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Universities and colleges play an important role in conducting research and development in the United States. Academic institutions spent $72 billion on R&D in 2016, an increase of 21% over the past decade, after adjusting for inflation. This report presents information on funding sources for academic R&D at the state level. It focuses on total academic R&D spending, by state in 2016, for the 640 institutions that spent at least $1 million on R&D in the previous reporting year (2015). ; National Science Foundation (NSF) ; National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics ; InfoBrief

We show a link between levels of mass education in 1870 and corruption levels in 2010 for seventy-eight countries that remains strong when controlling for change in the level of education, GDP/ capita, and democracy. A model for the causal mechanism between universal education and control of corruption is presented. Early introduction of universal education is linked to levels of economic equality and to efforts to increase state capacity. First, societies with more equal education gave citizens more opportunities and power for opposing corruption. Secondly, the need for increased state capacity was a strong motivation for the introduction of universal education in many countries. Strong states provided more education to their publics and such states were more common where economic disparities were initially smaller.

Education and modes of governing -- Theorising network governance -- The trajectory of state-owned enterprise education -- Modes of governance in SOE schooling -- Policy implementation through the transaction of differentially valued resources -- Governing public education reform in China