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It is presented a discussion in connection with role changes by the teacher and the students in a mathematics class, based on the possibilities offered by Critical Mathematical Education and the methodological approach of the Critical Investigation. The objective is to show those participant roles in the class change substantially when enabling a scenario to study social situations in the context as the axis of mathematical activity. In this space, the teacher does not have the authority and the only domain over the class but the students become protagonists of it, improving their processes of communication, participation, and consolidation of knowledge inside and outside of mathematics. To generate discussion, it shows the research process carried out by a group of eighth-grade students who present interpretations of an established mathematical model and its relation to self-care: in the use of the motorcycle; the situation of the context that made possible the development of the learning scenario. There, mathematics is built by students from their autonomous, collaborative, and committed work becomes a tool that allows them to take a position in front of the situations that involve them, also, the teacher acts as a counselor. To highlight these new possibilities occurring in the classroom, a characterization of democratic competition is made from two fundamental elements: Mathematical literacy (critical) and Reflective knowing. These theoretical categories can be evidenced into the learning scenario, become constitutive issues that contribute to the citizens' education of students with the fundamental premise of contributing to the consolidation of a more humane, democratic, and just society; from the math class. ; En este artículo se presenta una discusión con relación al cambio en los roles del profesor y los estudiantes en una clase de matemáticas a partir de las posibilidades que ofrece la Educación Matemática Crítica y el enfoque metodológico de la Investigación Crítica. El objetivo es mostrar que los roles de los participantes en la clase cambian sustancialmente al posibilitar un escenario donde el estudio de situaciones sociales del contexto se convierte en el insumo de la actividad matemática. En este espacio, el docente no posee la autoridad y el dominio único sobre la clase, sino que los estudiantes se convierten en protagonistas de esta, mejorando sus procesos de comunicación, participación y consolidación de conocimientos dentro y fuera de las matemáticas. Para generar la discusión, se muestra el proceso de investigación realizado por un grupo de estudiantes de grado octavo que da cuenta de la interpretación de un modelo matemático establecido y su relación con el cuidado de sí: en el uso de la motocicleta; situación del contexto que posibilitó el desarrollo del escenario de aprendizaje. Allí, las matemáticas que los estudiantes construyen desde su trabajo autónomo, colaborativo y comprometido, donde el profesor actúa como un orientador, se convierten en una herramienta que permite tomar una postura frente a las situaciones que los involucra. Para matizar estas nuevas posibilidades que se dan en el aula, se realiza una caracterización de la competencia democrática a partir de dos elementos fundamentales: la alfabetización matemática —crítica— y el conocer reflexivo. Estas categorías teóricas que se pueden evidenciar en el desarrollo del escenario de aprendizaje se convierten en asuntos constitutivos que aportan a la formación ciudadana de los estudiantes con la premisa fundamental de contribuir a la consolidación de una sociedad más humana, democrática y justa; desde la clase de matemáticas. ; Se apresenta uma discussão em relação à mudança nos papéis do professor e dos alunos em uma aula de matemática a partir das possibilidades oferecidas pela Educação Matemática Crítica e a abordagem metodológica da Investigação Crítica. O objetivo é mostrar que os papéis dos participantes de uma turma mudam substancialmente ao possibilitar um cenário em que o estudo das situações sociais no contexto se torna a entrada da atividade matemática. Neste espaço, o professor não possui a autoridade e o domínio único sobre a aula, mas os alunos tornam-se protagonistas, aprimorando seus processos de comunicação, participação e consolidação do conhecimento dentro e fora da matemática. Para gerar a discussão, mostramos o processo de pesquisa realizado por um grupo de alunos da oitava série, que dá conta da interpretação de um modelo matemático estabelecido e sua relação com o autocuidado: no uso da motocicleta; situação do contexto que possibilitou o desenvolvimento do ambiente de aprendizagem. Lá, a matemática que os alunos constroem a partir de seu trabalho autônomo, colaborativo e comprometido, torna-se uma ferramenta que lhes permite assumir uma posição diante das situações que os envolvem, também, o professor atua como conselheiro. Para qualificar essas novas possibilidades que ocorrem na sala de aula, uma caracterização da competência democrática é feita a partir de dois elementos fundamentais: letramento crítico-matemático e saber reflexivo. Essas categorias teóricas que podem ser evidenciadas no desenvolvimento do ambiente de aprendizagem, tornam-se questões constitutivas que contribuem para a educação cidadã dos estudantes com a premissa fundamental de contribuir para a consolidação de uma sociedade mais humana, democrática e justa; a partir da aula de matemática.

[eng] It is difficult to imagine life without changes influenced by technology and innovation, which are characteristic of the era in which we live, with changes that, albeit always present throughout the history of mankind, are today presented as challenges for companies, organisations and governments, which pursue sustainable development, that is, prudent use of resources for the benefit of humans and the ecosystem around us, in a way that makes available such resources today and into the future. Unfortunately, the outcome of business innovation practices that are at the centre of these processes have resulted in the exclusion of four billion segment of the population comprising low-income groups in developing countries, also in degradation of natural resources, climate change, social inequality and excessive consumption of resources, because perhaps what was once good and innovative is now no longer so. In this context, debates have emerged and caught the attention of researchers and practitioners about how companies could innovate in a way that promotes sustainable development, which comes from "innovation", but also it to be "responsible". Responsible innovation (RI) deepens the relationship between science and society, which seeks for innovation under a democratic governance framework to be better integrated into society to ensure its contribution and benefits are effective. But how does responsible innovation in industry happen? In other words, in terms of one of the most widely used definitions in the academic context, "responsible innovation means taking care of the future through collective stewardship of science and innovation in the present". Although this last definition acknowledged responsible innovation as a practice closely related to sustainability, the way in which its integration happen into industry is still in its infancy, and even more so when it comes from small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). This discussion remains one of the major research gaps analysed in this thesis. Moreover, in order to survive in a global and highly competitive environment, SMEs seek to achieve sustainable development through technological innovations. 3D printing (3DP) holds substantial promise for sustainability and the creation of a circular economy. Although 3D printing does not have a real sense of poverty alleviation in developing countries, has the potential to be a transformative alternative to the local production and consumption system. Manufacturing requires an understanding of local cultural issues that affect the management and organizational practices on which the competitiveness of enterprises is based. In that sense, once the decision is made to use a technology, it must be adopted and implemented. However, 3D printing, in that sense, is currently in the early stages of adoption especially from the perspective of small and medium enterprises. Therefore, in order to strengthen this area of research, this dissertation presents a comprehensive analysis of the factors influencing the adoption of 3D printing by different types of SMEs. This analysis is therefore another of the main topics analysed in this thesis. Regarding the main topics of this thesis, unawareness of the potential value of responsible innovation for SMEs with the common objective of reaching sustainability, that generates economic benefits, but also generate social value connected to the global challenges of society. Even more so in a developing country, such as Bolivia, means once again being left out of an important socio-economic development, in a society that is marginal to what is going to happen. Bolivia has been undergoing a major boom period in recent years due to the price of oil and its derivatives, which has led to one of the best GDP per capita indices in Latin America, but despite these indicators, it is one of the poorest countries in the region with one of the highest indices of inequality, which could increase levels of poverty and extreme poverty, which in 2019 were 37.2% and 12.9% respectively (INE, 2019). These are part of the greatest challenges that Bolivia still faces. Thus, the third analysis for understanding the spread of responsible innovation is through corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices. This understanding is crucial for SMEs because, CSR seems to have a relevant capability of promoting responsible innovation, in particular resulting from collaboration with other stakeholders. Based on the existing literature, this dissertation proposes three different analyses. The first empirical study explores the key factors that determine the adoption of 3DP technology by SMEs in Arizona in the United States. Their results suggest that factors such as relative advantage, integration, readiness, managerial obstacles, and in turn, external collaboration foster the adoption of 3DP. The second study deals with a systematic literature review to develop a conceptual model for responsible innovation and its relationship with business performance through corporate social responsibility and sustainable innovation practices. The last one empirical study focuses on explore whether CSR practices towards stakeholders promotes RI and financial performance, findings suggest that the relationship between CSR and financial performance mediated by responsible innovation was positive but weak. Finally, the results of this dissertation join the emerging debate on responsible innovation and its application in SMEs. The focus is on SMEs because they represent 98% of the companies in the world. Their achievements have the potential to generate a major impact on the country's economy and society. Furthermore, this dissertation could also help researchers and practitioners to new insights to address responsible innovation for society, with society and for sustainable development.

