Suchergebnisse

Das Notwehrrecht ist Ausdruck eines der elementarsten Rechte des Individuums. Dennoch erfährt es in der Praxis der letzten Jahrzehnte immer weiter gehende Restriktionen. Die Einhelligkeit jedoch, mit welcher Rechtsprechung und Literatur im vermeintlichen Interesse des Angreifers (!) die so genannten "sozialethischen" Einschränkungen des Notwehrrechts billigen, steht im direkten Gegensatz zu den Schwierigkeiten einer entsprechenden dogmatischen Begründung. Wie der Autor nach erschöpfender Aufarbeitung des Meinungsstandes zur Ratio des Notwehrrechts feststellt, bedeuten diese Restriktionen für den Angegriffenen eine schleichende Aushöhlung seiner Rechte unter Verstoß gegen Art. 103 Abs. 2 GG. Eine weitere Überprüfung der Fallgruppen der Notwehreinschränkungen vor dem Hintergrund der dualistischen Notwehrlehre ergibt, dass diese nur in wenigen Fällen aus den Grundgedanken (Individualschutz und Rechtsbewährung) ableitbar sind. Dementsprechend sieht der Autor nur zwei Wege, einer schleichenden Aushöhlung des Notwehrrechts und der damit verbundenen Rechtsunsicherheit entgegenzuwirken: Eine gesetzliche Neuregelung der relevanten Fallgruppen oder aber die strikte Einhaltung der Wortlautgrenze

Engaging with the dominant contemporary literature on criminal law, prevention, risk, security and criminalisation, this text deploys a theoretical perspective developed through a critical analysis of both classical and contemporary works of social and political theory. It reveals that the pervasiveness of prevention in 21st century criminal justice systems represents not only the consequence of new and unprecedented features of contemporary politics and society, but also the manifestation of essential aspects of the liberal legal and political tradition

Art. 3 EMRK ist eine zentrale, schrankenlos geltende Garantie der Europäischen Menschenrechtskonvention. Der Verfasser arbeitet als Grund für die schrankenlose Geltung die Menschenwürde als geschütztes Rechtsgut heraus. Diese definiert er für den Geltungsbereich der EMRK mit Hilfe der auf Kants Moralphilosophie beruhenden Objektformel des BVerfG. Er zeigt, dass auf Grundlage von Kants Denken ein kleinster gemeinsamer Nenner in Form einer Negativdefinition der Menschenwürde für die Mitgliedsstaaten der EMRK gefunden werden kann.Im Anschluss wird die Fortwirkung von Art. 3 EMRK sowohl auf das Gebiet des materiellen als auch des prozessualen Strafrechts dargelegt. Die Rechtsprechung des EGMR wird zur Prüfung der Fairness des Verfahrens, Art. 6 EMRK, bei Verwertung von durch Verstoß gegen Art. 3 EMRK gewonnenen Beweismitteln analysiert und im Hinblick auf mittelbar gewonnene Beweismittel unter Anwendung der Objektformel und der Doktrin des vergifteten Baumes aus dem US-Recht fortentwickelt

This article considers how international criminal courts produce knowledge about women's experiences of large-scale violence. In 2001, the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia concluded that the crime of genocide had been committed in Srebrenica in 1995 and that the patriarchal nature of the Bosnian Muslim community was key to the genocide. This paper examines the processes by which the trial and appeal chambers came to know, and author an account of this community as patriarchal. I examine the transcripts of three witnesses who testified about the surviving community of Bosnian Muslim women, tracing how evidence was shaped and reshaped in the courtroom and then in the trial and appeal judgments. I argue here for the importance of exploring the mediating practices and actors that produce legal knowledge, to better understand how complex recognition of gendered harm unfolds, and is sometimes curtailed, through international criminal adjudication.

