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The article is devoted to the research of social perspectives of science and digital economy development in Ukraine. The main tasks set and resolved in the article were: to study the social advantages of the digital economy and science development, analysis of the negative effects of these processes and directions of their minimization, the proposal of social perspectives for the development of science and digital economics. During the research such methods of synthesis and analysis, comparison and systematization have been used. The article founds that the main social benefits of science and the digital economy development are related to the system of education, medicine and welfare of people. Negative aspects of these processes are technological unemployment, temporary uneven income of the population, changes in the regional structure of the factors of production placement, a significant gap between technology development of developed countries and developing countries. It is possible to minimize these negative consequences through the system of personnel retraining and small and medium-sized businesses development. The statistical indicators of the science development in Ukraine have been analyzed and the lagging behind the specific expenses for carrying out scientific researches in comparison with EU countries has been established. The main social perspectives for the science and the digital economy development are the introduction of an effective policy in the labor market focused on the latest technologies and innovations; mobility of workers; creation of clusters of knowledge intensive industries and universities; the use of social networks to form the country's brand and the development of common social values in society; introduction of the main directions of the European concept of digital science in Ukraine for increasing integration into the European scientific space; active participation in the Horizon 2020 program for joint Ukrainian-European projects. Prospects for further research in this area will reveal the influence of science on the development of the social economy in Ukraine and destruction factors. ; Статья посвящена исследованию социальных перспектив развития науки и цифровой экономики в Украине. Основными задачами, поставленными и решенными в статье, были: изучение социальных преимуществ развития цифровой экономики и науки, анализ негативных последствий этих процессов и направлений по их минимизации, предложение социальных перспектив развития науки и цифровой экономики. При написании статьи использовались методы синтеза и анализа, сравнения и систематизации. В статье было установлено, что основные социальные преимущества развития науки и цифровой экономики касаются системы образования, медицины и благосостояния людей. Негативными аспектами этих процессов является технологическая безработица, временная неравномерность доходов населения, изменения в региональной структуре размещения факторов производства, значительное отставание развивающихся стран. Минимизировать эти негативные последствия можно с помощью системы переквалификации кадров и развития малого и среднего бизнеса. Проанализированы статистические показатели развития науки в Украине и установлено отставание по удельным затратам на выполнение научных исследований и разработок по сравнению со странами ЕС. Основными социальными перспективами развития науки и цифровой экономики является внедрение эффективной политики на рынке труда, ориентированной на новейшие технологии и инновации; мобильность работников; создание кластеров наукоемких отраслей, производств и университетов, использование социальных сетей для формирования бренда страны и развития общих социальных ценностей в обществе; внедрение Украиной основных направлений европейской концепции цифровой науки для большей интеграции в европейское научное пространство; активизация участия в программе Горизонт 2020 для совместных украинско-европейских проектов. Перспективами дальнейших научных исследований в этой сфере станет выявление влияния развития науки на развитие социальной экономики в Украине и выделение факторов деструкции в этих сферах. ; Стаття присвячена дослідженню соціальних перспектив розвитку науки та цифрової економіки в Україні. Основними завданнями, які були поставлені та вирішені у статті, є: вивчення соціальних переваг розвитку цифрової економіки та науки, аналіз негативних наслідків цих процесів та напрямків щодо їх мінімізації, пропозиція соціальних перспектив розвитку науки та цифрової економіки. При написанні статті використовувалися методи синтезу та аналізу, порівняння та систематизації. У статті було встановлено, що основні соціальні переваги розвитку науки та цифрової економіки стосуються системи освіти, медицини та добробуту людей. Негативними аспектами цих процесів є технологічне безробіття, тимчасова нерівномірність доходів населення, зміни у регіональній структурі розміщення факторів виробництва, значне відставання країн, що розвиваються. Мінімізувати ці негативні наслідки можна за допомогою системи перекваліфікації кадрів та розвитку малого і середнього бізнесу. Проаналізовано статистичні показники розвитку науки в Україні та встановлено відставання щодо питомих витрат на виконання наукових досліджень і розробок у порівнянні з країнами ЄС. Основними соціальними перспективами розвитку науки і цифрової економіки є впровадження ефективної політики на ринку праці, орієнтованої на новітні технології та інновації; мобільність працівників; створення кластерів наукоємних галузей, виробництв і університетів; використання соціальних мереж для формування бренду країни і розвитку загальних соціальних цінностей в суспільстві; впровадження Україною основних напрямків європейської концепції цифрової науки для все більшої інтеграції у європейський науковий простір; активізація участі у програмі Горизонт 2020 для спільних українсько-європейських проектів. Перспективами подальших наукових досліджень у цій сфері стане виявлення впливу розвитку науки на розвиток соціальної економіки в Україні та виокремлення факторів деструкцій у цих сферах.