This thesis contributes to the literature on small island developing states (SIDS) by investigating the challenges and opportunities for island energy systems to respond to climate change and build a sustainable energy future. There is solid scientific consensus regarding anthropogenic climate change and its unequivocal impacts on every aspect of human existence. SIDS, in particular, are at the receiving end of the disproportionate effects of a changing climate. As a significant contributor to GHG emissions, the energy sector can strategically address climate change, especially when adequately embedded in climate and energy policies. Existing literature on the energy-economy-environment nexus has neglected to account for the challenges faced by these small island nations, a shortcomingthis thesis addresses. We seek to understand the factors that render island energy systems vulnerable and the extent to which the energy transition process can play a role in mitigating their relative energy vulnerability while striving for a sustainable energy future. To this end, we first build a composite index of energy vulnerability that identifies the critical dimensions of energy vulnerability in 36 SIDS. Matching electricity supply and demand is a high wire balancing act as power systems become more diverse, digital, and distributed, making grid management more complex. Using the Republic of Mauritius (RoM) as a case study, we first investigate the drivers of electricity consumption and the underlying temporal dynamics over 1978-2019. We then analyse the economic and technical feasibility of implementing energy and climate targets using a bottom-up cost-optimisation approach over 2019-2050. We show that the environmental dimension captured by the carbon content of primary energy contributes the most to island energy systems, prompting the move away from fossil energy resources on which islands extensively rely. Triggering and accelerating the big switch would also discourage unsustainable production and consumption patterns. We also show that energy conservation policies in the power sector do not necessarily hinder economic growth in the RoM. That combined with low-carbon transition pathways can help the RoM to build its way out of climate change. This process does not necessarily require substantial technological breakthroughs. Instead, economic, environmental and political constraints must be addressed with the international community's support to build a path towards a sustainable energy future. Ultimately, the energy transition process represents a win-win strategy to mitigate climate change and energy vulnerability. ; Cette thèse contribue à la littérature sur les petits États insulaires en développement (PEID) au regard des défis et les opportunités pour les systèmes énergétiques insulaires de répondre au changement climatique et de construire un avenir énergétique durable. Le changement climatique anthropique et ses impacts sans équivoque sur tous les aspects de l'existence humaine font consensus. Les PEID en particulier subissent les effets disproportionnés du changement climatique. Étant principal émetteur de gaz à effet de serre (GES), le secteur énergétique revêt une importance stratégique pour répondre au changement climatique, lorsque intégré de manière adéquate dans les politiques climatiques et énergétiques. La littérature existante sur le lien entre l'énergie, l'économie et l'environnement néglige les défis auxquels sont confrontés ces petits territoires insulaires, une lacune que cette thèse vise à combler. Nous étudions les facteurs qui rendent les systèmes énergétiques insulaires vulnérables. Nous nous interrogeons également quant au rôle de la transition énergétique dans l'atténuation de leur vulnérabilité énergétique.Pour ce faire, nous construisons d'abord un indice composite de vulnérabilité énergétique qui identifie les dimensions critiques de la vulnérabilité énergétique pour 36 PEID. Assurer l'adéquation entre l'offre et la demande d'électricité est un exercice délicat, car les systèmes électriques deviennent plus diversifiés, numériques et décentralisés, ce qui rend la gestion du réseau plus complexe. En utilisant la République de Maurice (RdM) comme étude de cas, nous étudions d'abord les moteurs de la consommation d'électricité et la dynamique temporelle sous-jacente sur la période 1978-2019. Nous étudions ensuite la faisabilité économique et technique de la mise en oeuvre des objectifs énergétiques et climatiques en utilisant une approche d'optimisation des coûts sur la période 2019-2050. La dimension environnementale, représentée par l'intensité carbone de l'énergie primaire, contribue le plus à la vulnérabilité des systèmes énergétiques insulaires. Ce qui incite l'abandon progressif des énergies fossiles dont les territoires insulaires dépendent largement. Le déclenchement et l'accélération du "big switch" décourageraient également les modes de production et de consommation non-durables. Par ailleurs, nous montrons que les politiques d'économie d'énergie dans le secteur de l'électricité n'entravent pas nécessairement la croissance économique dans la RdM. Ces mesures, combinées à des trajectoires de transition à faibles émissions, peuvent aider la RdM à mieux appréhender la problématique du changement climatique. Ce processus ne nécessite pas nécessairement des avancées technologiques importantes. Il faut surtout s'intéresser aux contraintes économiques, environnementales et politiques avec le soutien de la communauté internationale pour construire un futur énergétique durable. En définitive, le processus de transition énergétique représente une stratégie gagnant-gagnant pour atténuer le changement climatique et la vulnérabilité énergétique.

Health epidemics have a multilayered, long-standing impact on society as a whole, and an inordinate impact on women. Particularly in a country like Iraq where progress on women's rights and issues has been slowly gaining more traction in recent years, the coronavirus threatens to halt progress on these key issues and give lower priorities to women's concerns that are still vital during such a time of crisis. While more men than women seem to get infected with the new coronavirus globally--there is no gender-disaggregated data for Iraq--, the social impact of the virus in countries that already have been through the worst of the pandemic can serve as important indicators for Iraq.

The social impact of the coronavirus has had an uneven impact on women more than men in the first countries hit by the coronavirus in East Asia. Notably, in South Korea, women have taken on a larger burden than men in taking care of children forced to stay at home due to school closures, as societal norms more often place the burden for childcare on women. Not only does this put greater pressure on women who are in many cases already the primary caretakers at home, but it makes them more likely to lose their jobs as they are forced to divert more time to childcare. These societal norms also mean women are more likely to be exposed by the virus, as they are stuck in a caretaker role for sick family members and makeup over 70% of the healthcare sector according to a World Health Organization Report.

Women forced to stay home and work less in order to dedicate more time to caretaking also means that women are more likely to suffer from the economic impact of the virus, whether that means job loss or wage reductions. This means that even after the virus has effectively contained, women are more likely to suffer from the economic fallout than men long after the virus is gone.

In addition, in China, rights activists reported an increase in domestic violence cases, as lockdowns and economic pressure have increased tensions in many households. Particularly at the epicenter of the virus in Wuhan, China, activists reported a threefold increase in domestic abuse cases. The quarantine measures in place, while cases were at their height in China, made it difficult for activists to provide aid, and diverted police attention away from assisting women who suffered from domestic abuse. This disruption of support networks makes it more difficult for women to report domestic abuse cases and to get away from their abusers.

Social, cultural, and political barriers to women's participation in Iraq might lead to disproportionate effects based on gender. First, there have already been voices raising concerns that some families might not allow women who had tested positive for the virus to be quarantined, as more traditional culture is against women to remain unaccompanied. Not only would this present a serious threat to the health of individual women, but such refusals by conservative families to follow the recommendations of medical personnel may contribute to undermining the government measures to contain the virus. Second, women's representation in government is already limited in Iraq, and with a limited voice in the decision-making chambers of government, their gender-sensitive concerns will likely be less of a priority to Iraq's policy makers. And finally, Iraq's economic situation that was in decline even before the outbreak might further impact the poor economic opportunities already facing women in Iraq.

Beyond the loss of life and social and economic impacts on men and women in Iraq, the crisis is also an opportunity for the government and civil society to increase engagement with the most vulnerable groups, including women, and bring them in as a major element of preventing the spread of the virus. Societal norms placing women into the primary caretaker role in homes means they will have a greater awareness of how the virus is spreading, so they can report more accurate information. In addition, polling conducted in several countries suggests that women are more concerned with the spread of the virus than men. The government could take advantage of this trend by bringing women into the process of raising awareness and concern about the virus among Iraq's population.

Given the unequal impact, the social impact of coronavirus will have on women, the Iraqi government and civil society partners should prioritize making sure issues that impact women are not sidelined during the crisis. Support networks should strengthen their outreach efforts and make resources for women's health and domestic abuse support more accessible, ideally with government backing. It is especially important that the government prioritize getting out accurate information on the coronavirus and work with the support of tribal and religious leaders to encourage families to follow quarantine procedures for women who test positive for the virus.


