Suchergebnisse

The Organization of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has unique characteristics, apart from the legal systems in Southeast Asian countries that are different from one another, but also have different historical aspects. If ASEAN is compared to the European Union, which has the same legal vision, characteristics of society, and even a uniform financial system, ASEAN does not yet have this uniformity. This study aims to identify the legal personality for ASEAN as a subject of international law. This study looks at various theories and concepts regarding international organizations as subjects of international law. This study confirms that the basis for ASEAN legal personality as a subject of international law can be seen in the ASEAN Charter, however, this form of legal personality is still limited.

ناقشت هذه الورقة موضوع بالغ التعقيد والحساسية، يتعلق بالنظام النقدي الدولي، وأساسه القانوني؛ حيث تناولت قاعدة الذهب التي تشكلت من خلال التعاملات التجارية الدولية التي كانت تكريس للقواعد العرفية في هذا الجانب؛ ثم الترتيبات التي تم التوصل لها في مؤتمر "بريتون وودز" التي قرنت الدولار بالذهب، وتحوله في التعاملات اللاحقة إلى نظام يسيطر على التعامل فيه الدولار، الذي كان يفترض انه مغطى بالذهب، لكن تبين بعد إعلان الولايات المتحدة وقف مبادلة الدولارات بالذهب عام 1971، أن الولايات المتحدة طبعت من الدولار أكثر من ثلاثة أضعاف قيمة الذهب الموجود لديها، وانها اتجهت لحل مشكلتها إلى إعلان ما أطلق عليه نظام تعويم العملة، كنظام وصف بالفوضى النقدية الدولية، وبينت الورقة الازمات الاقتصادية والسياسية التي نجمت عن ذلك، وبين الواقع القانوني لهذا النظام الذي هو أقرب إلى فوضى محكومة لهيمنة الدولار، وقدمت أفكار لإعادة إنتاج نظام نقدي دولي عادل ومقبول. ; This paper discusses a highly complex and sensitive topic, related to the international monetary system, and its legal basic. It dealt with the gold standard that was formed through international commercial dealings, which was a dedication of customary rules in this aspect. Then I dealt with the arrangements reached at the "Bretton Woods" conference that linked the dollar to gold, and its transformation in subsequent dealings to a system in which the dollar is the dominant, which is supposed to be covered with gold. However, after the United States announced the cessation of exchanging dollars for gold in 1971, it became clear that the United States had printed more than three times the value of the gold it has. It also resorted to solve its problem by declaring what was called the floating currency system, as a system described as the international monetary anarchy. This paper shows the economic and political crises that resulted from this procedure issued by the United States. It also showed the legal reality of this system, which is closer to chaos governed by the hegemony of the dollar. Moreover, it offered ideas to reproduce a fair and acceptable international monetary system.

"This book provides an introduction to positivist-pluralist theories of international relations (IR) which emerged during the early-and mid-1950's along with Marxist political economics and non-Marxist economic theories of IR. This book is an in-depth critical study texts and literature which highlight IR's methodological pluralism even after it gained maturity. It examines how pluralist political status-quo and radical economic criticism coexist in discrete areas of the discipline. The book provides insights into key positivist liberal-pluralist theories, namely decision-making approaches, and theories of integration, regionalism, interdependence, and regime. It discusses the four political economic-economist and critical theories of Marxism, dependency, world systems, and international political economy. The book, as an advanced supplementary reader, will be of great interest to researchers and students of international relations, history, law and the multidisciplinary social scientific field of political economy"--