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The article presents a comparative analysis of the structure of the land fund of European countries. The analysis of agricultural, forestry, housing and other types (types) of land use and land ownership of European countries in comparison with Ukraine. The condition and saturation of the infrastructural objects of the investigated territories are analyzed. The researches of the specific land use in EU countries significantly increased after Ukraine had elected the European Integration vector. Equally important is the issue of the research of effective land use for different economic purposes by European land users as the main basis of their economic activity. The analysis of the land-use condition and the experience of EU countries can be used as a vector of effective and rational land-use and it can be a guide in organization of effective land policy with further integration into European space. The works of domestic and foreign scientist were devoted to actual questions of study of the modern condition and prospective use of urbanized, natural and agricultural areas – they are D.S.Dobriak, C.N.Volkova, Y.F.Dehtiarenko, SH.I.Ibatullin, O.P.Kanash, M.G.Lyhoghrud, A.G.Martyn, Y.M.Paleha, A.M.Tretiak, V.M.Drughak, A.Y.Stupen', A.Smith, J.Keynes, V.Kristaller, P.Krugman, R.Lucas and others. At the same time the prospective of intensified land-use as the main spatial of production basis was not researched enough. Comparative characteristic of land-use structures is still actual, that gives an opportunity to assess the effectiveness оцінити ефективність and prospects for further use of land potential. Setting targets consists in identification of features and comparative assessment of the land state, natural landscape systems and areas with different levels of urbanization within countries of the European Union and Ukraine . Summarising the results of the research it leads to the following conclusions: • by analysing the structure of land-use in EU countries we find a significant heterogeneity in it's structure; • ...

For many reasons, a political unit may decide to undertake a program of encouraging the establishment of industry within its borders. This may be effectively done by informing entrepreneurs of the locational advantages which sites within the jurisdiction offer and by increasing the attractiveness of the sites. Research necessary to provide industry with information about possible plant sites and resources will provide part of the data from which projections may be made as to future development of the area. When such projections indicate that an area is one which will in the future be a desirable location for industry, steps should be taken to ensure that private allocation of land use does not prevent the realization of this industrial potential. The preservation of the resource of potential industrial sites may be undertaken by zoning regulations and related devices and by condemnation or purchase, and preferably by a combination of these approaches. Whatever course is followed, the result in the long run should be to improve the economy of the political unit and to promote efficient land use and balanced development of the area. This result will follow both from the direct governmental control and from the influence of government control on development by private interests. If the plans are comprehensive and the projections accurate, substantial savings to the governmental unit may result from increased ability to anticipate future governmental demands for property, thus decreasing the net cost of developing the necessary thorough plans and projections.

At the turn of the century, telecommunications had a centripetal effect on the topography of cities. It encouraged the separation of offices from factories & the consequent concentration of offices downtown. Thus telecommunications led to Ur concentration. By mid-century, a more flexible & universally available telecommunications technology was used to escape Ur concentration, with both homes & work places moving out of the city's center & even into exurbia, a predominantly centrifugal effect. Future communications technology is likely to give people more choice in how they use it. Previous effects noted for communications could be simultaneously noted in transportation, but now, in the prospect of an energy shortage, one likely use of telecommunications may be to overcome some consequences of high energy prices, perhaps offsetting the centripetal pressure for achieving energy savings through renewed Ur concentration. HA.

