Suchergebnisse

Sentiment analysis of text documents is a very important part of contemporary text mining. The purpose of this article is to present a new technique of text sentiment analysis which can be used with any type of a document-sentiment-classification method. The proposed technique involves feature selection independently of a classifier, which reduces the size of the feature space. Its advantages include intuitiveness and computational noncomplexity. The most important element of the proposed technique is a novel algorithm for the determination of the number of features to be selected sufficient for the effective classification. The algorithm is based on the analysis of the correlation between single features and document labels. A statistical approach, featuring a naive Bayes classifier and logistic regression, was employed to verify the usefulness of the proposed technique. They were applied to three document sets composed of 1,169 opinions of bank clients, obtained in 2020 from a Poland-based bank. The documents were written in Polish. The research demonstrated that reducing the number of terms over 10-fold by means of the proposed algorithm in most cases improves the effectiveness of classification.

This paper deals with the relationship between institutional, electoral and party system dynamics on the one hand, and the evolution of total electoral volatility in Belgium, on the other. Based on aggregated election data from the 1876–2010 period the paper describes how and why party system size and electoral volatility in a fragmented parliamentary democracy interrelate and how they affect the equal parliamentary representation of parties. There are three important conclusions: first of all, the national party system has become more permeable to new parties over time and, concurrently, has become more competitive. This process has impacted negatively on the supremacy of the three traditional ideologies and the distinctive electoral market leadership of the Flemish Catholic party. But more importantly, it is not the absolute number but rather the relative change in electoral competition from one election to the next that has been a prime factor in explaining the linkage between party system fragmentation and electoral volatility. Lastly, the increasingly permeable Belgian national party system seems to have impacted adversely on the equal representation of smaller parties and – somewhat counterintuitively – even after the year 2000 has primarily rewarded larger parties, the very parties that represent the main pillar-based ideologies. Added to this is that one of the main factors precluding equal representation of (new) parties is total electoral volatility.

AbstractWhen asked to explain their solutions to a problem, children often gesture and, at times, these gestures convey information that is different from the information conveyed in speech. Children who produce these gesture‐speech "mismatches" on a particular task have been found to profit from instruction on that task. We have recently found that some children produce gesture‐speech mismatches when identifying numbers at the cusp of their knowledge, for example, a child incorrectly labels a set of two objects with the word "three" and simultaneously holds up two fingers. These mismatches differ from previously studied mismatches (where the information conveyed in gesture has the potential to be integrated with the information conveyed in speech) in that the gestured response contradicts the spoken response. Here, we ask whether these contradictory number mismatches predict which learners will profit from number‐word instruction. We used the Give‐a‐Number task to measure number knowledge in 47 children (Mage = 4.1 years, SD = 0.58), and used the What's on this Card task to assess whether children produced gesture‐speech mismatches above their knower level. Children who were early in their number learning trajectories ("one‐knowers" and "two‐knowers") were then randomly assigned, within knower level, to one of two training conditions: a Counting condition in which children practiced counting objects; or an Enriched Number Talk condition containing counting, labeling set sizes, spatial alignment of neighboring sets, and comparison of these sets. Controlling for counting ability, we found that children were more likely to learn the meaning of new number words in the Enriched Number Talk condition than in the Counting condition, but only if they had produced gesture‐speech mismatches at pretest. The findings suggest that numerical gesture‐speech mismatches are a reliable signal that a child is ready to profit from rich number instruction and provide evidence, for the first time, that cardinal number gestures have a role to play in number‐learning.

Apparently we've all got to be poorer. Well, yes, again, but this time it's because: The global extraction of raw materials is expected to increase by 60% by 2060, with calamitous consequences for the climate and the environment, according an unpublished UN analysis seen by the Guardian.Natural resource extraction has soared by almost 400% since 1970 due to industrialisation, urbanisation and population growth, according to a presentation of the five-yearly UN Global Resource Outlook made to EU ministers last week.To get a handle on the sort of size of number they're talking about: Each year, the world consumes more than 92b tonnes of materials – biomass (mostly food), metals, fossil fuels and minerals – and this figure is growing at the rate of 3.2% per year.Of course we don't, in fact, "consume", we borrow for a bit. That old phrase of dust to dust, ashes to ashes, is true at the planetary system level. Say, the use of metals - we might dig them up out of one hole, use them then stick them back in another, mine to landfill, but we've not consumed them.But OK, so 92 billion tonnes, call it 100bn. Up by 60%, let's give them an inch and call it 200 billion tonnes. Big number.Except: The lithosphere consists of sediments and crystalline rocks with a total mass of 23,000–24,000 × 10x15 metric tons.24,000,000,000 billion tonnes.200 billion is 0.0000008%In a million years we'll use under 1% of it (assuming we've got the right number of zeroes there all the way through).This is such a problem that: ""Higher figures mean higher impacts," he said. "In essence, there are no more safe spaces on Earth. We are already out of our safe operating space and if these trends continue, things will get worse. " which we think might be a bit of an exaggeration. "The report prioritises equity and human wellbeing measurements over GDP growth alone and proposes action to reduce overall demand rather than simply increasing "green" production." Ah, yes, we must be more equal and poorer as a solution. How did we guess that is what would be suggested? "Decarbonisation without decoupling economic growth and wellbeing from resource use and environmental impacts is not a convincing answer and the currently prevailing focus on cleaning the supply side needs to be complemented with demand-side measures," Potočnik said." That, again, means make everyone poorer.Yes, sure, 200 billion is a big number even when speaking about government budgets and deficits. But the size of the Earth is a really, really, big number. Against which 200 billion is a grain of a smidgeon of a smear. It's simply not an important nor relevant number nor percentage. It's a great excuse to impose perpetual poverty upon the population, of course it is. But it's not a good reason. Because a big number of a very big number is a small number.

The institutions of international arbitration have played an increasingly active role in arbitral governance. The claim that they merely provide administrative services no longer holds water. With the ability to amend institutional rules, update practice guidelines, and revise institutional practices, they wield the power to efficiently effect change – a power that no other actor in international arbitration comes close to having. However, it has been said that in their quest to lead change, some institutions have overstepped their mandate and overreached their powers. Based on a variety of primary and secondary sources, this article examines the situations in which institutions have overridden the parties' agreement for the number of arbitrators appointed in cases of expedited proceedings. Thereafter, it seeks to analyze whether institutions, in a bid to push progress have overstepped their authority.

For parties of unequal seat shares (si), the widely used effective number of parties (N = 1/Σsi2) offers an equivalent in equal-sized parties, but it needs a supplement to express the imbalance in actual shares. This is akin to supplementing the mean with the standard deviation. A suitable 'index of balance' is b = -log s1/log p, where S1 is the largest share and p is the number of seat-winning parties. It can range from 0 (utter imbalance) to 1 (perfect equality of all parties). In most individual countries, the median balance is between 0.4 and 0.6, and the worldwide median balance is close to 0.50 for any number of seat-winning parties except 2, in line with a simple logical model. Independent of electoral systems used, a rule of conservation emerges: the median product of the largest party's fractional share and the square root of the number of seat-winning parties is conserved: s1p0.5 = 1. The worldwide median for 603 elections is within 2 percent of 1.00. © 2005 SAGE Publications.