Women participating in NDI's National Reconciliation Program prepare food baskets in Kirkuk to help their community cope with movement restrictions taken in response to COVID-19

Gender, Women and Democracy, Countries: Iraq

Published Online August 27, 2020 ; Background: Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all people receiving the health services they need, of high quality, without experiencing financial hardship. Making progress towards UHC is a policy priority for both countries and global institutions, as highlighted by the agenda of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and WHO's Thirteenth General Programme of Work (GPW13). Measuring effective coverage at the health-system level is important for understanding whether health services are aligned with countries' health profiles and are of sufficient quality to produce health gains for populations of all ages. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we assessed UHC effective coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Drawing from a measurement framework developed through WHO's GPW13 consultation, we mapped 23 effective coverage indicators to a matrix representing health service types (eg, promotion, prevention, and treatment) and five population-age groups spanning from reproductive and newborn to older adults (≥65 years). Effective coverage indicators were based on intervention coverage or outcome-based measures such as mortality-to-incidence ratios to approximate access to quality care; outcome-based measures were transformed to values on a scale of 0–100 based on the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile of location-year values. We constructed the UHC effective coverage index by weighting each effective coverage indicator relative to its associated potential health gains, as measured by disability-adjusted life-years for each location-year and population-age group. For three tests of validity (content, known-groups, and convergent), UHC effective coverage index performance was generally better than that of other UHC service coverage indices from WHO (ie, the current metric for SDG indicator 3.8.1 on UHC service coverage), the World Bank, and GBD 2017. We quantified frontiers of UHC effective coverage performance on the basis of pooled health spending per capita, representing UHC effective coverage index levels achieved in 2019 relative to country-level government health spending, prepaid private expenditures, and development assistance for health. To assess current trajectories towards the GPW13 UHC billion target—1 billion more people benefiting from UHC by 2023—we estimated additional population equivalents with UHC effective coverage from 2018 to 2023. Findings: Globally, performance on the UHC effective coverage index improved from 45·8 (95% uncertainty interval 44·2–47·5) in 1990 to 60·3 (58·7–61·9) in 2019, yet country-level UHC effective coverage in 2019 still spanned from 95 or higher in Japan and Iceland to lower than 25 in Somalia and the Central African Republic. Since 2010, sub-Saharan Africa showed accelerated gains on the UHC effective coverage index (at an average increase of 2·6% [1·9–3·3] per year up to 2019); by contrast, most other GBD super-regions had slowed rates of progress in 2010–2019 relative to 1990–2010. Many countries showed lagging performance on effective coverage indicators for non-communicable diseases relative to those for communicable diseases and maternal and child health, despite non-communicable diseases accounting for a greater proportion of potential health gains in 2019, suggesting that many health systems are not keeping pace with the rising non-communicable disease burden and associated population health needs. In 2019, the UHC effective coverage index was associated with pooled health spending per capita (r=0·79), although countries across the development spectrum had much lower UHC effective coverage than is potentially achievable relative to their health spending. Under maximum efficiency of translating health spending into UHC effective coverage performance, countries would need to reach $1398 pooled health spending per capita (US$ adjusted for purchasing power parity) in order to achieve 80 on the UHC effective coverage index. From 2018 to 2023, an estimated 388·9 million (358·6–421·3) more population equivalents would have UHC effective coverage, falling well short of the GPW13 target of 1 billion more people benefiting from UHC during this time. Current projections point to an estimated 3·1 billion (3·0–3·2) population equivalents still lacking UHC effective coverage in 2023, with nearly a third (968·1 million [903·5–1040·3]) residing in south Asia. Interpretation: The present study demonstrates the utility of measuring effective coverage and its role in supporting improved health outcomes for all people—the ultimate goal of UHC and its achievement. Global ambitions to accelerate progress on UHC service coverage are increasingly unlikely unless concerted action on non-communicable diseases occurs and countries can better translate health spending into improved performance. Focusing on effective coverage and accounting for the world's evolving health needs lays the groundwork for better understanding how close—or how far—all populations are in benefiting from UHC. ; GBD 2019 Universal Health Coverage Collaborators. Rafael Lozano . Peter S Azzopardi . Bernhard T Baune . Dinesh Bhandari . Liliana G Ciobanu . Tiffany K Gill . Ratilal Lalloo . Jean Jacques Noubiap . et al.

Technology, organization and work co-evolve (Barley, 1996). Suggesting that we think of this in terms of socio-material assemblages, Orlikowski (2007, p. 1445) shows how "assemblage shifts over time as interests, computers, networks, choices, algorithms, websites, preferences, links, identities, and capabilities change". The production and use of digital data through algorithms, machine learning, and artificial intelligence technologies has to date mainly been methods for inquiry rather than objects of exploration in terms of how they are put to use and what the consequences are. This is not surprising as developments in how the production and use of digital data are moving fast across professional fields, driving institutional change (Hinings, Gegenhuber, & Greenwood, 2018) in expertise-based forms of work. But how do technological changes such as AI, machine learning algorithms, and data analytics in general shape the organization and practice of professional knowledge work? How are their products, i.e. digital data, used in professional work? Based on ongoing qualitative studies in management consulting, public government, and healthcare, this paper explores how digital data is put to use in three different professional settings and ask: "How does digital data affect knowledge work?" In doing so, we will further the empirical knowledge base and theories of how use of digital data alters professional knowledge work in practice. To explore how professionals use digital data and what the consequences might be for professional knowledge and work, we draw on empirical examples from three larger studies of different professional practices respectively; management consulting, public administration case work, and healthcare. Management consulting, public government and healthcare share similarities. Professional learning, knowledge and judgment are essential in all three fields, typically supported through a case-based reasoning - what is learned in one situation can be brought to bear on the next situation. As such, it is not unproblematic to assume that professional knowledge can be separated from practice in these kinds of settings. Greenhalgh and Wieringa (2011) suggest that phronesis, situated practical wisdom, is often downplayed in favour of understandings of knowledge as objective, context-free, and easily separated from the knowledge production process - in other words data abstractions. At the same time, the ways in which professionals' use digital data in their work might offer insights into what kinds of professional knowledge are produced hereby and how this impacts professional work more broadly, for instance in terms of education, on the job training, or management (Beane, 2019), which is our focus. Our first case take place in management consulting, which is a relatively week profession without much institutional shelter (McKenna, 2006). This case is based on ongoing ethnographic fieldwork, where we focus on a management consultancy's attempt at advancing a digital data tool that combines machine learning and behavioral science for people analytics with their public sector and private sector clients. Indeed, consultants play an important role in driving institutional change (Abrahamson, 1996, Dimaggio and Powell, 1983), carrying and circulating (rationalized) ideas and imaginaries of new management practices. By studying this practice, we show how the digital data mediated knowledge base alter the professional practice of management consulting. Our second case is drawn from public government, a traditional case-work setting in public administration in the field of agricultural policy. Digital data practices are already significantly changing how bureaucracy is practiced and works (Clarke & Margetts, 2014) and how professional expertise and knowledge is understood and distributed. Here, public government professionals handle 'cases' based on complex legal rules, procedural standards for decision-making, and accumulated work experiences. Clients are farmers and the core task is to implement public agriculture policy, while providing equal high quality public service to all clients. Case work is standardized, automated to a high degree, and each case is divided into separable parts (that case workers can have or produce data on). Thus, the 'production' flow of cases can be monitored and managed. Digital data are produced in part by data from individual farmers and from public databases. The case is thus expected to highlight changes due to the expansion of data analytics in the field of public management (Clarke and Margetts, 2014). Our third case is drawn from healthcare, which provides a case of strong professions (Abbott, 1996). Here we discuss how digital data and machine learning algorithms are increasingly positioned as solutions to quality and safety challenges, coordination challenges, and challenges relating to prioritization and use of resources. Clinical work is both standardized and particular to each patient: the healthcare practitioner's professional judgement and decision is still seen as essential to ensuring safety and quality of care although use of AI technologies are high on the policy agenda (Government, 2019). AI technologies that offers increased diagnostic accuracy or prediction of the next step in the patient's pathway are especially well-positioned to alter professional knowledge and decision-making in practice, because they will perform professional knowledge work alongside healthcare professionals (Faraj, Pachidi, & Sayegh, 2018). How will professionals' navigate in and use the growing amounts of digital data and how will this shape their knowledgebase?

