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This book illuminates the characteristics of the Japanese economy comprehensively and analyses how and why they have been changing. The contributors to this fifteen-paper volume are internationally-known and leading researchers of the Japanese economy. Following the overview chapter, the book covers such areas as the Japanese firm, the labour market, consumption and saving patterns, financial markets, macroeconomic policies and international economic relations.

Preliminary Material -- Vorwort zur Reihe -- Vorwort -- Einleitung -- Krieg Ohne Regeln ist Unzivilisiert: Die Debatte 1872-1908 -- Kriegsverbrechen Werden Zum Thema: Balkankriege und Erster Weltkrieg -- Der weg zum Internationalen Strafgerichtshof – Eine Sackgasse? Die Debatte in Der Zwischenkriegszeit -- Der Verschlungene Weg Nach Nürnberg: die Debatte 1939-1945 -- Zusammenfassung und Ausblick -- Liste Der Abkürzungen Der Zeitschriften -- Übersicht Über Regelwerke zum ius in Bello und ius AD Bellum 1856-1945 -- Bibliographie -- Register.

One example of humanitarian coordination among international agencies is the use of 'clustering' by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) in the 2004 tsunami and Pakistan earthquakes. To accomplish their exceptional level of cooperation, the IFRC has focused on a holistic approach to disaster management, which relies on emergency relief, rehabilitation, recovery, reconstruction, prevention, and preparedness. A key element of the holistic approach is the use of 'clustering,' an approach that involves the grouping of different agencies with similar goals for the provision of relief and assistance. The cluster approach has been responsible for significant improvements in the coordination of humanitarian actors on the global stage, but this transfer of this method to the local or national level has proven problematic. W. A. Butler

Japan is negotiating diligently with the European Union and is asking for its approval of the Japanese accounting standard as an equivalent to the IFRSs. If the Japanese accounting standard fails to be recognized as an equivalent of the IFRSs, disclosure by Japanese companies based on the Japanese accounting standard currently in the European Union would not be allowed. This would severely affect the financing activities of Japanese companies seeking to raise funds in the European Union. Japanese corporations are also concerned about the possibility that Japanese accounting standards could be branded as inferior to the European or U.S. Accounting Standards, thus causing a general mistrust among investors in Japanese capital markets.

Literaturangaben

The availability of natural resources has always been one of the most important aspects of international relations, which have historically developed as a system of interconnections between different countries. However, there is a problem of natural resource scarcity in the world, thus, it is necessary to understand how markets influence national policies and how states can intervene and regulate the balance of natural resources and energy markets, which is the relevance of the study. The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of natural resources on the development of international relations in the 20th – early 21st centuries. To achieve this purpose, the study uses general scientific and special methods: historical, synchronous and diachronic, logical, analysis and synthesis, generalisation and quantitative comparison, scientific abstraction, and comparative analysis. The study established that the United States of America, South America and the Middle East had significant reserves of oil, natural gas, coal and precious metals. In addition, as noted, at the end of the 20th century, the issue of energy security was increasingly used to define international energy policy, and at the beginning of the 21st century, energy became one of the important aspects of geopolitics and an instrument of geopolitical competition. The consolidation of economic interests realised through the exploitation of natural resources is becoming the foundation for conflicts between different countries seeking to dominate the global resource market. It is established that the policy of the United States of America in the Middle East was based on an attempt to control natural resources, and in South America - on supporting its national interests. The practical significance of the study allows exploring key issues in international relations for an in-depth understanding of the balance of geopolitical forces in the 20th – early 21st centuries