WOS: 000510149300006 ; This paper describes the reconstruction of electrons and photons with the ATLAS detector, employed for measurements and searches exploiting the complete LHC Run 2 dataset. An improved energy clustering algorithm is introduced, and its implications for the measurement and identification of prompt electrons and photons are discussed in detail. Corrections and calibrations that affect performance, including energy calibration, identification and isolation efficiencies, and the measurement of the charge of reconstructed electron candidates are determined using up to 81 fb(-1) of proton-proton collision data collected at root s = 13 TeV between 2015 and 2017. ; ANPCyT, ArgentinaANPCyT; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, AustraliaAustralian Research Council; BMWFW, Austria; FWF, AustriaAustrian Science Fund (FWF); ANAS, AzerbaijanAzerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS); SSTC, Belarus; CNPq, BrazilNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); FAPESP, BrazilFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP); NSERC, CanadaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada; NRC, Canada; CFI, CanadaCanada Foundation for Innovation; CERN; CONICYT, ChileComision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica (CONICYT); CAS, ChinaChinese Academy of Sciences; MOST, ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology, China; NSFC, ChinaNational Natural Science Foundation of China; COLCIENCIAS, ColombiaDepartamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion Colciencias; MSMT CR, Czech RepublicMinistry of Education, Youth & Sports - Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; MPO CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; VSC CR, Czech RepublicCzech Republic Government; DNRF, Denmark; DNSRC, DenmarkDanish Natural Science Research Council; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, GermanyFederal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); HGF, Germany; MPG, GermanyMax Planck Society; GSRT, GreeceGreek Ministry of Development-GSRT; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, ChinaHong Kong Research Grants Council; ISF, IsraelIsrael Science Foundation; Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, ItalyIstituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; MEXT, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT); JSPS, JapanMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT)Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, NetherlandsNetherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO)Netherlands Government; RCN, Norway; MNiSW, PolandMinistry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; NCN, Poland; FCT, PortugalPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia, Russian FederationRussian Federation; NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS, SloveniaSlovenian Research Agency - Slovenia; MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC, Sweden; Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, Switzerland; SNSF, SwitzerlandSwiss National Science Foundation (SNSF); Canton of Bern, Switzerland; Canton of Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, TaiwanMinistry of Science and Technology, Taiwan; TAEK, TurkeyMinistry of Energy & Natural Resources - Turkey; STFC, United KingdomScience & Technology Facilities Council (STFC); DOE, United States of AmericaUnited States Department of Energy (DOE); NSF, United States of AmericaNational Science Foundation (NSF); BCKDF, Canada; CANARIE, Canada; CRC, Canada; Compute Canada, Canada; COST, European Union; ERC, European UnionEuropean Union (EU)European Research Council (ERC); ERDF, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Horizon 2020, European Union; Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European UnionEuropean Union (EU); Investissement d' Avenir Labex, ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Investissement d'Avenir Idex, ANR, FranceFrench National Research Agency (ANR); DFG, GermanyGerman Research Foundation (DFG); AvH Foundation, GermanyAlexander von Humboldt Foundation; Herakleitos programme - EU-ESF, Greece; Thales programme - EU-ESF, Greece; Aristeia programme - EU-ESF, Greece; Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF, Israel; GIF, IsraelGerman-Israeli Foundation for Scientific Research and Development; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; Royal Society, United KingdomRoyal Society of London; Leverhulme Trust, United KingdomLeverhulme Trust ; We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; CONICYT, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS, CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF, and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC, Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; JINR; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZS, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MINECO, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, CRC and Compute Canada, Canada; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020, and Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d' Avenir Labex and Idex, ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.

This dissertation asks: how do global value chains influence currency conflict? I argue that global value chain integration shifts the traditional exchange rate preferences of exporting firms away from a desire for a competitive, underval- ued exchange rate—the cornerstone of a currency war—, towards a more stable, equilibrium-level exchange rate. As firms increasingly rely on the cross-border exchange of intermediate inputs, they will tend to prefer exchange rate stability over competitiveness, thus alleviating currency conflict.In the late 1980s and into the 1990s, a revolution in information technology drastically lowered communication costs within and across borders. Concurrent innovations in shipping and containerization and a surge in regional trade agree ments considerably lowered trade costs between countries. Reduced trade and communication costs led many firms in advanced economies to outsource parts of their production process to lower-wage countries with whom they had a trade agreement. This fragmentation of the production process into global value chains reshaped international trade, and with it, currency politics.In a globalized economy where firms import many of the inputs that comprise a final exported good, an undervalued exchange rate no longer gives a boost to exports due to the increased cost of the imported inputs. Currency undervaluation is a costly venture by policymakers, which requires a trove of foreign exchange reserves, a high savings rate, and, in most cases, controls on international capital mobility. Global value chain (GVC) integration decreases the benefits of an undervalued currency beyond its cost, thus constraining governments from manipulating their currencies for competitive gain. Additionally, as countries move up the value chain and specialize in complex intermediate inputs—e.g., airplane parts—, concern over exchange rate stability exceeds interest in exchange rate competitiveness due to exchange-rate pass-through—the effect of an exchange rate movement on the price of a good. All else equal, further GVC integration will tend to increase firm preferences for exchange rate stability and weaken preferences for an undervalued exchange rate.These arguments are tested with cross-sectional time-series data that cover 62 countries—accounting for over 80% of global trade—between 1995 and 2011. I exploit the richness of the trade data by measuring annual GVC participation at the country, country-partner, and country-sector levels of observation. In the first empirical chapters, I test the argument that GVC integration puts upward pressure on undervalued exchange rates towards their equilibrium level. Utilizing two distinct measures of currency misalignment, I show that the more integrated a country becomes in GVCs—specifically, the more foreign inputs as a share of gross exports—the weaker its commitment to an undervalued currency. Moreover, as a country moves up the value chain, producing highly-specialized inputs, there is a similar revaluation of the exchange rate. All else equal, GVC integration constrains governments from utilizing competitive exchange rate policies.The third empirical chapter evaluates the policy implications of the argument and recommends inclusive trade measures to promote value chain integration. Fol- lowing the information and communications technology (ICT) revolution of the late 1980s, firms could transmit data and communicate across borders quicker than in previous decades. The missing elements to take advantage of the low-cost labor were lowered trade barriers and protections for foreign firms. The regional trade agreements between North and South that ballooned in the 1990s provided this critical component for GVC integration. I test this argument using annual GVC data at the country-partner level regressed on the presence of a regional trade agreement between partners, as well as the standard gravity model covariates that predict trade between countries—distance, economy size, and shared history. My empirical strategy includes a marginal structural model with inverse probability weights, ensuring that there is balance in the time-varying covariates across different treatment histories, and allowing me to make causal claims (albeit with strong assumptions) about the treatment effect of regional trade agreements. Indeed, I find that regional trade agreements are a highly significant predictor of GVC integration, increasing GVCs between countries by 17% and 57% as a share of gross exports. The ICT revolution was a necessary condition for the emergence of GVCs, but not sufficient. Policymakers should consider using regional trade agreements, which increases general welfare in all countries involved, as an inclusive measure to combat currency conflict.In sum, my dissertation shows that global value chain integration alleviates currency conflict. As firms rely increasingly on the cross-border exchange of in- termediate inputs, and, as these firms move up the value chain to produce highly- specialized goods or services, their exchange rate preference will tend to move away from an undervalued exchange rate. A main determinant of GVC integration is the presence of a regional trade agreement between partner countries. The deep provisions found in these agreements protect firms investing in foreign markets and the removal of trade barriers allows for freer movement of inputs across borders. Together, I have shown an inclusive approach to combating currency conflict.

