This special issue contains articles and research notes authored by scholars from Canada, the United States, Asia-Pacific, and Europe on the roles of Indigenous people in armed forces. The contributors' explorations of varied forms of military service by Indigenous people(s), political and cultural challenges that Indigenous personnel faced, and sacrifices made in Canada and in other countries, encourages further dialogue on how Indigenous service can be rooted in trustful relationships and how respect for Indigenous cultures, values, and knowledge can inform defence policy and practice.
We empirically investigate the impact of access to justice (ATJ) on GDP per capita growth in a panel of 83 countries from 1970 to 2014. Our analysis relies on a new database documenting the number of judges per capita as a proxy for capturing the cross-country evolution of ATJ. The proxy measures the extent to which disputes between economic actors can be resolved at a relatively low cost, without dysfunctional delay and discrimination. In a dynamic panel setting using internal instruments, we find that increasing ATJ by 1% increases the five-year growth rate of GDP per capita by 0.86 p.p. (0.17 p.p. annually) with diminishing marginal returns. In line with the diminishing marginal returns argument, we find that the effect of ATJ is two times smaller in Europe compared to other regions due to higher levels of ATJ. We find no evidence of a differential effect of ATJ across other regions, income levels, legal origins, democracy, corruption of the judicial system or human capital levels.
We empirically investigate the impact of access to justice (ATJ) on GDP per capita growth in a panel of 83 countries from 1970 to 2014. Our analysis relies on a new database documenting the number of judges per capita as a proxy for capturing the cross-country evolution of ATJ. The proxy measures the extent to which disputes between economic actors can be resolved at a relatively low cost, without dysfunctional delay and discrimination. In a dynamic panel setting using internal instruments, we find that increasing ATJ by 1% increases the five-year growth rate of GDP per capita by 0.86 p.p. (0.17 p.p. annually) with diminishing marginal returns. In line with the diminishing marginal returns argument, we find that the effect of ATJ is two times smaller in Europe compared to other regions due to higher levels of ATJ. We find no evidence of a differential effect of ATJ across other regions, income levels, legal origins, democracy, corruption of the judicial system or human capital levels.
Financial and Social Development plays pivotal role in the economic growth of nations. Developed countries have strong financial and social infrastructure. This study focuses on the social and financial development in relation to economic growth of developed, developing and frontier economies. Gross Domestic product (GDP) per capita used as dependent variable. Domestic credit, market capitalization, turnover ratio, household consumption, foreign direct investment, capital formation, Co2 Emission and trade openness are used as independent variables. government expenditures on education and current health expenditures are use as social variables. Unemployment and inflation rate also use as control variables. Pooled OLS (ordinary least squares), fixed effects and random effects models are used to check the relationship among variables from 2001-2017. Results show positive and significant relation between Gross Domestic product (GDP) Domestic credit, education expenditures and health expenditures in case of developing countries. Market capitalization, turnover ratio, foreign direct investment, and trade openness have a positive but insignificant relationship. Co2 Emission, inflation and unemployment rate have negative and insignificant relation with GDP per capita. In advanced countries Inflation rate trade openness and FDI have positive and significant relation with GDP per capita. Domestic credit, market capitalization, turnover ratio, household final consumption and Co2 Emission have a negative relation with GDP per capita. Education and health also have a negative and insignificant relation with GDP per capita. In Frontier economies there is a positive and insignificant relation of market capitalization, FDI, Co2 Emission and health expenditures with GDP per capita. capital formation, turnover ratio, household consumption, trade openness has negative and significant relation with per capita. Education expenditures have positive and significant relation with GDP per capita. Co2 have positive but insignificant ...
