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Examining the Tribunal's structure, operations and evolution in search of the underlying patterns that characterize such international institutions, this valuable book records the diverse experiences and judgments of a group of outstanding lawyers, each of whom has played a significant role at some stage of the Tribunal's proceedings. The essays are grouped in three distinct stages in the Tribunal's history. The first group deals with the creation of the Tribunal, building upon the bare-boned framework laid down by the Claims Settlement Declaration. The second deals with the Tribunal at work, processing and deciding cases during the period when it gave greatest emphasis to resolving large commercial claims. The third deals with the present situation where the Tribunal has taken a docket first dominated by claims of U.S.-Iranian dual nationals against Iran and then by a small group of large and difficult claims between the two governments. Published under the auspices of the American Society of International Law. Published under the Transnational Publishers imprint

Table of Contents Introduction -- What is Diplomatic Asylum? -- History of the Practice in the Context of Diplomatic Law -- International Treaty Law -- Customary International Law -- Diplomatic Asylum on the Basis of Humanitarian Considerations -- Conclusion -- Annex. .

Re-imagining the Silk Road for the 21st century -- BRI from within China: vision, rationale, and the "corridors". -- BRI from within China: mechanisms, institutions, and media representations. -- Urban development challenges under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) -- Inter-continental transport networks and Asian Economic Corridor for the Korean Peninsula -- Establishing BRI in Thailand: contrasting 'desire lines' in the delivery of two high-speed rail projects -- Malaysia: Chinese participation in infrastructure from contractor to conspirator? -- China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Cambodia -- The Production of megaprojects in Java: colonialism, nationalism, development centralisation vs decentralisation -- Belt and Road Initiative in Iran: urban-regional dialogue in two corridors and three cities -- The critical need for urban planning around Port Vila's BRI projects -- Ethiopia: the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railway -- Strengthening Brazil's food system: can China's Belt and Road help? -- Challenges and opportunities to port development with BRI in Japan -- International perspectives of the BRI: new, unfolding globalisation.

AbstractResearch Question/IssueThis study examines the relationship between boardroom gender diversity reforms (BGDRs) and corporate voluntary disclosure in the form of management earnings forecasts (MEFs) in a sample of 43 countries over the period 2000 to 2020.Research Findings/InsightsTaking advantage of the staggered adoption of the gender diversity reforms that aim to improve women's representation on boards, we find that firms exhibit a greater propensity for and frequency of issuing MEFs. These findings hold for both governance‐based and legislation‐based reforms but are stronger for the latter. Furthermore, we find stronger results (a) when female directors possess higher financial expertise and serve on board sub‐committees, (b) when board activity (meetings and attendance) improved following BGDRs, (c) for firms that had all‐male boards before the reforms and where gender diversity increased shortly after the reforms, and (d) for countries with greater legal enforcement and gender equality. Our findings are robust using the stacked difference‐in‐differences approach and alternative samples, models, and fixed effects. In addition, we find that, after the reforms, there is an increase in the forecast horizon, forecast width, bad news disclosure, accuracy, and the number of disaggregated forecast items.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur study provides the first international and comprehensive evidence of the positive role of board gender reforms in the corporate information environment and offers vital policy implications.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsOur study informs the ongoing debate regarding the effectiveness of and business case for gender diversity reforms. By documenting a causal link between BGDRs and voluntary disclosure, our study provides important implications for policymakers, regulators, investors, and top management teams.

Environmental Risks That May Be Caused by GM Crops -- The International Regulatory Approach Addressing Environmental Risks That May Be Caused by GM Crops -- The Chinese Regulatory Framework and Institutional Structure Addressing Environmental Risks That May Be Caused by GM Crops -- Legal Principles Addressing Environmental Risks That May Be Caused by GM Crops in China -- Legal Measures Addressing Environmental Risks That May Be Caused by GM Crops in China -- Conclusion.

Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION -- Introduction -- I. Clarification of Terms -- II. Purpose of Study -- III. Focus of Inquiry -- IV. Summary of Arguments and Conclusions -- CHAPTER TWO: THE INTERNATIONAL LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- Introduction -- I. The Pre-1949 Period -- II. The 1949 Geneva Conventions -- III. The 1977 Additional Protocols -- i. Impetus for Reform -- ii. The New Rules -- iii. The Internal / International Armed Conflict Dichotomy -- iv. Summary and Conclusions -- CHAPTER THREE: THE CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT -- Introduction -- I. The Concept of Custom Revisited -- II. The Principles of Military Necessity and Humanity -- III. The Principle of Proportionality -- IV. The Principle of Distinction -- V. Conclusion -- CHAPTER FOUR: CLAIMS REGARDING SCOPE OF APPLICATION -- Introduction -- I. Common Article 2 of the Geneva Conventions -- i. Conflicts Involving "A Declared War or Any Other Armed Conflict" -- ii. Conflicts Involving Partial or Total Occupation of the Territory of a High Contracting Party -- iii. Conflicts Involving Non-Contracting Parties -- iv. Conflicts Involving National Liberation Movements -- a. "National Liberation Movements" -- b. "Colonial Domination", "Alien Occupation" and "Racist Regimes" -- c. A General Assessment of Article 1(4) -- d. Article 1(4) and Customary International Law -- II. Claims of Applicability -- i. SWAPO in Namibia -- a. The Factual Situation -- b. The International Law Criteria -- 1. Common Article 2 -- 2. Article 1(4) of Protocol I -- c. Trends in Decision-Making: Legal and Policy Implications -- d. Conclusion -- ii. The ANC in South Africa -- a. The Factual Situation -- b. The International Law Criteria -- 1. Common Article 2.

Der Klimagipfel in Kopenhagen ist nur der jüngste Anlass für Kritik an der Effektivität internationaler Umweltgovernance. Mit dem Kopenhagen-Akkord wurden lediglich unverbindliche Ergebnisse erzielt. Wie sie umgesetzt werden sollen, ist noch weitgehend offen. Während der VN-Klimaprozess an die Grenzen seiner institutionellen Kapazitäten stößt, kommt die Debatte über die Reform des Umweltprogramms der Vereinten Nationen (UNEP) wieder in Schwung, vor allem mit Blick auf die 2012 anstehende »Rio plus 20«-Konferenz. Im Februar setzte das Globale Umweltministerforum eine neue Ministergruppe ein, die sich mit der Reform internationaler Umweltgovernance beschäftigen soll. Vorschläge für eine verbesserte institutionelle Ausgestaltung internationaler Nachhaltigkeitspolitik liegen auf dem Tisch. In den nächsten zwei Jahren muss eine konstruktive Debatte über die Umsetzung dieser Vorschläge geführt werden. Dies könnte auch helfen, Blockaden in der Klimapolitik zu überwinden