Suchergebnisse

The article introduces the special issue by exploring the full potential of "resilience" as a governing regime of the European Union and other international institutions. Developing a more comprehensive understanding of the concept is important for three reasons. One, it gives an opportunity to see resilience not only as a quality of a system, but also as a way of thinking, and a process inherent to "the local" that cannot be externally engineered. Two, as an analytic of governance, resilience challenges the current fundamentals of top-down global governance and refocuses it on the role of "the local" and "the person" to make it more responsive to people's needs. Three, resilience cannot be understood without exploring where and how it is constituted—that is, without unpacking "the local" ordering domain to see how ontological insecurity and a sense of "good life" could contribute to the emergence of more adaptive governing systems.

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is expected to stimulate the North-South transfer of climate-friendly technologies. This paper provides an assessment of the technology transfers that take place through the CDM using a unique data set of 644 registered projects. It provides a detailed description of the transfers (frequency, type, by sector, by host country, etc.). It also includes an econometric analysis of their drivers. We show that transfer likeliness increases with the size of the projects. The transfer probability is 50% higher in projects implemented in a subsidiary of Annex 1 companies while the presence of an official credit buyer has a lower albeit positive impact. The analysis also yields interesting results on how technological capabilities of the host country influence technology diffusion in the CDM.

The article presents an empirical account of how the role, position, & perception of the intergovernmental food standardization body, Codex Alimentarius Commission, has changed after being referred to by the World Trade Organization (WTO) as the "central reference point for the elaboration of international food standards." Both the Sanitary & Phytosanitary Measures Agreement & the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement include provisions that encourage WTO members to base their national regulations on international standards. The article focuses on key issues in the Codex that may have a significant impact on international food trade. The overall conclusion is that the WTO has contributed to constraining the activity & shaping the expectations of Codex members. Governments participating in Codex activities have changed their behavior after 1995 due to increased uncertainty with respect to how decisions in Codex may be binding for them under the WTO Agreements. 2 Tables, 1 Figure, 77 References. Adapted from the source document.

Introduction -- The Nigerian legal system and the implementation of the Rome Statute complementarity principle -- Complementarity under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court -- Inaction : adoption of implementing legislation as an aspect of complementarity -- Unwillingness : shielding from criminal responsibility I -- Unwillingness : shielding from criminal responsibility II -- Unwillingness : independence and impartiality of the prosecuting authority and the judiciary -- Inability : the need for witness protection, extradition arrangement and delegation of criminal jurisdiction to other states -- Conclusion and recommendations.

This article examines the relationship between structural empowerment and interpersonal conflict. We examine whether this relationship is moderated by cultural diversity. Although there is some understanding of conflicts in an organization, there is little understanding concerning how conflicts may arise because of structural empowerment. We propose that structural empowerment is positively associated with interpersonal conflict and that this relationship is contingent upon cultural diversity. We draw on survey evidence from 351 employees of international nongovernmental organizations in Pakistan. Our results reveal significant positive relationships among cultural diversity, structural empowerment, and interpersonal conflict and show that where the organization is characterized by a high cultural diversity, the relationship between structural empowerment and interpersonal conflict is stronger, and vice versa. We contribute by offering the first of empirical evidence on the issue using the collectivist context of Pakistan and further extending the research scholarship by offering a contingency of cultural diversity to the structural empowerment and interpersonal conflict relationship. Our study suggests for the managers, a clearer understanding of the roles and responsibilities of the workforce as well as developing a proper socialization process through which a conducive environment for the culturally diverse workforce can be developed.

International parliamentary institutions (IPIs), which give parliamentarians regular opportunities to communicate with their foreign counterparts, have become a common feature in global governance. Recent research has shed light on why IPIs are created, on the similarities and differences in their institutional design, and on the reasons that lead members of national parliaments to engage with them. By contrast, there is little systematic empirical research on whether and how IPIs affect global politics. This article addresses this question by assessing their ability to influence states in relation to the position they take on issues of global concern and to how they treat their own citizens. The study identifies several mechanisms of IPI influence, leading to the hypothesis that more frequent opportunities for parliamentarians to interact with their foreign counterparts within IPIs leads in time to greater similarity in the foreign policy positions expressed by their governments and affects how those governments protect the civil rights of their citizens. A statistical analysis spanning multiple international organizations, member states, and decades indicates that IPIs offer a distinct contribution to convergence in foreign policy. By contrast, participation in IPIs is not robustly associated with civil rights protections. The finding that IPIs can be consequential on which policies governments promote internationally even though such institutions typically lack substantial authority may be encouraging for advocates of further international parliamentarization and specifically the creation of a United Nations parliamentary assembly.

International research collaborations improve individual, institutional and governmental capacities to respond to health crises and inequalities but may be greatly affected by political environments. Iran ranks highly in tertiary education, productivity growth, knowledge impact and successful patent applications. In many countries, economic hardship has correlated with increased international research collaborations. Some have hypothesised that financial constraint drives scholars to seek outside collaborations for cost and risk sharing, and to access funding, materials and patient populations otherwise unavailable. This paper explores the history and importance of US political sanctions on the health of Iran's academic sector. Although Iran's international research collaborations increased during periods of increased sanctions, the Pearson correlation coefficient between gross domestic product and international research collaborations was not significant (r=0.183, p=0.417). This indicates that other factors are at least in part responsible. Additionally, we found Iran's quantitative (eg, publication number) and qualitative (eg, visibility indices) publishing metrics to be discordant (two-tailed Mann-Kendall trend; p<0.0002 for both). Reasons for this are multifactorial, including increased indexing of Iranian journals, willingness of lower visibility journals to handle manuscripts with Iranian authors, widespread linkage of career advancement to science visibility indices, and others. During periods of increased sanctions, Iranian scholars were increasingly denied opportunities to publish scientific findings, attend scientific meetings, access to essential medical and laboratory supplies and information resources. We conclude that academic boycotts violate researchers' freedom and curtail progress. Free exchange of ideas irrespective of creed is needed to optimize global scientific progress.

Introduction: NATO and sport? -- Travel restrictions, state symbols, and East German recognition in sport -- The Berlin Wall and the ending of free travel in sport -- NATO's small states asserting their power -- The 1968 candidate cities confront Olympic demands for free travel -- The NATO working group on the 1968 Olympics -- The 1968 Olympic host city elections --Decisions revisited -- Conclusion: To Grenoble and beyond.

International students contribute circa 25.8 billion in gross output for the UK economy (Universities UK, 2017). The new UK government Strategy in March (2019) is to cement Britain's leading role in the global market by increasing the number of international students studying in the UK by more than 30% – helping boost the income generated by education exports to £35 billion (UK Government, 2019). Therefore, the main aim of this research is to explore the experience of international students during their journey at one of UK Higher Education institutions. Previous studies covered one or two factors that affect the international students to study abroad such as costs, language, culture, etc.,. However, our study suggested six themes to cover the whole journey of the international students. The themes are: selection and admission; pre-arrival; induction; orientation and settlement, engagement; and teaching and learning. Our study offers some recommendations for each theme and for the university level.