Suchergebnisse

In operations of public administration, and especially law enforcement agencies, a particular understanding of the definition of national territory is necessary, especially having in mind the various sovereignty differentiation of national territory into sea areas and airspace, resulting from the modern international and European Union law and which would not be contrary to Article 3 of the Constitution generally determining the meaning of the Latvian State territory. Sometimes the national territory is understood as land or water surface. But setting national borders and border treaties and the national regulatory framework of the state border concept, states include the concept of national borders within their jurisdiction spread in space – technical capabilities of land and deep-water in depth and in airspace to the space limit. The main purpose of the research was to analyse the Latvian national framework of legal subject or international and national regulatory frameworks of territory and to offer a clearer and more comprehensive definition of the national territory. The author developed the dimensional framework definition of national territory in the result of research that would be necessary in the national regulatory framework in the context of national security and not in conflict with the international regulatory framework.

One of the reasons for the low effectiveness of the European Union's policy in the Mediterranean is the discrepancy between the EU's international identity and the national interests of its Member States. The EU has been building its international identity on values that are proper to political idealism. In large measure, however, the EU's declared aims have not been consistent with the national interests of its Member States. In effect, while Member States are able to adopt general guidelines for the EU foreign policy, translating such guidelines into specific actions often proves impossible. The aim of this article is to analyse the low effectiveness of the EU's policy in the Mediterranean region in terms of the discrepancies between the idealistic concept deriving from the EU's international identity on the one hand, and its realistic actions based on the EU's Member States' national interests, on the other. As the European Union's foreign policy is shaped at the intergovernmental level, national interests tend to take the upper hand. The Mediterranean policy of five EU-Member States will be analysed - France, Spain, Italy, Germany and the United Kingdom. Adapted from the source document.

International audience ; The International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development held in New York in August 1987 ended in overall failure. Poorly defended by its promoter France), fought by the United States, and rather poorly prepared in terms of substance, the states remained in the exclusive domain of political tactics. However, it was not useless. The debates in the presence of the NGOs were interesting on the question of the need for peace. In addition, the USSR recognized the unreality of their official figures for military spending. Finally, the UN must play a fundamental role in disarmament negotiations. ; La Conférence internationale sur la relation entre le désarmement et le développement du mois d'août 1987 à New York s'est globalement soldée par un échec. Mal défendue par son promoteur France), combattue par les Etats-Unis, assez mal préparée sur le fond, les Etats sont restés dans le domaine exclusif de la tactique politique. Elle n'a pas été inutile pour autant. Les débats en présence des ONG ont été intéressants sur la question de la nécessité de la paix. En outre, l'URSS a reconnu l'irréalité des chiffres officiels de leurs dépenses militaires. Enfin, l'ONU doit jouer un rôle fondamental dans les négociations sur le désarmement.

International audience ; The International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development held in New York in August 1987 ended in overall failure. Poorly defended by its promoter France), fought by the United States, and rather poorly prepared in terms of substance, the states remained in the exclusive domain of political tactics. However, it was not useless. The debates in the presence of the NGOs were interesting on the question of the need for peace. In addition, the USSR recognized the unreality of their official figures for military spending. Finally, the UN must play a fundamental role in disarmament negotiations. ; La Conférence internationale sur la relation entre le désarmement et le développement du mois d'août 1987 à New York s'est globalement soldée par un échec. Mal défendue par son promoteur France), combattue par les Etats-Unis, assez mal préparée sur le fond, les Etats sont restés dans le domaine exclusif de la tactique politique. Elle n'a pas été inutile pour autant. Les débats en présence des ONG ont été intéressants sur la question de la nécessité de la paix. En outre, l'URSS a reconnu l'irréalité des chiffres officiels de leurs dépenses militaires. Enfin, l'ONU doit jouer un rôle fondamental dans les négociations sur le désarmement.

International audience ; The International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development held in New York in August 1987 ended in overall failure. Poorly defended by its promoter France), fought by the United States, and rather poorly prepared in terms of substance, the states remained in the exclusive domain of political tactics. However, it was not useless. The debates in the presence of the NGOs were interesting on the question of the need for peace. In addition, the USSR recognized the unreality of their official figures for military spending. Finally, the UN must play a fundamental role in disarmament negotiations. ; La Conférence internationale sur la relation entre le désarmement et le développement du mois d'août 1987 à New York s'est globalement soldée par un échec. Mal défendue par son promoteur France), combattue par les Etats-Unis, assez mal préparée sur le fond, les Etats sont restés dans le domaine exclusif de la tactique politique. Elle n'a pas été inutile pour autant. Les débats en présence des ONG ont été intéressants sur la question de la nécessité de la paix. En outre, l'URSS a reconnu l'irréalité des chiffres officiels de leurs dépenses militaires. Enfin, l'ONU doit jouer un rôle fondamental dans les négociations sur le désarmement.