Problem setting. The development of modern professional public administration in the EU began with simple but strategic tasks, such as ensuring the stability of public authority and regulating basic social processes. Further differentiation has led to tasks of the social service provision of public concern to clients, prevention and assistance to people in social and other risks (poverty, unemployment, illness, etc.), that is, creating an effective social work system.Recent research and publications analysis. Problems of public administration reform were investigated by foreign scientists: I. Banks, M. Buser, T. Berzel, P. Birkinshaw, G. Bouckaert, R. Foster, L. Fuller, T. Gabler, J. Ziller, M. Clark, J. Clayton, H. Margets, O. Mayers, S. Montin, M. Porter, F. Holger, K. Hood, W. Weiss, F. Schnapp, J. Schumpeter and others. Among domestic scientists should be distinguished G. Androshchuk, O. Bandurka, Y. Bytiak, B. Beschasnyi, M. Hnydiuk, O. Vlasenko, V. Yevdokimenko, L. Melnichuk, Y. Mykhailuk, I. Kolosovska, E. Legeza, M. Pukhtynskyi, G. Pisarenko, V. Tymoshchuk, H. Khachaturian and others.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Despite the considerable number of scientific works, the study of the of the European countries' experience on the outlined issues, as well as the aspects of theoretical and practical instruments of public administration of the social work system, is of particular importance. The purpose of the article is to analyze and identify the results of the impact of the latest of public administration concepts in EU countries on the development of social work system and identify positive practices for further implementation in the national reform of public administration in the social sphere.Paper main body. The European model of deinstitutionalization (DI) of the system of social work and support for vulnerable groups is considered to be the most balanced and effective today, especially in the first place, with orphaned children and children deprived of parental care. The development of public administration and the improvement of its mechanisms: legal, socio-economic, organizational, informational and others contributed to the development of this model. It is public administration that has played a dominant role in reforming the social work system with families with children.At the same time, social policy measures, based on the theory of the state welfare, that is, creating favorable, equal living conditions, ensuring social justice for all segments of the population were implemented at the state, regional and local levels.Simultaneously application of innovative management practices and standard procedures in public administration challenges the value of social work, transferring social services it into more regulatory practices.Therefore, modern European society wants to reduce its influence in the social sphere under the pretext of guaranteeing more individuality and self-determination to citizens. In addition, the modern state promises to keep state responsibility as the lowest, as well as to develop new forms of distribution of social services in the context of NPM – New Public Management philosophy.The author analyzes the dissemination of neoliberal political beliefs and principles of the New Public Management (NPM) in European countries from the early 1980s and up to the present day, which has significantly influenced the institutional and operational environment in the provision of social services.For social work, a new political strategy may be a growing danger. Namely, the term "social work" can be replaced by the term "social services". The European trend in this direction is clearly traced and leads to many formulations of "Service Principles" and "Service Standards" (for example, in the UK, Czech Republic, Slovakia, etc.). This can cause social work to lose its political and critical function and get positive focus in return.Thus, public and social service institutions, stimulated by the liberalization of the EU market, have been radically restructured through the corporatization, outsourcing and privatization of service provision.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Therefore, New Public Management (NPM) concept implies decentralization of public administration, in order to modernize public administration of the social work system in Ukraine, it would be positive to use certain elements: modern information technologies, social partnership principles, methods and tools of the NPM concepts. The blind copying of European public administration reforms in the field of social services should be avoided now.Thus, the organic introduction of market-based methods and principles of appropriate management has led to the definition of the main directions of adaptation to the current conditions of the existing public administration systems in the leading EU countries. It is about informatization, debureaucratization, decentralization, deconcentration (outsourcing), privatization and introduction of economic mechanisms of regulation of administrative processes and service administration, which can be introduced in the reform of the public administration of the social work system in Ukrainian society. ; Розглянуто досвід та інноваційні методи управління і стандартні процедури вдержавному управлінні країн Європейського Союзу та їх вплив на ефективність надання соціальних послуг. Зроблено аналіз розповсюдження неоліберальних політичних переконань та принципів нового державного управління (далі – NPM) у європейських країнах із початку 80-х рр. ХХ ст. і до сьогодні, що суттєво вплинуло на існуючу систему соціальної роботи. Виокремлено дієві інструменти: інформатизація, дебюрократизація, децентралізація, деінституціалізація, деконцентрація (аутсорсинг), приватизація та запровадження економічних механізмів регулювання управлінських процесів і сервісне адміністрування, які можна впровадити у реформування державного управління системою соціальної роботи в українському суспільстві.

The post-truth ideology seems to question the possibility of credibility in present-day society; however, the very idea of truth remains potent. In this paper, we adopt the notion of parrhesia, or the mode of telling the uncomfortable truth without deceit and concealment, to analyze how the discourse of truth is presented in contemporary fiction. Avoiding its political aspects, we limit our study to the interpersonal level of parrhesia that shapes individuals as moral subjects and belongs to the domain of ethos. We select Lauren Oliver's novel "Before I Fall" for analysis because it resembles a confession that involves the characters and readers in the practice of truth-telling. Drawing from Foucauldian theory, we examine how the protagonist participates in the parrhesiastic game and how the truth transforms her after she completes the stages of search for the truth, test of the character, and care for oneself and others. We argue that in the novel truth-telling is related to the problems of school bullying, social separateness, and suicide. Through the rhetorical approach to narrative we show how narration reflects psychological and moral changes of the protagonist and examine how narrative judgments reveal the ethical values of the author and the readers. We analyse how the novel describes the problem of violence demonstrating that its source lies within the family and school where abusive adolescent conduct is caused by the inability of adults to create a healthy climate for children. Individuals deprived of emotional support and guidance tend to direct their rage and frustration towards others to reduce inner strain. Lauren Oliver demonstrates the effectiveness of the parrhesiastic practice in renewing social bonds between interlocutors and reducing violent behavior. We conclude that the novel establishes truth as the highest ethical value that includes developing a true self, leading a true life according to the principles and having courage to oppose false opinions of others. ; Идеология пост-правды, кажется, ставит под сомнение возможность достоверности в современном обществе, однако, сама идея правды остается действенной. В статье мы используем понятие парезии, или способа говорить неприятную правду без обмана и утаивания, чтобы проанализировать, как дискурс правды представлен в современной литературе. Избегая политических аспектов, мы ограничиваем наше исследование межличностным уровнем парезии, который формирует индивидуумов как моральных субъектов и принадлежит к сфере этоса. Для анализа мы выбрали роман Лорен Оливер "Прежде чем я упаду", который напоминает исповедь, которая вовлекает героев и читателей в практику говорить правду. Применяя теорию Мишеля Фуко, мы изучаем, как протагонист принимает участие в парезической игре и как правда формирует ее после того, как она завершает стадии поиска правды, испытания личности и заботы о себе и других. Мы утверждаем, что в романе высказывание правды связано с проблемами буллинга в школе, социальной отделенности и суицида. Через риторический подход к нарративу мы показываем, как наррация отображает психологические и моральные изменения протагонистки, и исследуем, как нарративные суждения раскрывают этические ценности автора и читателей. Мы анализируем, как в романе изображена проблема насилия, демонстрируя, что ее источник находится в пределах семьи и школы, где жестокое поведение несовершеннолетних вызвано неспособностью взрослых создать здоровую среду для детей. Лица, лишенные эмоциональной поддержки и руководства, склонны направлять свою ярость и разочарование на других, чтобы снизить внутреннее напряжение. Лорен Оливер показывает эффективность парезической практики в возобновлении социальных связей между собеседниками и уменьшении агрессивного поведения. Мы приходим к выводу, что роман утверждает правду как самую высокую этическую ценность, которая включает развитие настоящей личности, ведение правдивой жизни в соответствии с принципами и наличие смелости, чтобы противостоять неправильным мнениям других. ; Ідеологія пост-правди, здається, ставить під сумнів можливість достовірності в сучасному суспільстві, однак, сама ідея правди залишається потужною. У статті ми використовуємо поняття парезії, або способу казання неприємної правди без обману і приховування, щоб проаналізувати, як дискурс правди представлений в сучасній літературі. Уникаючи політичних аспектів, ми обмежуємо наше дослідження міжособистісним рівнем парезії, що формує індивідуумів як моральних суб'єктів і належить до сфери етосу. Для аналізу ми обрали роман Лорен Олівер "Поки я не впала", який нагадує сповідь, що залучає героїв і читачів до практики правдо-казання. Застосовуючи теорію Мішеля Фуко, ми вивчаємо, як протагоністка бере участь у парезичній грі і як правда трансформує її після того, як вона завершує стадії пошуку правди, випробування особистості і турботи про себе й інших. Ми стверджуємо, що в романі правдо-казання пов'язане з проблемами булінгу в школі, соціальної роздільності й суїциду. Через риторичний підхід до наративу ми показуємо, як нарація відображає психологічні й моральні зміни протагоністки, і досліджуємо, як наративні судження розкривають етичні цінності автора і читачів. Ми аналізуємо, як у романі зображено проблему насилля, демонструючи, що її джерело знаходиться в межах родини і школи, де жорстока поведінка неповнолітніх викликана нездатністю дорослих створити здорове середовище для дітей. Особи, позбавлені емоційної підтримки і наставництва, схильні спрямовувати свою лють і розчарування на інших, щоб знизити внутрішнє напруження. Лорен Олівер показує дієвість парезичної практики у відновленні соціальних зв'язків між співрозмовниками і зменшенні агресивної поведінки. Ми робимо висновок, що роман утверджує правду як найвищу етичну цінність, що включає розвиток справжньої особистості, ведення правдивого життя відповідно до принципів і наявність сміливості, щоб протистояти хибним поглядам інших.

