided into seven chapters. Main features of the Hui culture and its gradual modernization have been summarised and analyzed in the second part of the thesis. Ethnic characteristics that are considered to be determinative of the formation of this nationality's lifestyle and culture, namely, language and script, religious practices, traditional festivals, which are usually closely related to the Hui religion – Islam, marriage traditions and the contemporary family structure, education issues, traditional clothes, as well as the food culture and national cuisine are particularly emphasized. A separate chapter is devoted to all the abovementioned features of the Hui culture. The master's thesis was elaborated applying the anthropological method of historical inquiry. The obtained information was analyzed within both historical and social contexts. Four charts and two illustrations with explanations are included in the paper.

Niemand flieht freiwillig, dass heißt, wenn sich Menschen zur Flucht entscheiden, so geschieht dies immer unter dem Druck einer Situation, die als aussichtslos und unerträglich empfunden wird. Jahr für Jahr verlassen mehrere Millionen Menschen ihre Heimat in der Hoffnung auf ein besseres Leben in einem anderen Land. Die Globalisierung von Wirtschaft und Technologien sowie politische oder militärische Krisen zwingen sie dazu. Krieg, politische Repressionen oder Mangel an Lebensperspektiven im Herkunftsland machen eine Rückkehr unmöglich. So sind die weltweit zunehmenden Migrationsströme ein untrügliches Zeichen für soziale Ungleichheit und Benachteilung in der Welt. Umweltflüchtlinge sind nicht nur eine Folge der Umweltzerstörung durch natürliche oder vom Menschen und seiner Industrie entstandene Umweltkatastrophen, sondern auch eine Folge des Bevölkerungswachstums. Dadurch kommt es zu einer dramatischen Überbeanspruchung landwirtschaftlicher Flächen, die letztlich ebenfalls zu deren Zerstörung führt. Obwohl das Stichwort der Bevölkerungsexplosion in aller Munde ist, scheint bisher weithin unerkannt zu bleiben, wie dramatisch diese Entwicklung in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten verlaufen ist. Und den Entwicklungsländern fehlen jegliche Kapazitäten, dieser Entwicklung ökonomisch und ökologisch entgegenzuwirken. Die in der letzten Zeit erarbeiteten alternativen Strategien zu einer Lösung des Palästinakonfliktes sind vor folgendem Hintergrund zu sehen: Bis Anfang der 90er Jahre wurden seit 1967 besetzte Gebiete von Israel beansprucht. Unter dem geänderten Bewusstsein der Weltöffentlichkeit werden die palästinensischen Territorien aber nun als von Israel strukturell eigenständige Einheit betrachtet. Nach dem langjährigen Konflikt zwischen Palästinensern und Israelis rückte durch den Friedensprozess die Frage nach der Zukunft der im Jahr 1967 besetzten Gebiete wieder ins Bewusstsein der Weltöffentlichkeit. Seither haben Bombardierungen und Abriegelungen vor allem des Gaza-Streifens jedoch zu einer weiteren Verschärfung der Krise geführt. Eine Lösung des Konfliktes muss dringend gefunden werden, weil nur dadurch auch eine Verbesserung des Lebensstandards der Menschen im Westjordanland und im Gaza-Streifen erreicht werden kann. Als Ergebnis des Oslo-Abkommens von 1994 entstand die palästinensische Selbstverwaltung (PNA), zu deren vorrangigen Zielen es gehört, die Lebensbedingungen in den Autonomiegebieten zu verbessern und die angeschlagene Wirtschaft zu fördern. Nach Erläuterung dieser politischen Prozesse in der Region konzentriert sich die Arbeit auf eine Diskussion über die dringend benötigte Entwicklung in der Region Gaza-Streifen, die als Teilgebiet eines zukünftigen palästinensischen Staates bisher umfangreiche Probleme und eine wahrhaftig deutliche Unterentwicklung erfahren hat. Die Sicherung der ökologischen Zukunft des Menschen ist eine zentrale Aufgabe für dienächsten Jahre. Zu unserem Wohl und vor allem auch zum Wohl der nachfolgenden Generationen darf sich Umweltpolitik nicht darauf beschränken, bereits eingetretene Umweltschäden zu beseitigen. Vielmehr müssen die Aspekte Natur und Ökosysteme zukünftig ganz selbstverständlich in alle Planungen und Maßnahmen des Menschen einbezogen werden. Umweltschutz ist Daseinsvorsorge. Folglich darf sie nicht nur als Schadensbeseitigung angesehen werden, sondern muss offensiv auf die Verhinderung umweltbelastender Entwicklungen abzielen. In diesem Zuge ist auch die Abfallbeseitigung zu einem zentralen Anliegen des Umweltschutzes geworden. Ein verantwortungsbewusster Umgang mit der Natur und den Ressourcen ist prinzipiell nur möglich, wenn Abfallstoffe, soweit sie