The aim of the article is found on the idea of measure as a substrate of criminal-legal influence. The publication proposes to consider the measure as a substrate of external forms of legal influence and criminal-legal measure as a primary element of all external forms of criminal-legal influence (in connection with the commission of a criminal act). The analysis allows us to conclude that the substrate of legal influence is a basic element of socio-legal regulation (which substantively combines a system of techniques and methods of influence used to obtain a positive and socially significant result). It should be understood that a criminal-legal measure is a system of techniques and methods of coercive and rehabilitation-encouraging influence of the state on criminal practices (criminal offenses, objectively illegal acts, abuse of law) and lawful post-criminal behavior, which is carried out by the law, determined by the socio-cultural environment. It is concluded that such ideas of Leonardo Polo as coexistence, the abandonment of mental limit, his thoughts on ethics, knowledge, and law can be applied successfully when the criminal-legal measure is characterized by several features that distinguish it from measures of the legal influence of another industry.

In the article the author argues that criminal legal awareness is an element of public legal consciousness, which is a set of legal views and feelings, legal ideals, ideas, theories, concepts that are normative in nature and include both knowledge of criminal law phenomena and assessment them in terms of social justice, as well as new legal requirements for improving criminal law regulation and criminal law protection of public relations of goods and interests, the practice of their application that reflect economic and political needs and interests of social development. The formation of criminal law legal consciousness is a complex and ambiguous process that takes place under the influence of many factors - socio-economic, socio­political, psychological and others. In it a significant role belongs to the ratio of criminal law legal consciousness with moral consciousness. Only with their complete coincidence can we talk about the morality of criminal law legal consciousness, and in the end, when through the criminal law ideology the latter is transformed into the rule of law, and the morality of criminal law. The article argues that the national criminal law mentality is a holistic system of mental, emotional, cultural characteristics, values and attitudes of the people, which reflects the assessment of criminal law as a system of regulation and protection of critical social relations, benefits and interests and practices of its application that takes place on the basis of historical dimension and formed on the basis of this general requirements for legislative and law enforcement processes.

Parties negotiating the end of authoritarian regimes or armed conflicts are almost inevitably left in a situation of legal uncertainty. Despite their overlapping scope of application, the differences between the approaches of International Criminal Law (ICL) and Transitional Justice (TJ) are so profound that, unless dogmatisms are left aside and a process of dialogue is entered into, it will not be possible to harmonize the current legal regime of international crimes with the need to articulate transitional processes that are capable of effectively overcoming authoritarian regimes and armed conflicts. The serious material limitations shown by national, international and hybrid ICL enforcement mechanisms should be acknowledged and the goals pursued by ICL should be redefined accordingly. A minimum level of consensus on the scope of application, goals and elements of TJ should also be reached. Situations of systematic or large scale violence against the civilian population by transnational criminal organizations increase the challenge.

The criminal liability of legal entities has been in the focus of the criminal law reforms over the last century, especially in the modern globalization era. The theoretical debate and the creative judicial practice in cases of serious illegal behavior of corporations have provided the necessary vehicle for change from the traditional conception that legal persons cannot be liable under criminal law ('societas delinquere non potest') to the newly embraced doctrine of 'respondeat superior' (with some modification). The article presents an overview of the major concepts and theories of the criminal liability of legal entities. After providing a comprative overview of relevant legislation in the prominent criminal law systems of the United States of America, Germany and the European Union, the author provides a general overview of the Serbian legislation on this matter.

Student of the Department of Municipal Law of the Law Institute of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (PFUR) This article examines the legal framework for the organization and functioning of local government in the Finnish Democratic Republic. The characteristic features inherent in the development of local self-government in such a Scandinavian country as Finland are analyzed. The active activity at the local level of government in the Republic of Finland is quite progressive. In Finland, local governments are decentralized and characterized by a high degree of autonomy and independence. Particular attention is paid to programs implemented in the communes. The conclusion is made about the productive influence of local authorities on the development of the state. The functions of local self-government bodies in various areas are discussed in detail. The article also pays special attention to the Association of Local and Regional Authorities of Finland, which provides the necessary assistance and protection to municipalities. Thus, close contact of local authorities with residents of communes has a positive impact not only on the development of municipalities, but also on the economic development of the entire state.