On 27 February 2019 the Supreme Court of the United States issued a judgment regarding the interpretation of the International Organizations Immunities Act, following a suit filed by a group of Indian fishermen against the International Finance Corporation. The Court stated that the principal of jurisdictional immunity of international organizations shall be linked to that of State immunity, so that, with some due exceptions, all international organizations should be entitled only to a restrictive immunity from suit and not an absolute one. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to comment the decision of the Court and analyse whether it fits with the universally recognised principles of international law. Keywords: jurisdictional immunity of international organizations; Supreme Court of the United States; International Finance Corporation; State immunity; restrictive and absolute immunity.

This article explores the policies and activities undertaken by Kosovo as it seeks diplomatic recognition under conditions of contested statehood and transitional international order. Existing debates about diplomatic recognition—in particular, how independent sovereign statehood is achieved—generally rest upon systemic factors, normative institutions, and the preferences of great powers. In contrast, we argue that the experience of Kosovo presents a more complex and less predetermined process of international recognition, in which the agency of fledgling states, diplomatic skill, timing, and even chance may play a far more important role in mobilizing international support for recognition than is generally acknowledged. In building this argument, we explore Kosovo's path to contested independence and examine the complex process of diplomatic recognition, as well as highlight the hybrid justifications for recognizing Kosovo's statehood and independence. Without downplaying the importance of systemic factors, this article contributes to a critical rethinking of norms and processes related to state recognition in international affairs, which has implications for a broad range of cases.

Law concerning discrimination in employment in Russia was expected to undergo a serious transformation after the fall of the Soviet system, when the Iron Curtain was lifted and the country became more open to Western legal concepts and international law. Nevertheless, most existing anti-discrimination norms in Russian law are based on the traditional concept of "uniformity and differentiation in regulation of labor" that is ill-suited to meet the challenges of amarket economy and the emergence of employment by privately owned enterprises which may have greater motivation to discriminate than state-owned-enterprises. The aim of the author is not to present an encyclopedic overview of all aspects of the topic of discrimination, but rather to concentrate on the most significant areas in which Russian law and practices diverge from international labor standards. To do so, this article analyzes current Russian legislation and landmark cases concerning gender, disability, age and some other areas of discrimination in employment with respect to their effectiveness and conformity to international labor standards on the matter. The issues of a clear definition of discrimination in employment, of protection from indirect discrimination, and of alleviation from the burden of proof are also examined. The author concludes this work by offering the reader several suggestions about how to harmonize Russian domestic law on employment discrimination with international labor standards while giving due respect to national legal and societal traditions and the current economic environment.

Where does innovation in journalism come from, how is it implemented, and what factors drive or hinder its development? Scholars have explored these questions from different perspectives for over two decades. Our research holistically considers the broader factors that influence the development of journalistic innovation at the macro, meso, and micro levels, and whether it is internally or externally driven. In a three-year international research project, we have unpacked innovation with this multidimensional approach, looking at the most important innovations in journalism in Austria, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, and the UK. Our study focuses on the mutual interplay between journalists, media organizations, and society. We investigated 100 case studies with 137 guided interviews with senior managers or project leaders. The results show that the focus of supporting and obstructive factors is internal and on the meso level and that many parallels exist between media systems. Internal factors are the intrinsic motivation of individuals, which need the support of open-minded management, allowing a culture of experimentation without economic pressure and assembling interdisciplinary teams. Across countries and independent of the respective media system, three external key drivers of innovation in journalism can be identified: technology, societal change, and change in the digital media universe. The study confirms once again as if through a magnifying glass that journalism is primarily a public service, especially for those innovations that strengthen the role of journalism in a democratic society.

Where does innovation in journalism come from, how is it implemented, and what factors drive or hinder its development? Scholars have explored these questions from different perspectives for over two decades. Our research holistically considers the broader factors that influence the development of journalistic innovation at the macro, meso, and micro levels, and whether it is internally or externally driven. In a three-year international research project, we have unpacked innovation with this multidimensional approach, looking at the most important innovations in journalism in Austria, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, and the UK. Our study focuses on the mutual interplay between journalists, media organizations, and society. We investigated 100 case studies with 137 guided interviews with senior managers or project leaders. The results show that the focus of supporting and obstructive factors is internal and on the meso level and that many parallels exist between media systems. Internal factors are the intrinsic motivation of individuals, which need the support of open-minded management, allowing a culture of experimentation without economic pressure and assembling interdisciplinary teams. Across countries and independent of the respective media system, three external key drivers of innovation in journalism can be identified: technology, societal change, and change in the digital media universe. The study confirms once again as if through a magnifying glass that journalism is primarily a public service, especially for those innovations that strengthen the role of journalism in a democratic society.

What are the drivers of business cycle fluctuations? And how many are there? By documenting strong and predictable co-movement of real variables during the business cycle in a sample of advanced economies, we argue that most business cycle fluctuations are driven by one major factor. The positive co-movement of real output and inflation convincingly argues for a demand story. We propose a simple statistic that can compare data and models. Based on this statistic, we show that the recent vintage of structural economic models has difficulties replicating the stylized facts we document