Australian Technical Colleges (ATCs) were an initiative of the Howard Government to provide technical and skills training to secondary school students. They were somewhat controversial as, in an area of traditional State responsibility, they created schools run independently of State governments. The 2007 election resulted in a change of government, with the Rudd Labor Government taking power. With the change in government came a change in governmental priorities and methods of delivery of vocational education and technical training. The Rudd Government has decided to discontinue funding for all ATCs after 2009, and establish Trade Training Centres in every secondary school across Australia in their place. The ATC that was established at Taree and funded by the Commonwealth has no future after 2009. A future use for the building must be found. A number of local industry and educational groups have conducted 'business case modelling' for the Taree ATC site, which shows that it is not viable to run a technical and trade-focused secondary school from the site. As a result, alternative options for the future use of the building must be explored. When assessing future uses for the Taree ATC building, the demographics of the region and the characteristics of the local economy are important considerations. Taree is a coastal regional city, located on the Mid North Coast (MNC) of New South Wales. Mr Robert Oakeshott MP is the sitting member for the Federal electorate of Lyne, in which Taree is located. The MNC has a growing and ageing population, as many people of retirement age are moving to the area. Also, there is a distinct lack of young people in the area, due to them moving away to regional centres and capital cities in search of education and employment opportunities. Taree, and the surrounding region, also has a significant indigenous population for which social and employment issues are magnified. The unemployment rate is much higher for the local indigenous population than the overall average, and this is especially seen in young indigenous people. The local economy is mainly service-based, with a lack of large employers. Like many NSW regions, the nature of the MNC economy and industry meant that it was unable to capitalise on the national resource boom. As a consequence, most jobs in the area are semi-skilled and service-based, with a high rate of casual employment. When assessing options for the future use of the building, the regional demographics and economy were taken into account in order that an appropriate community benefit could be achieved. This future use would need to address a number of the social and economic challenges facing Taree, and the MNC more generally. A number of uses for the building have been identified, that seek to resolve its futu re long-term use. The three options for the future use of the building that have been assessed each address a number of these challenges. The first option is to establish an Innovation and Business Enterprise Centre. This centre would establish a business incubator model that provides business and mentoring assistance to local small business. It would also have a government presence to help these businesses access government funding, and a career services presence to help local residents, especially youth, access employment and training opportunities. The second option is to establish a Media and Communications Campus. This campus would focus on post-secondary education and provide better access for local students to further and higher education opportunities. It is envisaged that this campus will be establish with links to universities to provide joint study programs. It will also provide local schools with access to state of the art media facilities, and sets out a clear pathway for local students to follow if they want to access higher education in the media and communications fields. The third option is to provide Infrastructure for the National Broadband Network (NBN). This option proposes to use the building as a Call or Help Centre, as part of the government's implementation of the NBN. It would boost the local economy by bringing jobs to the area and train people with the skills required to work in such an environment. At present, the Government is awaiting the results of a feasibility study that it has commissioned into these options to determine which are viable and provide community benefit. Once the feasibility study is received the next steps will be to assess which options are viable and provide the most appropriate outcomes against the community needs criteria and establish a steering committee that is representative of local interests to guide the process from selecting a preferred option through to its completion. Through this committee, Mr Oakeshott can continue to lobby government and other interested parties for a quick, but considered, resolution of the future use of the Taree ATC site.