nicht vermieden werden können, durch eine sinnvolle Verwertung möglichst weitgehend in den natürlichen Stoffkreislauf zurückgeführt werden. Der wesentliche Bestandteil einer geordneten Entsorgungswirtschaft ist die Absicherung ökonomisch und ökologisch vertretbarer Entsorgungswege. Eine hohe Entsorgungssicherheit bei vertretbaren Kosten ist einer der Faktoren, die die Qualität eines Wirtschaftsstandortes verbessern. Für eine vernünftige Abfallwirtschaftsplanung sind die zukünftig zu erwartenden Abfallmengen abzuschätzen, die durch das Wirtschaftswachstum sowie die Bevölkerungsentwicklung bestimmt werden. Die gesetzlichen Rahmenbedingungen bestimmen die Zusammensetzung der Abfälle und über die Regelungen der Überlassungspflicht letztendlich die zu beseitigenden Abfallmengen. ; Nobody flees voluntarily, that means, when the people decide to flee, this happens always under pressure of a situation of unendurability and hopelessness. Year after years leave several millions of peoples their homes in the hope of a better life in another place. The globalisation of economy and technology as well as political or military conflicts compel people to flee. War, political repression or absence of prospect of life in the native country makes the return impossible. In this way happens migration around the world and this indicates the social inequity and imparity in the world. Environmental refugees are not only a result of environmental degradation by natural or man-made environmental disasters, but also a result of growth of populations which leads to dramatic urbanization on the account of agricultural lands, leading finally to natural resources damage. Although 'population explosion' is widely repeated expression, its dramatic and developing effects over the last decades yet to be understood. In developing countries, and because of the above mentioned reasons, a lot of skilled people flee their countries causing lack of capacities to counter the economical and ecological challenges in these countries. Recently, alternative strategies to solve the Palestine problem were prepared for the following reason. Until the beginning of 1990s Israel kept claiming over Palestinian areas occupied since 1967. Although there is an improving awareness worldwide about the Palestinian territories, but still Palestinian territories are not considered autonomous from Israeli sovereignty. After long-time conflict between Palestinian and Israelis and the development in the peace process, the question poses itself now is about the future of occupied areas since 1967. Because of the continuous bombing and isolation -mainly Gaza strip, further complications were added to the problem. Urgent solution for this conflict must be found, because only then improving living standards of the people in West Bank and Gaza Strip could be achieved. As a result of Oslo agreement in 1994, the Palestinian National Authority (PNA) was established. Aims of PNA is improving the living conditions in the Palestinian autonomous areas and developing the deteriorated economy. After the explanation of political process in this region, the research focused on the discussion on the badly-needed development in the region of Gaza Strip which is part of the future Palestinian State. It is clear till now that the overall situation in the Gaza Strip is least developed. Environmental protection is a main task for securing the future of people in the coming years. For our- and for future generations well-being, the environmental policy must not be restricted but rather comprehensive and should treat the already-existing environmental damage. Environmental protection aspects must be integrated in our future planning, strategies and arrangements. Therefore, environmental protection must not only seen as damage elimination, but rather prevention of environmental pollution. In this context, waste disposal and management is essential concern in environmental protection. Therefore, environmental awareness about dealing and protecting natural resources is only possible, when waste materials -which cannot be avoided- are beneficially used and returned to its natural cycle. Important is managing waste as to be economic feasible and ecologically friendly. A safe disposal with affordable costs is essential the improvement of the living condition. For appropriate solid waste management planning, waste to be generated in the future should be estimated through the economic- as well as population growth. The legal framework determines components of the solid wastes and obligations and controls of the finally disposed waste quantities.