Antonia Palacios's (Venezuela, 1904-2001), first prose work was published in Buenos Aires in 1949. In 1950 the novel reached Venezuela, Colombia, Argentina and other Latin American countries. In 1952 it arrived in Europe: Spain, Portugal, Holland and France. Palacios, a renowned poet and social activist lived during the repressive dictatorship of Juan Vicente Gómez (1908-1935). The novel deftly exposes the contradictions and complexities of Venezuela's colonial and patriarchal legacy during the country's expansion and Venezuela's transition to an oil economy. The young narrator questions the strict gender roles and awakens to the reality of the dictatorial legacy and its consequences for women. Palacios combines her ability as a poet with the ability to narrate the experiences of a young woman living in a rigidly structured society with her life monitored and enclosed. Women are part of a domestic economy creating sweets, sewing, selling milk, washing clothes, or, as in the case of Ana Isabel's mother, making boxes of cigarettes and sewing uniforms for soldiers. The mothers of the novel must fend for themselves, while the fathers are absent or ineffective. Ana Isabel's father is sick and unemployed. Pepe's absent father, Ana Isabel's friend, shows up one day and expects his son to be "male" like him. Her friend Otilia's father simply disappears. Fathers leave and mothers and children must take care of themselves. While the new political order in Venezuela is being redefined by dictatorship and the new economic order is being redefined by the discovery of oil, the old patriarchal order with its rigid and sometimes opaque conventions that Ana Isabel questions endures. The novel displays a diversity of female voices while it reexamines gender roles. ; La primera obra en prosa de Antonia Palacios (Venezuela, 1904-2001) se publicó en Buenos Aires en 1949. En 1950 la novela llegó a Venezuela, Colombia, Argentina y otros países de América Latina. En 1952 llegó a Europa: España, Portugal, Holanda y Francia. Palacios, una reconocida poeta y activista social, vivió durante la dictadura represiva de Juan Vicente Gómez (1908-1935). La novela expone hábilmente las contradicciones y complejidades del legado colonial y patriarcal de Venezuela durante su transición en una economía petrolera. La joven narradora cuestiona los estrictos roles de género y del legado dictatorial, especialmente las consecuencias para las mujeres. Palacios combina su habilidad como poeta con la capacidad de narrar las experiencias de una joven que vive en una sociedad rígidamente estructurada. Las mujeres forman parte de una economía doméstica creando dulces, cosiendo, vendiendo leche, lavando ropa, o, como en el caso de la madre de Ana Isabel, haciendo cajas de cigarrillos y cosiendo uniformes para los soldados. Las madres de la novela deben valerse por sí mismas, mientras que los padres están ausentes o son ineficaces. El padre de Ana Isabel está enfermo y es desempleado. El padre ausente de Pepe, aparece un día y espera que su hijo sea "macho" como él. El padre de su amiga Otilia simplemente desaparece. Los padres se van y las madres y los hijos deben cuidarse de sí mismos. Mientras el nuevo orden político en Venezuela está siendo redefinido por la dictadura y el nuevo orden económico se está redefiniendo por el descubrimiento del petróleo, el viejo orden patriarcal con sus convenciones rígidas y a veces opacas que Ana Isabel cuestiona, perdura. La novel muestra la diversidad de voces femeninas y examina los roles de género. ; A primeira obra em prosa de Antonia Palacios (Venezuela, 1904-2001) foi publicada em Buenos Aires em 1949. Em 1950, o romance chegou à Venezuela, Colômbia, Argentina e outros países da América Latina. Em 1952, ele chegou à Europa: Espanha, Portugal, Holanda e França. Palacios, renomada poeta e ativista social, viveu durante a ditadura repressiva de Juan Vicente Gómez (1908-1935). O romance expõe habilmente as contradições e complexidades do legado colonial e patriarcal da Venezuela durante sua transição para a economia do petróleo. O jovem narrador questiona os estritos papéis de gênero e o legado ditatorial, especialmente as consequências para as mulheres. Palacios combina sua habilidade como poeta com a capacidade de narrar as experiências de uma jovem que vive em uma sociedade rigidamente estruturada. As mulheres fazem parte de uma economia doméstica criando doces, costurando, vendendo leite, lavando roupas ou, como no caso da mãe de Ana Isabel, fazendo caixas de cigarros e uniformes de costura para os soldados. As mães do romance devem cuidar de si mesmas, enquanto os pais estão ausentes ou são ineficazes. O pai de Ana Isabel está doente e desempregado. O pai ausente de Pepe aparece um dia e espera que seu filho seja "macho" como ele. O pai de sua amiga Otilia simplesmente desaparece. Pais saem e mães e filhos devem cuidar de si mesmos. Enquanto a nova ordem política na Venezuela está sendo redefinida pela ditadura e a nova ordem econômica está sendo redefinida pela descoberta do petróleo, a velha ordem patriarcal com suas convenções rígidas e às vezes opacas que Ana Isabel questiona. O romance mostra a diversidade de vozes femininas e examina os papéis de gênero.