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :사회과학대학 지리학과,2020. 2. Edo Andriesse. ; 본 박사학위논문은 아프리카 가나 서부의 남획과 석유 산업이 연안지역사회 소규모 어민들의 생계에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 연구하였다. 어업과 석유 부문의 공식 및 비공식 행위자와의 상호 작용과 이들 행위자가 어민들의 생계 적응 전략을 어떻게 형성했는지 확인하였다. 연구방법은 400명의 어민 가구들을 대상으로 한 설문조사와 42명의 핵심 이해관계자들을 대상으로 한 인터뷰를 혼합하여 채택하였다. 설문조사와 인터뷰는 2018년 12월에서 2019년 4월 사이에 가나에서 Shama 지역의 Apo와 Bentsir, Nzema East 지역의 Axim, Ahanta West의 Discove와 Akiwidaa, 그리고 Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis 지역의 Sekondi와 New Takoradi에서 실시하였다. 설문조사와 인터뷰 응답자는 눈덩이 표집법과 의도적 표집법을 통해 선발되었다. 설문에는 객관식, 단답식, 서술식 질문이 포함되었다. 단답식 그리고 객관식 질문들을 통해서는 응답자들이 특정 답변을 선택하도록, 서술식 질문을 통해서는 현지 어업 관련 경험과 기타 문제에 대해 자유롭게 서술하도록 하였다. 설문조사 결과는 사회과학자를 위한 IBM SPSS 버전 21.0과 Excel 프로그램을 통해 분석하였다. 인터뷰 결과는 주제별로 답변을 기록하고 번역하였다. 설문조사와 인터뷰의 결과는 아프리카 가나 서부 지역의 어민들이 어획량과 어업 기회 감소로 인해 사회경제적 취약성이 높다는 것을 보여준다. 어획량과 소득의 감소는 남획이 어업 생계에 미치는 가장 큰 영향의 결과인 것이 밝혀졌다. 어민들의 이동 제한, 어구의 파괴 및 몰수, 해초의 존재 및 토지 기회의 부족은 석유 산업에 의해 유발되는 생계 위협의 주요 요인들이다. 남획과 석유 시추 활동의 결합 효과는 해상 어업 공간 감소, 토지 소유 및 농업 기회의 제한, 해양 생태계 파괴로 이어졌다. 전반적으로, 자연적(natural), 재정적(financial), 인적(human), 물리적(physical) 자본이 남획과 석유 산업의 영향을 가장 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 현지 어민들과 공동체 지도자들은 금어기(禁漁期, closed fishing season)에 대해 다른 평가를 가지고 있었다. 설문조사와 인터뷰에 따르면, 어부들은 금어기 시행보다는 불법 어업에 대한 법률을 시행하는 것을 선호하고 있었다. 어민과 지도자들의 상충되는 의견은 (1) 금어기 도입에 따른 어민들의 재정적, 자연적, 문화적 자본의 감소와, (2) 의사 결정 과정에서의 참여 수준의 결과로 보인다. 전반적으로 이와 관련하여 두 가지 다른 정치적 담론이 충돌하는 현상이 나타났다. 한쪽은 연안 공동체의 소규모 어민들의 입장으로, 수산법을 엄격하게 시행하는 동시에 모든 어민들이 자유롭게 바다를 사용하는 개방 담론이다. 다른 한쪽은 정부와 환경 NGO들의 입장으로, 해양 자원의 장기적인 지속 가능성을 위해 계절적으로 바다의 사용을 금지하는 보존 담론이다. 개방 담론은 최근 제시되고 있는 과학적 결과들에 의해 보존 담론에 의해 위축되고 있음이 여러 사례 지역에서 발견되고 있다. 현지 어민들과 석유 기업 사이에서 발생하는 갈등은 해상 유전 주변의 구역(버퍼 구역 500~1,000m)에서 주로 발생한다. 이 지역은 어업적으로 그리고 생태학적으로 매우 중요한 곳이며 상당한 석유 및 가스 매장량을 보유하고 있다. 한편으로 지역 어민들은 유전 주변의 비옥한 어장에 대한 장기적인 사용을 유지하고자 한다. 반면, 석유 및 가스 회사는 석유 탐사 및 생산을 유지하기 위해 동일한 해저에 대한 사용권을 얻고자 한다. 지역 어민들이 전개한 해양 공간 내 이동을 통한 생계 전략은 단기적인 대처 전략으로 해석된다. 서부 지역 어민들 사이에서는 빛과 화학 물질을 사용한 불법 및 파괴적인 어업 방법이 유행하고 있다. 어민들의 경험을 바탕으로 한 적응 전략이 중요하지만, 지속 가능하지 못하며 불법적인 방법들은 해양 어류의 재건에서 역효과를 낳고 있다. 본 논문은 지속 가능한 생계 접근과 정치생태학에서 파생된 행위자 중심 접근을 통합하였고, 이를 통해 해안의 취약성과 적응 전략을 이해하고 해양 자원의 재건에 대한 담론들을 이해하는 분석틀을 제공했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. ; This study is concerned with how overfishing and the petroleum industry has affected the livelihoods of small-scale fisherfolk in the coastal communities of Western Region. It investigates the interaction between formal and informal actors in the fisheries and the petroleum sector and the ways in which these actors influence or shape the livelihood adaptation strategies deployed by coastal fisherfolk. A mixed- methods approach made up of 400 fisherfolk households survey and 42 interviews with stakeholders in the fisheries and the petroleum industries were conducted. The surveys and interviews were conducted between December 2018 and April 2019 in Ghana. A total of 400 households survey was conducted in Shama (Apo & Bentsir), Nzema East (Axim), Ahanta West (Discove & Akwidaa) and in the (Sekondi-Takoradi Metropolis) Sekondi & New Takoradi. Respondents for the survey and interviews were selected through snowballing and purposive sampling techniques respectively. The questionnaire included closed, open and multiple-choice questions. The closed ended and multiple choice questions permitted respondents to select specific choice of answers while the open ended questions offered the respondents the opportunity to freely talk about their experiences and knowledge related to the local fishing industry and other relevant issues concerning the marine conservation. The statistical package for social scientist IBM SPSS Version 21.0 and Excel spreadsheet were used to analyze the results from the household surveys. The results from the interviews were translated and transcribed where applicable and organized into relevant thematic themes. The survey results coupled with the knowledge obtained from interviews shows that fisherfolk in the Western Region of Ghana are under high levels of socioeconomic vulnerability because of decrease fish catch and declining small-scale fisheries opportunities. Decreased fish catch and low income were found to be the main impact of overfishing on fisherfolk livelihoods. The spatial restriction of fisher's mobility offshore, the destruction and confiscation of fishing gear, the presence of seaweed in the ocean, and the lack of land opportunities are some of the key petroleum industry-induced stressors on fisheries livelihoods. The combined effects of overfishing and oil and gas activities has resulted in decreased fishing space at sea, limited land ownership and farming opportunities and destruction of marine ecosystem. Overall, the natural, financial, human and physical capital were find to be the most impacted by overfishing and the petroleum industry. Fisherfolk and local fisheries leaders had different perceptions regarding the ecological effectiveness of closed seasons. The survey results coupled with the knowledge obtained from interviews suggest that fisherfolk prefer the state to enforce the laws on illegal fishing rather than the implementation of closed season. The conflicting perceptions appear to be a result of fisherfolk perceived impact of closed season on their financial, cultural and natural capital as well as their level of participation and perceived influence in decision-making leading to the introduction of the closed season. Overall, two different discursive positions were established with respect to the closed season. An open access fisheries narrative together with strict enforcement of fisheries laws and seasonal closures supported by conservation discourses. The open access argument from the fisherfolk to continue fishing were found to be weak compared to the powerful and dominant scientific conservation narratives by the state and the NGOs. The conflict produced between the local fishers and the petroleum industry occurs at strategic spatial areas at sea (buffer zones -500&1000m radius) around oil fields offshore. These areas are considered ecologically fertile grounds for fisheries and holds considerable oil and gas reserves. On the one hand local fishers seeks to maintain long term access to fertile fishing grounds around the oil fields. On the other hand, oil and gas companies also wants to keep oil reserves in the same seabed to maintain oil exploration and production. The marine spatial mobility livelihood strategies deployed by the local fisherfolk could be described as a short-term coping strategies. Illegal light fishing and other destructive fishing methods such as the use of chemicals is on the increase and are more prevalent among fisherfolk in the Western Region. The various in situ marine-based adaptation strategies deployed by fisherfolk, especially illegal light fishing and fishing around oil rigs, are unsustainable and are counterproductive in the rebuilding of depleted marine fish stocks. The integration of the sustainable livelihoods approach and an actor-oriented approach derived from political ecology served as an important analytical package to understand the current coastal vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies as well as the opposing discourses over the rebuilding of marine resources. ; Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Study Background 1 1.2 Research problem 3 1.3 Study objective and research questions 6 1.4 Research method 7 1.4.1 Data gathering techniques 9 1.4.2 Data analysis and interpretation of results 12 1.5 Organization of the study 16 Chapter 2. Literature Review 19 2.1. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach 19 2.1.1 Livelihood assets 20 2.1.2 The vulnerability context 23 2.1.3 Policies, Institutions and Processes (PIP) 24 2.1.4 Livelihood strategies and outcomes 25 2.2 Political Ecology 27 2.2.1 Themes/Approaches of Political Ecology 28 2.2.2 Power and actor-oriented political ecology 30 2.3 Rational for the integration of SLA and Political ecology (PE) 33 2.3.1 Analytical framework of study 33 Chapter 3. Case study introduction 38 3.1 Introduction to Ghana 38 3.1.1 Western Region of Ghana. 40 3.2 Fisheries management & governance in Ghana 44 3.3 Structure and overview of Ghana's marine fishing sector 54 3.3.1 Increasing capacity amidst decreasing fish catch 57 3.4 The emerging oil and gas industry in Ghana. 62 3.4.1 The petroleum industry, environmental impacts and conflicts: lessons from Sub-Saharan Africa. 64 Chapter 4. Coastal Vulnerabilities and Conflicts Management. 67 4.1 Overview of Household Survey 67 4.2 Impacts of overfishing on the livelihoods of fisherfolk 71 4.3 Impacts of the petroleum industry on the livelihoods of fisherfolk. 74 4.3.1 Livelihood situation before and after oil and gas extraction and production. 77 4.4 Differences and commonalities of vulnerabilities within and among the study areas 80 4.5 Contesting access to the use of coastal waters: The political ecology of closed season. 83 4.5.1 Bottom-up initiatives verse top down approaches 89 4.6 Differences and commonalities of local support for marine conservation 95 4.7 Negotiating marine space in coastal Ghana: the political ecology of fishing and the petroleum industry. 98 Chapter 5. Livelihood Adaptation Strategies 109 5.1 Non-marine based adaptation strategies 109 5.2 Marine –based adaptation strategies. 114 5.3 local area differences and commonalities 131 5.4 Towards an all-inclusive and participatory fisheries governance and management. 137 Chapter 6. Conclusion 142 6.1 Key findings 142 6.2 Empirical and theoretical contributions 144 6.3 Policy Recommendations 149 6.4 Limitations of the study and future research 151 Bibliography 153 APPENDIXES 168 Abstract in Korean. 190 Acknowledgements 193 ; Doctor

International audience ; In this article we have chosen to focus on the circulations related to therapeutic mental health quests in the countries of the South through the example of Senegal. Mental health is not one of the priority health programs supported by the Global Fund, few countries in the South have specific mental health policies and programs, and it is not the subject of strong political and financial mobilization. According to WHO estimates, the majority of people with severe mental disorders are untreated and have diminished rights. With more accurate measurement of the disease burden, mental health has been included in the objectives of sustainable development and in overall public health. It is, in addition, a development issue given its social and economic costs to countries and families. Nevertheless, research on mental health in sub-Saharan Africa, whatever the discipline, is still too rare.Senegal was chosen for this research for two reasons: first, since French colonization, it has had an internationally recognized psychiatric range of services, and second Senegalese society is characterized by international migration and significant circular mobility, which anchors it in processes of globalization. The various circulations that contribute to structuring therapeutic pathways that are often long and chaotic before accessing psychiatric care are described mainly on the basis of anthropological data collected from people experiencing mental illness, either alone or supported by "their accompanying person(s)". These data are based on field surveys conducted in several psychiatric services and mental health centers throughout the country. Consultations were followed in agreement with the medical and administrative authorities, observations and interviews were carried out with healers, sick people and their "companions" in order to understand the therapeutic pathways, the management of the disease and drug treatments as well as the representations of psychological disorders in a context of stigmatization of madness. The investigation continued beyond the walls of the psychiatric institution with healers, marabouts and representatives of mystical medicine in order to take into account the plurality of therapeutic remedies and the movements that take place at local, national and even transnational levels. The interviews were conducted either in French or Wolof (translated by an investigator trained in health anthropology).The circulation of actors, products and practices is analyzed at different spatial and social scales and interpreted in relation to different explanatory and contextual factors. In the Senegalese health care system, mental health is not included in the primary care system. Map 1 reveals an insufficient supply of psychiatric care and deep inequalities between the West (the capital Dakar region) and the East of the country, as with other medical disciplines that are under-staffed and under-resourced. Sick people who consult in health centers or dispensaries are referred to the psychiatric unit in the health region where they reside or to the private sector if they have sufficient resources. Nevertheless, the pyramidal medical hierarchy is not always respected because it goes against the social logic of patients and their families who wish to consult in the greatest secrecy because of the social representations of madness. Therapeutic pathways therefore depend in part on accessibility and the additional costs of distance.The accounts of the therapeutic pathways reveal that psychiatry is often considered the ultimate solution in the event of an acute crisis, particularly in rural areas. It is a solution sometimes forced by the neighborhood or the authorities in the face of symptoms that cause fear and disapproval. Given the context of stigmatization and reluctance towards psychiatric institutions, families are experimenting with other therapeutic alternatives with healers and marabouts who may specialize in the treatment of madness or in a so-called "mystical" medicine that is rooted in Islam. This is also due to certain popular beliefs that insanity is not curable, which hinders adherence to psychiatric treatment. This leads to the interruption of treatment as soon as the patient is perceived to be doing better. The narratives of the interviewees also