This report presents and comments on the Swedish part of a survey made in autumn 2007 to obtain expert opinions on industrial relations in the EU25 and G7 countries in the year 2025. The survey was carried out by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound). One of the basic questions was about how the process of globalisation will influence future industrial relations in each of the EU27 member states (EU15 "old members states" and EU12 "new member states") and in Global 7 countries (Australia, Brazil, China, India, Japan, South Africa, and the USA). The questionnaire contained 16 questions about the future development of actors, processes, outcomes and general trends in industrial relations and their environment. The respondents were representatives of trade unions, employers' organisations, governments and academic experts. From Sweden 13 respondents participated, four of them trade union representatives, another four representatives of employer organisations, two government representatives and three academic experts in the industrial relations field. The report focuses on the Swedish survey results, but also contains international comparisons. First some trends and features of Swedish industrial relations are presented. As regards union density the survey started from a series that includes full-time students working part-time. With a union density of 77% (2004) in their heads the Swedish respondents in average foresaw a density of 61% in 2025 (corresponding to 79% in 2004 and about 63% in 2025 excluding full-time students working part-time). The fall in the rate of unionization in 2007 probably influenced the foresight although the exact size of the decline was not yet known. An average union density of 61% corresponds to about 55% unionized workers in the private sector. That is substantially lower than in 2004, but a relatively small decline compared to the private sector union density in 2008 (65%, excluding full-time students). Between 2006 and 2008 density in this sector declined from 71% to 65%, that is by six percentage points in two years (excluding full-time students). A ten percentage points decline remains between 2008 and 2025, which means in average just 0.6 points per year. Collective bargaining coverage is expected to remain at a high level in 2025 (81%) but nonetheless 11 percentage points less than in 2004 (92%). By that the share of workers outside the collective bargaining system would more than double up to the year 2025. The declining union density could be expected to have a negative influence on bargaining coverage. If the average coverage fell to 81% in 2025, then the private sector collective bargaining coverage would probably be about 75%. If neither extension mechanisms nor legislation on minimum wages are introduced, as much as every fourth worker in the private sector could be outside the collective bargaining system. Long before such a situation occurs demands on legislation would probably appear. Almost 40% of Swedish respondents think that legislation on minimum wages will be introduced in the period up to 2025. As regards wages more than four out of five Swedish respondents think that collective agreements will still be the main way of regulation in the year 2025. Unions are expected to have the same impact as today at both industry and workplace level, but a considerable insecurity is indicated by the large variation in assessments, in particular regarding the impact of unions at workplace/enterprise level. This large variation probably reflects divergent views among respondents on the desirable future development. It might be called into question if the impact of Swedish trade unions were unchanged if union density declined to 61% in 2025 (about 55% in private sector) and collective bargaining coverage decreased by more than 10 percentage points. Bargaining at sector/industry level seems to continue to dominate the collective bargaining system as 10 of the 13 Swedish respondents think that the sector/branch will remain the dominant level of collective bargaining even in 2025. At the same time decentralisation is indicated as almost every second respondent thinks that either individual contracts (15%) or workplace/enterprise collective agreements (31%) will be the main way of regulating wages. Secondly, more than 60% of respondents think that the workplace/enterprise will be a more important bargaining level than today. The Swedish model of self-regulation (regulation by the labour market parties themselves) will survive, but the decreasing coverage of collective agreements might be followed by legislation on minimum wages and/or on extension of collective agreements. Most respondents, however, think that the role of the government as legislator in industrial relations will remain the same. The Swedish national arena will still be the dominant one in industrial relations in 2025, although the role of the international level and the EU level will increase, thus a certain centralisation (to the EU level) in addition to the decentralisation tendency mentioned above. A slight majority thinks that the regulating role of the EU Commission will increase in working life. Most respondents think that the impact of unions will decrease at the national level (54%), increase at the international level (69%) and remain about the same at sector/industry and workplace/enterprise levels (in the latter cases when the considerably diverging replies are weighted together). A slight majority think that social security and the degree of liberalism in economic policy will be unchanged. On the other hand, large minorities (46%) think that liberalism in economic policy will increase and social security decrease. Large majorities expect that individualism (69%), flexibility in working life (92%), self-employment (69%) and inequality in incomes (85%) will increase, while job security (80%), the wage gap between men and women (77%) and public support to unions (61.5%) will decrease.