Several land-based policy options are discussed within the current quest for feasible climate change mitigation options, among them the creation and conservation of forest carbon sinks through mechanisms such as Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation also called REDD+ and the substitution of fossil fuels through biofuels, as legislated in the EU Renewable Energy Directive. While those two policy processes face several methodological challenges, there is one issue that both processes encounter: the displacement of land use and the related emissions, which is referred to as carbon leakage in the context of emissions accounting, and indirect land-use change also called ILUC within the bioenergy realm. The debates surrounding carbon leakage and indirect land-use change issues run in parallel but are rather isolated from each other, without much interaction. This paper analyzes the similarities and differences as well as common challenges within these parallel debates by the use of peer-reviewed articles and reports, with a focus on approaches to address and methods to quantify emissions at national and international scale. The aim is to assess the potential to use synergies and learn from the two debates to optimize climate benefits. The results show that the similarities are many, while the differences between carbon leakage and ILUC are found in the actual commodity at stake and to some degree in the policy forum in which the debate is taken. The geographical scale, actors and parties involved also play a role. Both processes operate under the same theoretical assumption and face the same problem of lacking methods to quantify the emissions caused by international displacement. The approach to international displacement is one of the main differences; while US and EU biofuel policymakers acknowledge uncertainties in ILUC accounting but strive to reduce them, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change excludes accounting for international carbon leakage. Potential explanations behind these differences lie in the liability issue and the underlying accounting principles of producer responsibility for carbon leakage and consumer responsibility for ILUC. This is also reflected on the level of lobby activities, where ILUC has reached greater public and policy interest than carbon leakage. Finally, a possible way forward for international leakage accounting in future climate treaties could be the adoption of accounting methods taking a consumer perspective, to be used alongside the existing set-up, which could improve climate integrity of land-based policies.

Not Available ; International think-tank, such as "Our Common Future' in 1987, the Rio Declaration' and 'Agenda 21' in 1992, and the Johansberg Declaration ' in 2002, have created recognition that concerted efforts are needed to develop sustained land use practices to minimize further harm to natural resources. Maintaining and enhancing the quality of natural resources have emerged as key issues globally (World Bank, 2001). Control over the use of resources on land has emerged as significant issues in natural resource management (Yencken and Wilkinson, 2000), and the land use planning system provides an opportunity to control land use, further conservation of natural resources. The challenge faced by natural resource management agencies either governmental or non- governmental will involve changing perceptions over how land is used (Mitchell et al., 2004). ; Not Available

Conflicting land uses are an integral aspect of planning and development in an urban environment. This paper examines the methodology used in evaluating the economic impact associated with changing the zoning designation of land from industrial to commercial use. The case study is a 20-acre parcel within the City of San Diego, California. Originally zoned as industrial property, at the time of the study, the site housed a small warehouse operation that employed some six to eight employees with an annual payroll of $280,000. Some political and community activists were hoping for the development of the parcel into a manufacturing operation with a large number of high wage jobs. The non-profit Jacobs Foundation bought the site with the intention of developing the property into commercial and office space. One of the conditions imposed by the City of San Diego in considering the request for rezoning the space was a comprehensive economic impact analysis. This paper identifies the methodology employed in the impact analysis and provides some of the highlights of the study. There were several reasons to conclude that the development of the site into an industrial development with a large number of jobs was unlikely. The property is located near a flood zone and within a residential neighborhood with limited transportation avenues. Furthermore, the site is only 20 acres, and isolated from other manufacturing hubs. Finally, the overall number of jobs is trending downward for both the United States as a whole as well as in San Diego. In evaluating the benefits from the rezoning, the author estimates that in addition to the infusion of jobs and expenditures resulting from the construction aspect of the project (360 jobs and $50 million), the development of the site as commercial/office space will eventually support an estimated 1790 jobs with an annual payroll of almost $50 million. Sales revenue in the proposed development is forecast to exceed $25 million annually. In both the construction and operation of Market Creek Plaza, the Jacobs Foundation worked to assure local access to jobs and training opportunities. These benefits are more difficult to quantify, but are probably of even greater importance to the community. In addition, the study demonstrates that the study area was under-served in terms of food stores and other retail shops. It is estimated that at least $60 million of spending on retail sales by study area residents was occurring outside of the study area. A significant portion of this spending, and the subsequent tax dollars, were benefiting municipalities other than the City of San Diego. The proposed development will serve to fill this void. The City of San Diego accepted the economic impact analysis along with other detailed analyses, and approved the change in zoning. The development is complete and has been cited throughout the United States for it success.