reveal self-medication practices that aim to regulate the behavior of sick people in the family and social space of the community. It helps to limit medical and indirect costs related to accessibility, as many families do not have universal medical coverage or sufficient financial resources. It reveals the circulation and sometimes diverted use of medicines after a medical check-up. In conclusion, we observe that the question of the management of psychological disorders is similar to that of chronic diseases (adherence to treatment, representation of recovery). It is also part of a context where a plurality of actors are taking hold of a protean "psy" discourse within Senegalese society. ; A partir de données anthropologiques et sociodémographiques collectées au Sénégal auprès de différentes catégories d'acteurs impliquées dans les quêtes thérapeutiques qu'engagent des personnes malades, seules ou soutenues par « leur(s) accompagnant(s) » afin de remédier à une pathologie mentale, sont décrites diverses circulations qui contribuent à structurer des parcours thérapeutiques souvent longs et chaotiques avant d'accéder à des soins psychiatriques. Les circulations des acteurs, des produits et des pratiques sont analysées à différentes échelles et interprétées par rapport à différents facteurs : l'inégale répartition territoriale de l'offre psychiatrique, les représentations des troubles psychiques et de leur guérison qui les rapprochent des maladies chroniques dans un contexte de pluralisme thérapeutique et de stigmatisation, certaines pratiques d'automédication au sein des familles en réponse au coût des soins en l'absence de couverture médicale universelle généralisée, enfin l'émergence de discours « psy » au sein de la société sénégalaise.

This volume, Irene Reti and HerBooks Feminist Press, is one of a trio of oral histories published by the Regional History Project documenting the history and archives of second-wave feminist presses on deposit in the University Library's Special Collections. They include Alta's history of Shameless Hussy Press and Sandra Kay Martz's, of Papier-Mache Press. The archives are part of the University of California/Stanford University History and Women's Studies Consortium California Feminist Presses Project whose mission is the preservation and documentation of feminist presses. Prior to her appointment at the Regional History Project, interviewee Irene Reti founded HerBooks in 1984. So she wears two hats in this project: she conducted the interviews with Alta and Martz; and was then interviewed herself as the founder of HerBooks, whose archive she donated to the University Library. HerBooks is a small, all-volunteer press, running on low overhead and publishing pioneering radical feminist titles. HerBooks blossomed within the milieu of feminism and lesbian literary culture and has survived with the support network of feminist presses, independent bookstores, and alternative book distribution. This volume consists of two interviews: one, by former UCSC student Martha Vickers, conducted in 1991, and the second, by Jacquelyn Marie, UCSC Reference/Women's Studies Librarian Emerita, who interviewed Reti in April 2001. As director of the Project, I edited the volume. Marie wrote me the following, describing her involvement in this project: As the Women's Studies librarian at UCSC, I initiated the California Feminist Presses Project with a colleague from UC Berkeley, as a special project within our UC/Stanford Consortium of History/Women's Studies librarians. Each campus collected the archives, including two copies of publications from all the California feminist presses. UCSC was committed to Shameless Hussy Press of Oakland, California, Papier-Mache Press from Watsonville, and HerBooks from Santa Cruz. All three publishers were interviewed. I have worked and consulted with Irene Reti through the years on writing and publishing, speaking on panels, producing bibliographies, designing posters and organizing exhibits. As a member of the feminist publishing/writing community since the 1970s, I have been particularly interested in a long-running, small press such as HerBooks. This press is especially important because of its lesbian/feminist stance. Irene has not hesitated to publish unknown lesbian writers who have highlighted a panoply of neglected and controversial issues. I was very excited to be able to interview her about her evolution as a publisher and writer. Reti graduated from UCSC in 1982 and founded HerBooks in 1984. Her path to publishing evolved quite organically as she knitted together her deep commitment to literature, her coming out as a lesbian, and her identity as a Jewish feminist. After she graduated from UCSC she held a series of nondescript jobs, one of which led her to learning typography and the mechanics of book publishing. This gave her a strong technical base as she launched HerBooks. She then became involved in the Santa Cruz literary scene and participated in several local writing groups. As she says in her oral history: "[At the time] there were a couple of literary magazines . . . I watched this process and thought . . . wait a second, I can do this! . . . the process [of publishing a book] didn't seem entirely mysterious to me anymore." She then published her first lesbian anthology and began her venture in what she describes as 'break-even publishing." In her narrative, Reti discusses the network of feminist publishers and writers with whom she has been involved, the genesis of the titles she has published over the years, her intuitive philosophy of why she publishes what she does, and her overview of the economics of small press publishing during the last two decades. She also gives an intimate overview of the singular literary community which has been thriving in Santa Cruz since the 1960s. HerBooks publications have included an eclectic variety of subjects ranging from serious feminist, lesbian political and cultural volumes (Childless by Choice: A Feminist Anthology (1992), Remember the Fire: Lesbian Sadomasochism in a Post-Nazi Holocaust World (1986), Unleashing Feminism: Critiquing Lesbian Sadomasochism in the Gay Nineties (1993), Carolyn Gage's The Second Coming of Joan of Arc and Other Plays (1994), A Transported Life: Memories of Kindertransport, the Oral History of Thea Feliks Eden (1995)) to more whimsical books such as Garden Variety Dykes: Lesbian Traditions in Gardening (1993) and Cats (and their Dykes) (1991). The HerBooks listing reflects the zeitgeist of radical feminist cultural and political concerns when these issues came to the forefront. The latest HerBooks publication as of this writing is Reti's The Keeper of Memory: A Memoir, a contemporary American bildungsroman which weaves together personal recollection, family history, the assimilationist impulses of her Holocaust refugee parents, and the author's discovery and reclamation of her Jewish identity. The HerBooks archive is at Special Collections, UC Santa Cruz library. A finding aid to the collection is available through the Online Archive of California.