El final del siglo XX y los inicios del siglo XXI contemplan la ofensiva final de grandes teorías belicistas y de renovados escenarios de guerra. La nueva globalización se intenta construir sobre criterios de agresión y competencia. Todo está inserto en un juego de exclusiones y de eliminaciones ya sean mercantiles, económicas, culturales, políticas o bélicas. Los derechos pierden terreno ante los criterios. La razón de Estado cede ante la razón Democrática. El criterio de la cantidad se impone ante la calidad.La construcción del Estado Social contempló, desde la década de los cincuenta, una construcción de escenarios jurídicos y populares que garantizaban un máximo de derechos que abrían la vía para generar un modelo social renovado. La energía de la sociedad civil-popular desarrolló en torno a finales de los años sesenta vías y modelos que podían suponer un salto cualitativo. Esta explosión fue también una explosión jurídica. Explosión ius-jurídica que comenzó a producir sofisticados instrumentos jurídico-políticos del que el derecho a la paz o al desarrollo son los mejores ejemplos. Sin embargo también vino la reacción de elites y grupos de presión políticos, económicos y académicos que, desde mediados de los años setenta, jugaron a la contra introduciendo los paradigmas "gobernabilidad" y "seguridad". Sus estrategias generaron una implosión que produjo una disminución brusca del modelo de Estado Constitucional Democrático fundamentalmente hacia dentro del Estado nacional. No obstante no pudieron impedir que la lógica ius-humanista siguiera dando frutos en el ámbito de la construcción jurídica internacional. Sólo ya durante la década de los 90 y principios del siglo XXI las estrategias fatales de la seguridad y la gobernabilidad estarían imponiendo sus criterios de excepcionalidad jurídica y violencia política bajo la inspiración de determinados think-tank internacionales.Ante la anterior ofensiva excepcionalista, la reivindicación y lucha por un derecho colectivo tal como el derecho a la paz es pieza fundamental en la lucha por la reconquista de los espacios de libertad y por el modelo de democracia deliberativa. Derecho a la paz sobre el que trabajar en el ámbito internacional pero también para trasladar a los diferentes marcos jurídicos estatales. En este sentido se hace necesaria la reivindicación de un Derecho Constitucional que regule todas las posibles acciones emprendidas por un Estado en torno a los conflictos: desde la entrada abierta en conflictos bélicos de muy diferente textura hasta el comercio de armamento. Derecho que establezca una serie de controles rigurosos y exhaustivos. Un ius ante bellum, eminentemente constitucional, debe ser un material esencial en la lucha por el derecho a la paz y el control democrático de los instrumentos bélicos y coercitivos en manos de un Estado. Máxime en una época donde se desustancian derechos y elementos fundamentales del Estado Constitucional… ; The end of XX century and the start of XXI one are being witness of the final offensive of great warmonger theories and refurbished battlefield scenarios. Trying to build the new globalisation upon aggression and competition criteria. Everything is inserted into the set of exclusions and eliminations, they could be mercantile, economic, cultural, politic or war ones. Rights are loosing ground in favour of criteria. The reason of State relents in front of Democratic reason. Quantity is imposed to quality.Since the 1950's, the building of a Social State envisaged the construction of juridical and popular scenarios, granting the maximum rights. It opened the way towards a renovated social model. Ending the1960's, the energy emanated of the civil-popular society developed paths and models that could suppose a qualitative leap forward. This explosion was a juridical explosion also. Ius-juridical explosion starts to produce sophisticated juridical-political tools, being the right to peace and the right to development the better examples. However, a reaction followed; it came from politic, economic and academic lobbies alongside with the elites that in the mid-1970's playing against it, introducing the "governability" and "security" paradigms. The implosion, generated by such strategies, brought up an abrupt decline of the "Constitutional Democratic State" model. Mainly inside of the Nation-State. Nevertheless, they cannot avoid the fruits produced by the ius-humanistic logic in the field of a juridical international-building. Only during the1990's and the start of XXI century, the fatal strategies of "security" and "governability" are imposing its criteria of juridical exceptionality and political violence drawing inspiration from certain international think-tanks.Before the mentioned exceptionalist offensive, the struggle and claim for a collective right to peace was a essential piece in the fight for take over the spaces of freedom and for the model of deliberative democracy. The "right to peace" must be worked out by the international community and therefore, to be incorporated in the state legislations. From this point of view, to lay claim to a Constitutional Law that regulates all possible actions that could be carried out by a State related to conflicts (since the open participation in armed conflicts up to armament trade) is very necessary. Such a regulation would be based on rigorous and strict controls. Anius ante bellum, fundamentally constitutional, provides essential stuff to fight for the "right to peace" and democratic control of the security and military powers of a State. Specially at present time, when the fundamental rights and elements of the Constitutional State have been altered, loosing its substance.