Although the prevalence of project teams in international organizations is growing rapidly, while influencing the governance of organizations at the global, regional, and local levels, the response of organizations to such changes has been slower, according to authors A. I. Mockaitis, L. Zander, and H. De Cieri (2018). Organizations need to look at virtual project team development opportunities, methods, tools to learn to work in a multicultural space. The uptake of improvement opportunities for organizations would have a positive impact on many aspects like competition, efficiency, and reputation. In this context, it is important to analyse and research the uniqueness of virtual project teams and the problems arising in the management of these teams, because in the international business environment, the operation of these teams is a necessary condition for business to operate effectively.
The article analyses the emerging problems in virtual project team management in international companies. A theoretical overview of possible problems in managing virtual project teams is presented, the results of the performed qualitative research are presented. During the research, managers working in international companies who lead a virtual project team were interviewed using the qualitative research method. The study was conducted in 2019-2020 and involved 9 informants working in Lithuania, the United Kingdom, the United States, Bangladesh, France, Malaysia, and Poland.
The results of the study revealed the opinion of virtual project team leaders how these teams differ from traditional teams. The results revealed problems that may arise in the management of virtual project teams, such as misunderstanding and ambiguity of transmitted information, lack of emotion, presence and loss of information, higher time costs for work tasks, different, culturally influenced work principles and etiquette, and loss of personal and work balance boundaries. These problems are addressed in several ways, openly throughout the group, individually or through an external team.

As Rose-Redwood and Rose-Redwood (2017) made plain: We are living in troubling and uncertain times. Xenophobia is on the rise as right-wing, authoritarian nationalism has witnessed significant electoral gains and the very ideals of democratic inclusiveness and international pluralism are under direct attack. With the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States, the country with the largest share of international students globally is increasingly becoming an unwelcoming place to study abroad. (p. i) The above authors are far from alone in making such claims (see Watt, Costa Candal, & Quiason, 2018, for example). Across the Global North in fact, many commentators have begun to note the expansion and spread of nationalist sentiments with some concern. Outside of the US, in the immediate aftermath of the U.K. vote to leave the European Union (EU) in the June 2016 referendum, there was an alarming increase in reported incidents of hate crime targeted at non-U.K. nationals (Burnett, 2017). These varied from physical attacks on individuals to verbal abuse and cyber assaults. Commentators suggested that the vote to leave had somehow—and for some people—legitimized the open display of negative attitudes toward foreigners and cultural difference, casual xenophobia, and indeed racist behavior (Khalili, 2016). After many years of uneasy E.U. membership (Ford & Goodwin, 2017), a decision had been taken to reject a notion of unity and cooperation with the UK's European neighbors in favor of what others have variously interpreted as a desire for independence driven by As Rose-Redwood and Rose-Redwood (2017) made plain: We are living in troubling and uncertain times. Xenophobia is on the rise as right-wing, authoritarian nationalism has witnessed significant electoral gains and the very ideals of democratic inclusiveness and international pluralism are under direct attack. With the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States, the country with the largest share of international students ...

Referirnos a los aportes de la Ley de Derecho Internacional Privado venezolana en la codificación ius internacional privatista es remontarnos a intentos de codificación interna de vieja data. En Venezuela, esta disciplina nace en las aulas universitarias en 1897, pero no es sino hasta 1998 cuando el interés de la academia se extendió al ámbito legislativo, aprobándose la primera Ley autónoma en el continente americano. A 16 años de la promulgación de la Ley, el balance es altamente positivo, tanto a nivel de la jurisprudencia como de la doctrina, sirviendo incluso de inspiración a los países americanos para impulsar reformas internas en la materia. Por ello, a través de un estudio exegético se aborda la historia legislativa del Derecho Internacional Privado venezolano y sus repercusiones en el desarrollo de esta disciplina más allá de sus fronteras. ; Discuss about the contributions of the VenezuelanPrivate International Law to the coding of International Ius Privatizingaddresses us to the attempts of internal encoding of the rules of olddata. In Venezuela, they were born inside the universities' classroomsin 1897; however, the interest of the academy was extended tothe legislative's scope, approving after a long journey, in 1998 theLaw of Private International Law, which was the first of its kind inthe Americas. After Sixt teen years of enforcement of the Law, thebalance is highly positive, both at the judicial precedents and thescholar doctrine, even working as an inspiration in the Americancountries to encourage their internal reforms in this field. Therefore,through an exegetical study, this article addresses the legislative'shistory of Venezuela's Private International Law and its impact onthe development of this discipline beyond its territorial frontiers.