This volume, Irene Reti and HerBooks Feminist Press, is one of a trio of oral histories published by the Regional History Project documenting the history and archives of second-wave feminist presses on deposit in the University Library's Special Collections. They include Alta's history of Shameless Hussy Press and Sandra Kay Martz's, of Papier-Mache Press. The archives are part of the University of California/Stanford University History and Women's Studies Consortium California Feminist Presses Project whose mission is the preservation and documentation of feminist presses.Prior to her appointment at the Regional History Project, interviewee Irene Reti founded HerBooks in 1984. So she wears two hats in this project: she conducted the interviews with Alta and Martz; and was then interviewed herself as the founder of HerBooks, whose archive she donated to the University Library. HerBooks is a small, all-volunteer press, running on low overhead and publishing pioneering radical feminist titles. HerBooks blossomed within the milieu of feminism and lesbian literary culture and has survived with the support network of feminist presses, independent bookstores, and alternative book distribution. This volume consists of two interviews: one, by former UCSC student Martha Vickers, conducted in 1991, and the second, by Jacquelyn Marie, UCSC Reference/Women's Studies Librarian Emerita, who interviewed Reti in April 2001. As director of the Project, I edited the volume. Marie wrote me the following, describing her involvement in this project:As the Women's Studies librarian at UCSC, I initiated the California Feminist Presses Project with a colleague from UC Berkeley, as a special project within our UC/Stanford Consortium of History/Women's Studies librarians. Each campus collected the archives, including two copies of publications from all the California feminist presses. UCSC was committed to Shameless Hussy Press of Oakland, California, Papier-Mache Press from Watsonville, and HerBooks from Santa Cruz. All three publishers were interviewed. I have worked and consulted with Irene Reti through the years on writing and publishing, speaking on panels, producing bibliographies, designing posters and organizing exhibits. As a member of the feminist publishing/writing community since the 1970s, I have been particularly interested in a long-running, small press such as HerBooks. This press is especially important because of its lesbian/feminist stance. Irene has not hesitated to publish unknown lesbian writers who have highlighted a panoply of neglected and controversial issues. I was very excited to be able to interview her about her evolution as a publisher and writer.Reti graduated from UCSC in 1982 and founded HerBooks in 1984. Her path to publishing evolved quite organically as she knitted together her deep commitment to literature, her coming out as a lesbian, and her identity as a Jewish feminist. After she graduated from UCSC she held a series of nondescript jobs, one of which led her to learning typography and the mechanics of book publishing. This gave her a strong technical base as she launched HerBooks. She then became involved in the Santa Cruz literary scene and participated in several local writing groups. As she says in her oral history: "[At the time] there were a couple of literary magazines . . . I watched this process and thought . . . wait a second, I can do this! . . . the process [of publishing a book] didn't seem entirely mysterious to me anymore." She then published her first lesbian anthology and began her venture in what she describes as 'break-even publishing."In her narrative, Reti discusses the network of feminist publishers and writers with whom she has been involved, the genesis of the titles she has published over the years, her intuitive philosophy of why she publishes what she does, and her overview of the economics of small press publishing during the last two decades. She also gives an intimate overview of the singular literary community which has been thriving in Santa Cruz since the 1960s.HerBooks publications have included an eclectic variety of subjects ranging from serious feminist, lesbian political and cultural volumes (Childless by Choice: A Feminist Anthology (1992), Remember the Fire: Lesbian Sadomasochism in a Post-Nazi Holocaust World (1986), Unleashing Feminism: Critiquing Lesbian Sadomasochism in the Gay Nineties (1993), Carolyn Gage's The Second Coming of Joan of Arc and Other Plays (1994), A Transported Life: Memories of Kindertransport, the Oral History of Thea Feliks Eden (1995)) to more whimsical books such as Garden Variety Dykes: Lesbian Traditions in Gardening (1993) and Cats (and their Dykes) (1991).The HerBooks listing reflects the zeitgeist of radical feminist cultural and political concerns when these issues came to the forefront. The latest HerBooks publication as of this writing is Reti's The Keeper of Memory: A Memoir, a contemporary American bildungsroman which weaves together personal recollection, family history, the assimilationist impulses of her Holocaust refugee parents, and the author's discovery and reclamation of her Jewish identity.The HerBooks archive is at Special Collections, UC Santa Cruz library. A finding aid to the collection is available through the Online Archive of California.