Prolonged performance of military and combat tasks in extreme conditions greatly reduces the psychological safety and elasticity of military personnel. For the restoration of the military, third-party assistance, artificial creation of conditions of rest and safety and awareness of the acquired experience are needed. Thus, the stage of psychological assistance is extremely important for reducing the level of psychogenic loss of personnel in the performance of military and combat tasks in extreme (combat) сonditions, as well as for restoring the psychological safety of the soldier's personality.The provision of the first psychological assistance to servicemen in extreme conditions for performing military and combat tasks is carried out at three levels: the first level – the civil servant of the victim, the second level – the immediate commander, the third level - the psychologist of the military unit.The first (emergency) psychological assistance at the first level provides for the following actions: to provide the victim, if necessary, provide the necessary first medical care; assess the mental condition of the victim, determine its most significant features, type and implement actions that stop the deployment of this condition; to satisfy the primary physiological needs; emotionally, socially support, if possible call a close friend; transfer control over itself to the victim; to preserve the dignity of the victim; to organize further assistance: firstly, the cousin must report to the immediate commander about the negative state of the victim. The subject of the first psychological assistance to a serviceman on the second level is the immediate commander of the victim. The role of the commander in providing the first psychological help is as follows: to assess the state of the victim; to make a decision on the need to change the amount of official load, changes in food, property and other security of the injured serviceman; about the transfer of a serviceman to a place of temporary and permanent disposition of a part and in the opposite direction; to organize the receipt of qualified psychological help. The subject of the first psychological assistance to a serviceman at the third level is the psychologist of the military unit. The main task is to train servicemen and commanders of all levels to recognize negative psychic reactions and conditions, and to train the servicemen to carry out measures of the first (emergency) psychological assistance during the sessions on psychological training and special psychological preparation for participation in hostilities. The obtained scientific results regarding the organization and provision of the first psychological assistance to servicemen during the performance of military and combat tasks in extreme conditions are in line with the structure of the psychological service of NSU, its normative legal basis, the tasks of psychological work. ; Тривале виконання службово-бойових завдань в екстремальних умовах значно знижує психологічну безпеку та витривалість військовослужбовців. Для її відновлення військовослужбовцям потрібними стають стороння допомога, штучне створення умов спокою і безпеки та усвідомлення набутого досвіду. Таке усвідомлення досвіду стає ключовим моментом у її коригуванні. Корекція набутих навичок є важливим аспектом збереження психологічної надійності фахівців, оскільки невдачі, які повторюються, ведуть до зниження професійної самооцінки, мотивації і, як наслідок, до відмови від виконання поставленого завдання чи звільнення зі служби. Етап психологічної допомоги є вкрай важливим для зниження рівня психогенних втрат особового складу при виконанні службово-бойових завдань в екстремальних (бойових) умовах, а також для відновлення психологічної безпеки особистості військовослужбовця.Надання першої психологічної допомоги військовослужбовцям в екстреальних умовах виконання службово-бойових завдань здійснюється на трьох рівнях: перший рівень – співслужбовець постраждалого, другий рівень – безпосередній командир, третій рівень – психолог військової частини. Перша (екстрена) психологічна допомога на першому рівні передбачає виконання таких дій: убезпечити постраждалого, за потреби надати необхіду першу медичну допомогу; оцінити психічний стан постраждалого, визначити його найбільш суттєві ознаки, тип та реалізувати дії, що припиняють розгортання цього стану; задовольнити першочергові фізіологічні потреби; емоційно, соціально підтримати, вислухати, за можливості покликати близького товариша; передати контроль над собою самому постраждалому; зберегти гідність постраждалого; організувати подальшу допомогу. По-перше, співслужбовець має доповісти безпосередньому командиру про негативний стан постраждалого. По-друге, за умов близькості знаходження психолога частини, пункту психологічної допомоги, мобільного пункту психологічної допомоги забезпечити надходження від них кваліфікованої допомоги постраждалому. Суб'єктом першої психологічної допомоги військовослужбовцю на другому рівні є безпосередній командир постраждалого. Роль командира при наданні першої психологічної допомоги полягає у такому: оцінити стан постраждалого; прийняти рішення про необхідність зміни обсягу службового навантаження, про зміни харчового, речового та іншого забезпечення постраждалого військовослужбовця; про переміщення військовослужбовця далі – в місце тимчасової та постійної дислокації частини і у зворотному напрямку; організувати надходження кваліфікованої психологічної допомоги. Суб'єктом першої психологічної допомоги військовослужбовцю на третьому рівні є психолог військової частини. Основним завданням є навчити військовослужбовців і командирів усіх рівнів розпізнавати негативні психічні реакції та стани, а також натренувати військовослужбовців виконувати заходи першої (екстреної) психологічної допомоги в ході занять з психологічної підготовки та спеціальної психологічної підготовки до участі в бойових діях.Психолог також надає командиру підрозділу висновки щодо психічного стану військовослужбовця та рекомендації щодо його індивідуально-психологічних особливостей, які потенційно можуть знижувати ефективність службово-бойової діяльності, обмежувати залучення військовослужбовця до виконання певних завдань тощо. Отримані наукові результати щодо організації та надання першої психологічної допомоги військовослужбовцям в ході виконання службово-бойових завдань в екстремальних умовах відповідають структурі психологічної служби НГУ, її нормативно-правовій базі, завданням психологічної роботи.

Modern society, whose typical features, among other characteristics, are the growth and development of the advertising industry, is more and more interested in public service advertising whose goal is to draw the attention of a wider audience to social problems. The result of public service advertising is the formation of certain moral and value attitudes. Advertising influences the consciousness of people by promoting a certain attitude to life and ensuring the relevance of moral and social values, as well as an active socio-political position. In general, public service advertising is regarded as a means of regulating social processes. Avoiding the extremes of coercion and indifference, public service advertising makes the individual focused on the problems that should be addressed. The research goal is to analyze the experience accumulated by government bodies regarding the use of public service advertising for solving social problems. Methodology. The study was conducted in 2019-2020 at Yelets State Ivan Bunin University (Lipetsk Region). The subject matter of the research was the population of the Lipetsk region (n=1200). The scope of the study was the use of public service advertising in the government activities and the attitude of the population to public service advertising. Results and their analysis. As an instrument of influence on public consciousness and a factor in the formation of certain behavioral models, public service advertising implies interaction among society, public organizations, business, and government bodies. It is a method of targeted impact on society aimed at solving social problems. The development of public service advertising is driven by the changing attitude to social problems, both by government bodies and people, most of whom consider public service advertising to be an effective tool for raising social problems and improving social behavior. Health and family remain important themes of public service advertising. By drawing attention to social phenomena and problems, public service advertising promotes humanity, law, and care in society. Focus on public order, protection of public and personal interests and civil rights increases legal awareness in society. There is still public demand for public service advertising that stimulates people's interest in certain projects, programs, organizations, usually non-profit. Event advertising successfully informs the audience about upcoming festive events, historical dates, and strengthens common social memory. Public service advertising does not contradict basic social attitudes, and its study is useful for understanding and interpreting public consciousness. ; La sociedad moderna, cuyas características típicas, entre otras características, son el crecimiento y el desarrollo de la industria publicitaria, está cada vez más interesada en la publicidad de servicio público cuyo objetivo es llamar la atención de una audiencia más amplia sobre los problemas sociales. El resultado de la publicidad de servicio público es la formación de ciertas actitudes morales y de valor. La publicidad influye en la conciencia de las personas al promover una cierta actitud ante la vida y garantizar la relevancia de los valores morales y sociales, así como una posición sociopolítica activa. En general, la publicidad de servicio público se considera un medio para regular los procesos sociales. Evitando los extremos de coerción e indiferencia, la publicidad de servicio público hace que el individuo se concentre en los problemas que deben abordarse. El objetivo de la investigación es analizar la experiencia acumulada por los organismos gubernamentales con respecto al uso de publicidad de servicio público para resolver problemas sociales. Metodología. El estudio se realizó en 2019-2020 en la Universidad Yelets State Ivan Bunin (Región de Lipetsk). El tema de la investigación fue la población de la región de Lipetsk (n = 1200). El alcance del estudio fue el uso de publicidad de servicio público en las actividades del gobierno y la actitud de la población hacia la publicidad de servicio público. Resultados y su análisis. Como un instrumento de influencia en la conciencia pública y un factor en la formación de ciertos modelos de comportamiento, la publicidad de servicio público implica la interacción entre la sociedad, las organizaciones públicas, las empresas y los organismos gubernamentales. Es un método de impacto dirigido en la sociedad destinado a resolver problemas sociales. El desarrollo de la publicidad de servicio público está impulsado por la actitud cambiante hacia los problemas sociales, tanto por parte de los organismos gubernamentales como de las personas, la mayoría de los cuales consideran que la publicidad de servicio público es una herramienta efectiva para plantear problemas sociales y mejorar el comportamiento social. La salud y la familia siguen siendo temas importantes de la publicidad de servicio público. Al llamar la atención sobre los fenómenos y problemas sociales, la publicidad de servicio público promueve la humanidad, la ley y el cuidado en la sociedad. Centrarse en el orden público, la protección de los intereses públicos y personales y los derechos civiles aumenta la conciencia jurídica en la sociedad. Todavía hay una demanda pública de publicidad de servicio público que estimula el interés de las personas en ciertos proyectos, programas, organizaciones, generalmente sin fines de lucro. La publicidad de eventos informa con éxito a la audiencia sobre los próximos eventos festivos, fechas históricas y fortalece la memoria social común. La publicidad de servicio público no contradice las actitudes sociales básicas, y su estudio es útil para comprender e interpretar la conciencia pública.

