Suchergebnisse

Historically, in the context of Kerala, through mobilisation, electoral and mass struggles and a broad-based alliance of poor peasants, agricultural labour and workers were forged into a political constituency. This paper locates new forms of women workers' struggles in the post-1990 context which saw a shift in the politics of labour and in the language of class and since the People's Planning Campaign for democratic decentralisation in Kerala, when agency moved away from trade unions to a plurality of organisations serving a range of objectives but linked with local governance. There was a shift away from exclusive collective bargaining by workers to collective social activity, for example, Kudumbashree, Ayalkootam (neighbourhood groups), public works, MNREGA forums and other forms of associational activities. Identities shifted beyond that of workers to citizens, involving a range of rights with the neighbourhood and the local as an axis. This paper focusses on women labour particularly in the context of the trajectory of development and labour in Kerala and the wider canvas in which labour movements developed post the 1980s in India.

The extraordinary genetic variability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group M has led to the identification of 10 subtypes, 102 circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and numerous unique recombinant forms. Among CRFs, 11 derived from subtypes B and C have been identified in China, Brazil, and Italy. Here we identify a new HIV-1 CRF_BC in Northern Spain. Originally, a phylogenetic cluster of 15 viruses of subtype C in protease-reverse transcriptase was identified in an HIV-1 molecular surveillance study in Spain, most of them from individuals from the Basque Country and heterosexually transmitted. Analyses of near full-length genome sequences from six viruses from three cities revealed that they were BC recombinant with coincident mosaic structures different from known CRFs. This allowed the definition of a new HIV-1 CRF designated CRF108_BC, whose genome is predominantly of subtype C, with four short subtype B fragments. Phylogenetic analyses with database sequences supported a Brazilian ancestry of the parental subtype C strain. Coalescent Bayesian analyses estimated the most recent common ancestor of CRF108_BC in the city of Vitoria, Basque Country, around 2000. CRF108_BC is the first CRF_BC identified in Spain and the second in Europe, after CRF60_BC, both phylogenetically related to Brazilian subtype C strains. ; This work was funded through Acción Estratégica en Salud Intramural (AESI), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, projects "Estudios sobre vigilancia epidemiológica molecular del VIH- 1 en España," PI16CIII/00033, and "Epidemiología molecular del VIH-1 en España y su utilidad para investigaciones biológicas y en vacunas", PI19CIII/00042; Red de Investigación en SIDA (RIS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Evaluación y Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Plan Nacional I + D + I, project RD16ISCIII/0002/0004; and scientific agreement with Osakidetza-Servicio Vasco de Salud, Government of Basque Country, MVI 1001/16. JC was supported by the Social European Fund through the Youth Employment Operational Program and the Youth Employment Initiative and by the Comunidad de Madrid. ; Sí

AbstractThis article considers the impact of generational changes on the new cohort of social work students most of whom were born post-1995, and therefore belong to 'iGeneration' (iGen).This article is especially concerned with the finding that the generation before iGen is more right-wing authoritarian than all post-war generations and what this might mean for the future of social work should that trajectory continue. A study was undertaken to examine the attitudes of 122 iGen students in first-year university course in Scotland. Results show that mean attitudinal measures were right-wing authoritarian in relation to crime and punishment and to unemployed people. Social work students aligned more in their attitudes with their primary education colleagues and less with their less authoritarian community education colleagues, and, overall, the iGen cohort was significantly more right-wing authoritarian than their older colleagues. In essence, there was evidence to suggest that an individualistic, self-sufficiency neoliberal narrative had been quite profoundly internalised by the iGen cohort of students. Implications of a new individualistic practice are considered, and suggestions for social work education programmes are made.

"Dieser Beitrag beschreibt die Vielfalt und Eintracht der Arbeitsorganisation im Dienstleistungsgewerbe. Dabei wird unterschieden zwischen einem Trend zum 'Dienstleistungstaylorismus' und einer entgegen gesetzten Tendenz einer 'beruflichen Autonomie', die von einem gemeinsamen Kern ausgehen, der mit dem Begriff der 'marktseitigen Governance' der Dienstleistungsarbeit beschrieben wird, wodurch die/ der einzelne Dienstleistungsarbeitnehmer(in) mit internalisierten Märkten konfrontiert wird. Die neue Form der Governance hat erhebliche Auswirkungen auf die Arbeitsbedingungen. Im abschließenden Teil werden Überlegungen über die Notwendigkeit einer öffentlichen Debatte über die Mängel der Arbeitsorganisation eines im Wesentlichen von Marktkräften gesteuerten Dienstleistungssektors angestellt. Marktdefizite, wie beispielsweise ein Arbeitskräftemangel in den sozialen Diensten, sollten identifiziert und einer grundsätzlichen Neubewertung der Dienstleistungen und insbesondere der sozialen Dienste gegenüber gestellt werden. Die Gewerkschaften können zu dieser Debatte beitragen, indem sie eigene Modelle guter Dienstleistungsarbeit entwickeln." (Autorenreferat)

In May 2004 the New Zealand Government announced a number of welfare reforms (the Working for Families reforms) that will account for an increase in welfare expenditure of approximately $1.1 billion per-annum when fully implemented. Two objectives of these reforms are to reduce child poverty and to improve financial incentives for work at low wages. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of these reforms in achieving these objectives. Research is cited that shows that Working for Families should significantly reduce child poverty. This research, however, contains no estimates of the labour market behavioural effects of the reforms. This paper therefore estimates the likely labour market behavioural effects of the reforms and the impact of these effects on poverty reduction effectiveness and targeting efficiency. The improvement in financial incentives for work facing sole parents will be likely to improve the poverty reduction effectiveness of the reforms. The increase in disincentive facing secondary earners will be likely to encourage partnered families to reduce their hours of work and market incomes. These responses will be likely to improve the targeting efficiency of the reforms but at a cost of increasing the excess burden of the welfare system.

Since the fall of communism social work has become the fastest-growing profession in Russia. Shortages of resources, capabilities and technology have moved social work rapidly towards professionalization. This microethnographic study examines the status of social work in Russia today.

This critical, international and interdisciplinary edited collection investigates the new normal of work and employment, presenting research on the experience of the workers themselves. The collection explores the formation of contemporary worker subjects, and the privilege or disadvantage in play around gender, class, age and national location within the global workforce. 0Organised around the three areas of: creative working, digital working lives, and transitions and transformations, its fifteen chapters examine in detail the emerging norms of work and work activities in a range of occupations and locations. It also investigates the coping strategies adopted by workers to manage novel difficulties and life circumstances, and their understandings of the possibilities, trajectories, mobilities, identities and potential rewards of their work situations.0This book will appeal to a wide range of audiences, including students and academics of the sociology of work and labor history, and those interested in understanding the implications of the?new normal? of work and employment.