People who want to start their own business often try to survive or to die again on their own. The very fact that "others", apart from family, friends and fools who invest in their venture, are quickly seen as probable competitors, who want the steal the idea, prevent start ups from cooperation with partners. Setting up a personal network might even cause more risk, since one has to share ideas for technological development of the idea or look for a market for it. The consequence is that within 5 years most new start ups are already out of business (OECD, 1998). The key would be cooperation with others, but with whom and to what extent? Since most of the engineers know that they to develop an innovation, they might need up to a whole R&D lab to help, they might be less reluctant to cooperate than others. On the other hand, they might forget to look for a market or cooperate with a potential customer to design the product, for instance in the ICT-sector (see Van Luxemburg et al.), because of a technology push syndrome? Authors, such as Birley (Several publications from 1985 on) have not failed during the last ten years to develop the idea of and study the effect of networking and strategic alliancing between start ups, entrepreneurship as team work and at least a shared concept for starters who have the same objective in mind. University incubators, such as the one of the Imperial College in London are very successful in promoting the idea (see Theunissen, 2002), but is this the case only in the UK or the US, where the culture of free enterprise is more strongly developed? What about countries, such as France, The Netherlands, and Germany? What is the position, for instance of the entrepreneurial and innovative engineer who wants to start his/her own business? May a lack or a fear to cooperate with others be a result of how engineers traditionally educated in those countries? In 1998 Albert Rubinstein identified "technical entrepreneurship in the firm" as the focus of the future of our intellectual discourse on technology and innovation management. How entrepreneurial are French, German and Dutch engineers and what is their innovation culture and that of the firms they work for? Are those who are leaving those firms to start their own business, willing to cooperate with others, not to fade away in splendid isolation? This chapter certainly cannot answer all those questions, but it can try to develop a model of the entrepreneurial and innovative European engineer and his/her interaction with the environment through networks and cooperation illustrated with examples from the selected countries. This is backed up with some answers to 8 research questions related to data about the general economic environment the entrepreneur works in, the rate and difficulty of self-employment, such as the costs, satisfaction levels, and the possible effect of national culture on willingness to start and the profile traits of the successful innovator and entrepreneur from different empirical sources for France, The Netherlands and Germany. Cooperation between start ups in Europe is certainly not a question of only national culture, a merge or a clash between professional and corporate cultures might foster or hamper as well. Entrepreneurial and innovative engineers build up their experiences of such kind through life time. This chapter is based upon data from 3 different European countries which includes a survey among French engineers (questionnaires and interviews from entrepreneur and non entrepreneur engineers) and a case comparison of 12 innovative German and Dutch firms. How does this transition take place in different parts of Europe? How may engineers become successful entrepreneurs through a happy reconciliation of technological and marketing orientations within a given historical context. Finally this chapter addresses the question how to foster cooperation between European start ups for a better enterprising and innovative culture. Research projects aiming at this issue, might start as comparing national entrepreneurship phenomena, such as suggested partly by Lichtenberger and Naullean (1993) and Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1999), followed by studying cooperation, networks and alliances (Aliouat, 2000) including globalisation (Birley and Stockley, 1998) and the heterogeneity of teams, for instance by mixing marketers and engineers (Bantel and Jackson, 1989, Geletkanycz and Hambrick, 1997, and Shaw and Shaw, 1998). Cooperation requires more mobility. Within the European Union, the individual member states face rather an influx of economic refugees (who might create excellent start ups, by the way) than that they can welcome an invasion of entrepreneurial and innovative engineers from another member state. Which French engineer would like to start a business with a German colleague who could implement his idea perfectly? Which German engineer seeks a market-oriented partner in Britain or The Netherlands to fulfill his dream of a successful start up? Which Dutch engineer looks for technology entrepreneurship in France and vice versa? It seems as if new virtual borders prevent start ups also to cooperate. That why this chapter presents a summarizing model of a new cultural identity of Europe based upon Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Mobility using the onion culture metaphor by Hofstede and Schein (both 1991) to increase the mobility of the European engineer (Ulijn and Gould, 2002). A new culture is needed to foster the cooperation between high, low and other tech start ups to facilitate a truly European technology entrepreneurship.