Modern society, whose typical features, among other characteristics, are the growth and development of the advertising industry, is more and more interested in public service advertising whose goal is to draw the attention of a wider audience to social problems. The result of public service advertising is the formation of certain moral and value attitudes. Advertising influences the consciousness of people by promoting a certain attitude to life and ensuring the relevance of moral and social values, as well as an active socio-political position. In general, public service advertising is regarded as a means of regulating social processes. Avoiding the extremes of coercion and indifference, public service advertising makes the individual focused on the problems that should be addressed. The research goal is to analyze the experience accumulated by government bodies regarding the use of public service advertising for solving social problems. Methodology. The study was conducted in 2019-2020 at Yelets State Ivan Bunin University (Lipetsk Region). The subject matter of the research was the population of the Lipetsk region (n=1200). The scope of the study was the use of public service advertising in the government activities and the attitude of the population to public service advertising. Results and their analysis. As an instrument of influence on public consciousness and a factor in the formation of certain behavioral models, public service advertising implies interaction among society, public organizations, business, and government bodies. It is a method of targeted impact on society aimed at solving social problems. The development of public service advertising is driven by the changing attitude to social problems, both by government bodies and people, most of whom consider public service advertising to be an effective tool for raising social problems and improving social behavior. Health and family remain important themes of public service advertising. By drawing attention to social phenomena and problems, public service advertising promotes humanity, law, and care in society. Focus on public order, protection of public and personal interests and civil rights increases legal awareness in society. There is still public demand for public service advertising that stimulates people's interest in certain projects, programs, organizations, usually non-profit. Event advertising successfully informs the audience about upcoming festive events, historical dates, and strengthens common social memory. Public service advertising does not contradict basic social attitudes, and its study is useful for understanding and interpreting public consciousness. ; La sociedad moderna, cuyas características típicas, entre otras características, son el crecimiento y el desarrollo de la industria publicitaria, está cada vez más interesada en la publicidad de servicio público cuyo objetivo es llamar la atención de una audiencia más amplia sobre los problemas sociales. El resultado de la publicidad de servicio público es la formación de ciertas actitudes morales y de valor. La publicidad influye en la conciencia de las personas al promover una cierta actitud ante la vida y garantizar la relevancia de los valores morales y sociales, así como una posición sociopolítica activa. En general, la publicidad de servicio público se considera un medio para regular los procesos sociales. Evitando los extremos de coerción e indiferencia, la publicidad de servicio público hace que el individuo se concentre en los problemas que deben abordarse. El objetivo de la investigación es analizar la experiencia acumulada por los organismos gubernamentales con respecto al uso de publicidad de servicio público para resolver problemas sociales. Metodología. El estudio se realizó en 2019-2020 en la Universidad Yelets State Ivan Bunin (Región de Lipetsk). El tema de la investigación fue la población de la región de Lipetsk (n = 1200). El alcance del estudio fue el uso de publicidad de servicio público en las actividades del gobierno y la actitud de la población hacia la publicidad de servicio público. Resultados y su análisis. Como un instrumento de influencia en la conciencia pública y un factor en la formación de ciertos modelos de comportamiento, la publicidad de servicio público implica la interacción entre la sociedad, las organizaciones públicas, las empresas y los organismos gubernamentales. Es un método de impacto dirigido en la sociedad destinado a resolver problemas sociales. El desarrollo de la publicidad de servicio público está impulsado por la actitud cambiante hacia los problemas sociales, tanto por parte de los organismos gubernamentales como de las personas, la mayoría de los cuales consideran que la publicidad de servicio público es una herramienta efectiva para plantear problemas sociales y mejorar el comportamiento social. La salud y la familia siguen siendo temas importantes de la publicidad de servicio público. Al llamar la atención sobre los fenómenos y problemas sociales, la publicidad de servicio público promueve la humanidad, la ley y el cuidado en la sociedad. Centrarse en el orden público, la protección de los intereses públicos y personales y los derechos civiles aumenta la conciencia jurídica en la sociedad. Todavía hay una demanda pública de publicidad de servicio público que estimula el interés de las personas en ciertos proyectos, programas, organizaciones, generalmente sin fines de lucro. La publicidad de eventos informa con éxito a la audiencia sobre los próximos eventos festivos, fechas históricas y fortalece la memoria social común. La publicidad de servicio público no contradice las actitudes sociales básicas, y su estudio es útil para comprender e interpretar la conciencia pública.

The City of San Antonio (COSA) Public Works Department retained Pape-Dawson Engineers, Inc. to conduct cultural resource investigations for proposed road improvements along Mission Road and Acequia Road (i.e., the Project) within San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. The Project consists of the installation of brick pavers and continuous illumination assemblies, electrical service, and underground infrastructure along both sides of Mission Road from SE Military Drive to the San Antonio River and along Acequia Road from Mission Road to Ashley Road. The added alternate to the Project includes the construction of a shared-use path along the east side of Mission Road from SE Military Drive through Stinson Airport, sidewalk along both sides of Mission Road from Cadmus Street (99th Street) to Acequia Road, sidewalk along the east side of Mission Road from Acequia Road to the San Antonio River, and sidewalk along the west side of Acequia Road from Mission Road to Ashley Road. A culvert system located mid-block along Mission Road will be removed, widened and extended, and replaced within the existing right-ofway (ROW). Existing underground utilities (water and sewer) will require surface adjustments to meter boxes, valve boxes, and manholes. One sewer cleanout may require both horizontal and vertical adjustments due to movement over time. As a result of the proposed improvements described above, modifications to surface drainage ditches and driveways will be required to maintain proper movement of surface runoff. As the Project is located within the COSA city limits and River Improvement Overlay District 6, the Project requires compliance with local regulations. At the municipal level, the Project must comply with Article 6, Historic Preservation and Urban Design, of the Unified Development Code (§ 35-630 to 35-634) as implemented by the COSA Office of Historic Preservation (COSA OHP). In addition, the proposed Project is within ROW owned by the City, a political subdivision of the state of Texas, which requires compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas as implemented by the Texas Historical Commission (THC). No federal permitting or funding is anticipated for the Project; therefore, compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act is not necessary. Should any human remains and/or an abandoned or unknown cemetery be encountered during the Project, the Project will also comply with Chapters 711 and 715 of the Texas Health and Safety Code. All proposed improvements will be located within existing Mission Road and Acequia Road ROWs measuring 18 acres (7.3 hectares [ha]) (Project Area). The Project Area includes a total of 2.1 miles (3.4 kilometers) of existing Mission Road and Acequia Road ROWs. Depths of impact are anticipated to vary across the Project Area, ranging from approximately 1 to 3 feet (0.3 to 0.9 meter [m]) apart from the extension of the culvert mid-block along Mission Road, where the depth of impact is not anticipated to exceed 6 feet (1.8 m). In consultation with the COSA OHP and THC, a portion of the Project Area located between two historic-age cemeteries was targeted for the field investigation (Field Investigation Area). The total Field Investigation Area measures 2.4 ac (1 ha) along 1,777 feet (541.6 linear meters) of the Mission Road corridor, specifically between San Jose Burial Park and Mission Burial Park. Cultural resources investigations consisted of a program of archaeological trenching along the eastern and western sides of the ROW within an area proposed for decorative pavers and sidewalk/shared-used pathways. No archaeological investigations were conducted for proposed driveway improvements, utility surface adjustments, or the culvert box location within the Field Investigation Area, as this construction will be located within areas extensively disturbed by past improvements below the level of anticipated discovery. Additionally, the proposed improvements will have limited vertical impacts at this location. Archaeological trenching of the Project Area occurred between March 18 and 19, 2019, (east side of Mission Road), and again between May 4 and 6, 2020, (west side of Mission Road). Nesta Anderson and Zachary Overfield served as the Principal Investigators for the respective fieldwork dates and were assisted by archaeologists Jacob Sullivan, James Moore, Melanie Nichols, and Lily Camara. A total of 16 trenches were excavated during fieldwork in accordance with a research design initially approved by the COSA OHP on January 28, 2019 and by the THC on January 29, 2019, under Texas Antiquities Permit 8748. Amendments to the permit were approved by the COSA OHP April 28, 2020 and by the THC on May 4, 2020. The trenching investigations did not result in the documentation of any archaeological sites, nor evidence of human remains or graves within the Field Investigation Area. Based on the results of these investigations, no historic properties will be affected by the Project and no further work is recommended. All records associated with the Project will be curated at the University of Texas at San Antonio Center for Archaeological Research (UTSA-CAR).

