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Crop modelling has the potential to contribute to global food and nutrition security. This paper briefly examines the history of crop modelling by international crop research centres of the CGIAR (formerly Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research but now known simply as CGIAR), whose primary focus is on less developed countries. Basic principles of crop modelling building up to a Genotype × Environment × Management × Socioeconomic (G × E × M × S) paradigm, are explained. Modelling has contributed to better understanding of crop performance and yield gaps, better prediction of pest and insect outbreaks, and improving the efficiency of crop management including irrigation systems and optimization of planting dates. New developments include, for example, use of remote sensed data and mobile phone technology linked to crop management decision support models, data sharing in the new era of big data, and the use of genomic selection and crop simulation models linked to environmental data to help make crop breeding decisions. Socio-economic applications include foresight analysis of agricultural systems under global change scenarios, and the consequences of potential food system shocks are also described. These approaches are discussed in this paper which also calls for closer collaboration among disciplines in order to better serve the crop research and development communities by providing model based recommendations ranging from policy development at the level of governmental agencies to direct crop management support for resource poor farmers. ; Peer Review

Die Arbeit von internationalen Organisationen und europäischer Politik und Wirtschaft in Zentralasien erweist sich in der Praxis häufig als komplex und diffizil. Neben der politischen Vielschichtigkeit der Region liegt ein Teil der Schwierigkeit darin, gute Spezialisten und belastbare Analysen zu politischen oder sozialen Fragestellungen in Zentralasien zu finden. Dies hat wiederum seinen Grund in der fehlenden Vertrautheit vieler Spezialisten mit der Region, in der Zersplitterung der Zentralasienforschung auf Wissenschaftsdisziplinen und Forschungsstandorte, aber auch in methodischen Grenzen wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen. Andererseits kann jede Entscheidung und jedes Handeln in Politik, Wirtschaft und internationaler Zusammenarbeit nur so gut sein wie die Informationen, auf denen sie beruhen. Diesen Herausforderungen kann nur mit einer noch stärkeren interdisziplinären und offenen Vernetzung zwischen Politik, Wissenschaft und Forschung begegnet werden.

Urban, Regional and National Planning (UNRENAP).

chapter 1 Illicit nuclear aspirants -- chapter 2 A comparative history -- chapter 3 Domestic politics, economy, and ideology -- chapter 4 Foreign and security policy and human rights -- chapter 5 Nonproliferation -- chapter 6 Conclusions and policy implications.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Overview -- 2 NATO's History: The Politics of Securing the West since 1949 -- 3 NATO's Socialization Practices in the Post–Cold War Period -- 4 The Czech Republic: Becoming a NATO Member State -- 5 Romania: Between the Eastern Past and a Western Future? -- 6 Thinking About NATO from Different IR Perspectives -- 7 Conclusion -- Appendix: Interviews, 1999–2000 -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index