Fehlende Medikamente zur Bekämpfung armutsassoziierter Krankheiten sind ein globales Gesundheitsproblem.Katrin Gerlinger stellt in diesem Band Initiativen öffentlicher, gemeinnütziger und privater Akteure zur Stärkung der Produktentwicklung vor und nennt politische Optionen zur Förderung des Engagements. Bei der Betrachtung der Folgedimensionen berücksichtigt die Autorin Praxisrelevanz und Reichweite einzelner Steuerungselemente ebenso wie Möglichkeiten zum Wissenstransfer und Kapazitätsaufbau in Ländern des globalen Südens, insbesondere auf dem afrikanischen Kontinent.Vor dem Hintergrund der seit Jahren signalisierten Bereitschaft der deutschen Politik zu höherem Engagement bietet das Buch eine solide Informationsbasis für die weiterführende Befassung mit unterschiedlichen Ansätzen zur Stärkung der Produktentwicklung zu vernachlässigten armutsassoziierten Krankheiten und der besseren Ausrichtung des medizinisch-technischen Innovationssystems auf eben diese.

In 2018, 1,300 people were killed and 300,000 displaced as a result of herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria. These tensions threaten the already weakened security, economic development and food security in Western Africa. Indeed, cross-border transhumance of herders during the dry season is an important economic activity recognized by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). This practice is also an important adaptation strategy to climate change for Sahelian States that have developed a comparative advantage in producing and exporting livestock. However, the establishment of a harmonized legal framework surrounding this practice is hampered by coordination failures between Coastal States (primary receivers of livestock flows) and the Sahelian States (primary providers of livestock flows). The growth of the Nigerian agricultural sector through the expansion of agricultural land threatens the last open pastures and transhumance corridors. Indeed, Nigeria faces a scarcity of arable land for a growing rural population. Is competition for the remaining Nigerian grassland a factor of violence between nomadic herders from Niger and Nigerian farmers? Recent empirical evidence suggests that climate-induced migration of herders to nearby agricultural areas (short transhumance) is associated with a higher risk of herder-farmer conflict for the remaining pastoral resources. However, no analysis has been made on the case of lengthy and costly transhumance. This article analyses the security implications of cross-border transhumance between Niger and Nigeria at the scale of 0.5x0.5 degree cells between 2006 and 2016. Using spatial panel techniques and satellite data on land cover, it questions the importance of grassland grabbing strategies as a cause of the recent herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria. The obtained results hardly coincide with the idea that transhumant herders from Niger enter into conflict with Nigerian farmers over the grabbing of the last grazing resources. Ultimately, the economy of Sahelian ...

In 2018, 1,300 people were killed and 300,000 displaced as a result of herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria. These tensions threaten the already weakened security, economic development and food security in Western Africa. Indeed, cross-border transhumance of herders during the dry season is an important economic activity recognized by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). This practice is also an important adaptation strategy to climate change for Sahelian States that have developed a comparative advantage in producing and exporting livestock. However, the establishment of a harmonized legal framework surrounding this practice is hampered by coordination failures between Coastal States (primary receivers of livestock flows) and the Sahelian States (primary providers of livestock flows). The growth of the Nigerian agricultural sector through the expansion of agricultural land threatens the last open pastures and transhumance corridors. Indeed, Nigeria faces a scarcity of arable land for a growing rural population. Is competition for the remaining Nigerian grassland a factor of violence between nomadic herders from Niger and Nigerian farmers? Recent empirical evidence suggests that climate-induced migration of herders to nearby agricultural areas (short transhumance) is associated with a higher risk of herder-farmer conflict for the remaining pastoral resources. However, no analysis has been made on the case of lengthy and costly transhumance. This article analyses the security implications of cross-border transhumance between Niger and Nigeria at the scale of 0.5x0.5 degree cells between 2006 and 2016. Using spatial panel techniques and satellite data on land cover, it questions the importance of grassland grabbing strategies as a cause of the recent herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria. The obtained results hardly coincide with the idea that transhumant herders from Niger enter into conflict with Nigerian farmers over the grabbing of the last grazing resources. Ultimately, the economy of Sahelian ...

In 2018, 1,300 people were killed and 300,000 displaced as a result of herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria. These tensions threaten the already weakened security, economic development and food security in Western Africa. Indeed, cross-border transhumance of herders during the dry season is an important economic activity recognized by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS). This practice is also an important adaptation strategy to climate change for Sahelian States that have developed a comparative advantage in producing and exporting livestock. However, the establishment of a harmonized legal framework surrounding this practice is hampered by coordination failures between Coastal States (primary receivers of livestock flows) and the Sahelian States (primary providers of livestock flows). The growth of the Nigerian agricultural sector through the expansion of agricultural land threatens the last open pastures and transhumance corridors. Indeed, Nigeria faces a scarcity of arable land for a growing rural population. Is competition for the remaining Nigerian grassland a factor of violence between nomadic herders from Niger and Nigerian farmers? Recent empirical evidence suggests that climate-induced migration of herders to nearby agricultural areas (short transhumance) is associated with a higher risk of herder-farmer conflict for the remaining pastoral resources. However, no analysis has been made on the case of lengthy and costly transhumance. This article analyses the security implications of cross-border transhumance between Niger and Nigeria at the scale of 0.5x0.5 degree cells between 2006 and 2016. Using spatial panel techniques and satellite data on land cover, it questions the importance of grassland grabbing strategies as a cause of the recent herder-farmer conflicts in Nigeria. The obtained results hardly coincide with the idea that transhumant herders from Niger enter into conflict with Nigerian farmers over the grabbing of the last grazing resources. Ultimately, the economy of Sahelian ...