The City of San Antonio (COSA) Public Works Department retained Pape-Dawson Engineers, Inc. to conduct cultural resource investigations for proposed road improvements along Mission Road and Acequia Road (i.e., the Project) within San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. The Project consists of the installation of brick pavers and continuous illumination assemblies, electrical service, and underground infrastructure along both sides of Mission Road from SE Military Drive to the San Antonio River and along Acequia Road from Mission Road to Ashley Road. The added alternate to the Project includes the construction of a shared-use path along the east side of Mission Road from SE Military Drive through Stinson Airport, sidewalk along both sides of Mission Road from Cadmus Street (99th Street) to Acequia Road, sidewalk along the east side of Mission Road from Acequia Road to the San Antonio River, and sidewalk along the west side of Acequia Road from Mission Road to Ashley Road. A culvert system located mid-block along Mission Road will be removed, widened and extended, and replaced within the existing right-ofway (ROW). Existing underground utilities (water and sewer) will require surface adjustments to meter boxes, valve boxes, and manholes. One sewer cleanout may require both horizontal and vertical adjustments due to movement over time. As a result of the proposed improvements described above, modifications to surface drainage ditches and driveways will be required to maintain proper movement of surface runoff. As the Project is located within the COSA city limits and River Improvement Overlay District 6, the Project requires compliance with local regulations. At the municipal level, the Project must comply with Article 6, Historic Preservation and Urban Design, of the Unified Development Code (§ 35-630 to 35-634) as implemented by the COSA Office of Historic Preservation (COSA OHP). In addition, the proposed Project is within ROW owned by the City, a political subdivision of the state of Texas, which requires compliance with the Antiquities Code of Texas as implemented by the Texas Historical Commission (THC). No federal permitting or funding is anticipated for the Project; therefore, compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act is not necessary. Should any human remains and/or an abandoned or unknown cemetery be encountered during the Project, the Project will also comply with Chapters 711 and 715 of the Texas Health and Safety Code. All proposed improvements will be located within existing Mission Road and Acequia Road ROWs measuring 18 acres (7.3 hectares [ha]) (Project Area). The Project Area includes a total of 2.1 miles (3.4 kilometers) of existing Mission Road and Acequia Road ROWs. Depths of impact are anticipated to vary across the Project Area, ranging from approximately 1 to 3 feet (0.3 to 0.9 meter [m]) apart from the extension of the culvert mid-block along Mission Road, where the depth of impact is not anticipated to exceed 6 feet (1.8 m). In consultation with the COSA OHP and THC, a portion of the Project Area located between two historic-age cemeteries was targeted for the field investigation (Field Investigation Area). The total Field Investigation Area measures 2.4 ac (1 ha) along 1,777 feet (541.6 linear meters) of the Mission Road corridor, specifically between San Jose Burial Park and Mission Burial Park. Cultural resources investigations consisted of a program of archaeological trenching along the eastern and western sides of the ROW within an area proposed for decorative pavers and sidewalk/shared-used pathways. No archaeological investigations were conducted for proposed driveway improvements, utility surface adjustments, or the culvert box location within the Field Investigation Area, as this construction will be located within areas extensively disturbed by past improvements below the level of anticipated discovery. Additionally, the proposed improvements will have limited vertical impacts at this location. Archaeological trenching of the Project Area occurred between March 18 and 19, 2019, (east side of Mission Road), and again between May 4 and 6, 2020, (west side of Mission Road). Nesta Anderson and Zachary Overfield served as the Principal Investigators for the respective fieldwork dates and were assisted by archaeologists Jacob Sullivan, James Moore, Melanie Nichols, and Lily Camara. A total of 16 trenches were excavated during fieldwork in accordance with a research design initially approved by the COSA OHP on January 28, 2019 and by the THC on January 29, 2019, under Texas Antiquities Permit 8748. Amendments to the permit were approved by the COSA OHP April 28, 2020 and by the THC on May 4, 2020. The trenching investigations did not result in the documentation of any archaeological sites, nor evidence of human remains or graves within the Field Investigation Area. Based on the results of these investigations, no historic properties will be affected by the Project and no further work is recommended. All records associated with the Project will be curated at the University of Texas at San Antonio Center for Archaeological Research (UTSA-CAR).

International audience ; PurposeConsequential life cycle assessment (C-LCA) aims to assess the environmental consequences of a decision. It differs from traditional LCA because its inventory includes all the processes affected by the decision which are identified by accounting for causal links (physical, economic, etc.). However, C-LCA results could be quite uncertain which makes the interpretation phase harder. Therefore, strategies to assess and reduce uncertainty in C-LCA are needed. Part of uncertainty in C-LCA is due to spatial variability that can be reduced using regionalization. However, regionalization can be complex and time-consuming if straightforwardly applied to an entire LCA model.MethodsThe main purpose of this article is to prioritize regionalization efforts to enhance interpretation in C-LCA by assessing the spatial uncertainty of a case study building on a partial equilibrium economic model. Three specific objectives are derived: (1) perform a C-LCA case study of alternative transportation scenarios to investigate the benefits of implementing a public policy for energy transition in France by 2050 with an uncertainty analysis to explore the strength of our conclusions, (2) perform global sensitivity analyses to identify and quantify the main sources of spatial uncertainty between foreground inventory model from partial equilibrium economic modeling, background inventory model and characterization factors, (3) propose a strategy to reduce the spatial uncertainty for our C-LCA case study by prioritizing regionalization.Results and discussionResults show that the implementation of alternative transport scenarios in compliance with public policy for the energy transition in France is beneficial for some impact categories (ICs) (global warming, marine acidification, marine eutrophication, terrestrial acidification, thermally polluted water, photochemical oxidant formation, and particulate matter formation), with a confidence level of 95%. For other ICs, uncertainty reduction is required to determine conclusions with a similar level of confidence. Input variables with spatial variability from the partial equilibrium economic model are significant contributors to the C-LCA spatial uncertainty and should be prioritized for spatial uncertainty reduction. In addition, characterization factors are significant contributors to the spatial uncertainty results for all regionalized ICs (except land occupation IC).ConclusionsWays to reduce the spatial uncertainty from economic modeling should be explored. Uncertainty reduction to enhance the interpretation phase and the decision-making should be prioritized depending on the goal and scope of the LCA study. In addition, using regionalized CFs in C-LCA seems to be relevant, and C-LCA calculation tools should be adapted accordingly. ; ObjectifL'analyse du cycle de vie conséquentielle (ACV-C) vise à évaluer les conséquences environnementales d'une décision. Elle diffère de l'ACV traditionnelle car son inventaire comprend tous les processus affectés par la décision qui sont identifiés en tenant compte des liens de causalité (physiques, économiques, etc.). Cependant, les résultats de l'ACV-C peuvent être assez incertains, ce qui rend la phase d'interprétation plus difficile. Par conséquent, des stratégies pour évaluer et réduire l'incertitude dans l'ACV-C sont nécessaires. Une partie de l'incertitude de l'ACC est due à la variabilité spatiale qui peut être réduite en utilisant la régionalisation. Cependant, la régionalisation peut être complexe et prendre beaucoup de temps si elle est appliquée directement à un modèle d'ACV complet.MéthodesL'objectif principal de cet article est de prioriser les efforts de régionalisation pour améliorer l'interprétation dans l'ACV-C en évaluant l'incertitude spatiale d'une étude de cas basée sur un modèle économique d'équilibre partiel. Trois objectifs spécifiques sont dérivés : (1) réaliser une étude de cas C-LCA de scénarios de transport alternatifs pour étudier les bénéfices de la mise en œuvre d'une politique publique de transition énergétique en France d'ici 2050 avec une analyse d'incertitude pour explorer la force de nos conclusions, (2) réaliser des analyses de sensibilité globales pour identifier et quantifier les principales sources d'incertitude spatiale entre le modèle d'inventaire de premier plan issu de la modélisation économique d'équilibre partiel, le modèle d'inventaire de fond et les facteurs de caractérisation, (3) proposer une stratégie pour réduire l'incertitude spatiale pour notre étude de cas C-LCA en priorisant la régionalisation.Résultats et discussionLes résultats montrent que la mise en œuvre de scénarios de transport alternatifs en conformité avec la politique publique de transition énergétique en France est bénéfique pour certaines catégories d'impact (CI) (réchauffement climatique, acidification marine, eutrophisation marine, acidification terrestre, eau thermiquement polluée, formation d'oxydants photochimiques et formation de particules), avec un niveau de confiance de 95%. Pour les autres CI, une réduction de l'incertitude est nécessaire pour déterminer les conclusions avec un niveau de confiance similaire. Les variables d'entrée avec une variabilité spatiale provenant du modèle économique d'équilibre partiel contribuent de façon significative à l'incertitude spatiale de l'ACV-C et devraient être priorisées pour la réduction de l'incertitude spatiale. En outre, les facteurs de caractérisation contribuent de manière significative aux résultats de l'incertitude spatiale pour tous les CI régionalisés (sauf le CI d'occupation des sols).ConclusionsIl convient d'explorer les moyens de réduire l'incertitude spatiale de la modélisation économique. La réduction de l'incertitude afin d'améliorer la phase d'interprétation et la prise de décision doit être priorisée en fonction de l'objectif et de la portée de l'étude ACV. En outre, l'utilisation de FC régionalisées dans l'ACV-C semble être pertinente, et les outils de calcul de l'ACV-C devraient être adaptés en conséquence.