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ABSTRACT
The classic political economy of trade models state behavior on the international plane by reference to the formation of domestic interests. Voters, interest groups, and politicians are rational actors in this model, pursuing their economic preferences without cognitive or motivational distortions. This article questions the sufficiency of the rational choice model in the formation of contemporary trade policy. Starting from the classic political economy story, this article explores real-world deviations from rationally expected outcomes by drawing on cognitive psychology. Using both theoretical and empirical analysis, we seek to identify key distortions that can better explain voter and politician behavior in the current trade wars. We begin with loss aversion in that individuals have asymmetrical attitudes towards gains and losses. Rising inequality within the rich world amounts to a perceived relative loss particularly for middle-class citizens. Combined with the absolute rise of equality between countries, this can trigger a double loss frame—both as an individual loss and a national loss—that can profoundly shape anti-trade preferences in certain countries. Framing trade as a security threat also invokes powerful hawkish biases. Lastly, the availability bias can be provoked by social media mechanisms making people tend to focus on particular risks and overweight their import.

A company needs to first calculate the risk factors and look at both advantages and disadvantages of international trade financing methods before choosing one. Also, a company must take into account the conditions of supplying, their partners and their own financial stance, countries' political, economic and social situation, the cost of international financing method. A company may choose the right, most secure and trustworthy international trade financing method after it has properly evaluated these factors. Therefore, the task of choosing the right method is relevant to every company engaging in international trade operations. It determines this master thesis topic's relevancy. The object of study of this master thesis – a company's international trade expansion and its financial models. The aim – to make a comparison of Mantinga , Ltd international trade financing models' analysis after the research of a company's international trade financial alternatives. The tasks established to achieve the set object are as follows: name the problems of international trade financing after thoroughly investigating international trade importance to companies' activities; unveil the essence of international trade financing based on scientific literature analysis; identify the fundamental financing models of international trade; form a methodology for the research of international trade financing; conduct the models' analysis of international trade expanse financing of Mantinga, Ltd. Lately, it has been noticed that the international trade scale is increasing. The financial reserves needed to engage in and expand such trade, determine the importance of choosing sources and methods of such trade. Thus, every company encounters obstacles which are related to its international trade financing source (inner or outer) and methods that reduce expenses and minimalize risks related to the companies' international trade operations decisions. The financing of international trade operations is distinguished by quite a large variety. Depending on the duration and objectives of funding, the amount of the transaction, the own funds of economic entities, additional participants (factoring, forfeiting organizations, export credit agencies) or certain financing conditions (discounting, bank guarantees) could be included into the model. The advantage of each model of international trade financing is the increasing of competitiveness – payment conditions are increasingly used as competitive instruments during the negotiation process. Customers seek for bargains to ensure reliable and attractive credit conditions. Merchants who have access to financing instruments are in a better position, which can stimulate export and national income growth. Based on Mantinga', Ltd financial responsibility and its financial activities results analysis, it was established that Mantinga, Lt should adopt factoring for its export since its expenses are 53 percent less than the bank's financed credit value for the same scale exports. The company also benefits additionally with factoring. It no longer needs to make discounts to clients who check out expeditiously. The risk of customers not paying in time gets eliminated and, as such, detriments are saved due to such failed payments. Factoring also improves customers' payment behavior, enhances the company's credit rating and the overall appeal in the view of interested countries.

A company needs to first calculate the risk factors and look at both advantages and disadvantages of international trade financing methods before choosing one. Also, a company must take into account the conditions of supplying, their partners and their own financial stance, countries' political, economic and social situation, the cost of international financing method. A company may choose the right, most secure and trustworthy international trade financing method after it has properly evaluated these factors. Therefore, the task of choosing the right method is relevant to every company engaging in international trade operations. It determines this master thesis topic's relevancy. The object of study of this master thesis – a company's international trade expansion and its financial models. The aim – to make a comparison of Mantinga , Ltd international trade financing models' analysis after the research of a company's international trade financial alternatives. The tasks established to achieve the set object are as follows: name the problems of international trade financing after thoroughly investigating international trade importance to companies' activities; unveil the essence of international trade financing based on scientific literature analysis; identify the fundamental financing models of international trade; form a methodology for the research of international trade financing; conduct the models' analysis of international trade expanse financing of Mantinga, Ltd. Lately, it has been noticed that the international trade scale is increasing. The financial reserves needed to engage in and expand such trade, determine the importance of choosing sources and methods of such trade. Thus, every company encounters obstacles which are related to its international trade financing source (inner or outer) and methods that reduce expenses and minimalize risks related to the companies' international trade operations decisions. The financing of international trade operations is distinguished by quite a large variety. Depending on the duration and objectives of funding, the amount of the transaction, the own funds of economic entities, additional participants (factoring, forfeiting organizations, export credit agencies) or certain financing conditions (discounting, bank guarantees) could be included into the model. The advantage of each model of international trade financing is the increasing of competitiveness – payment conditions are increasingly used as competitive instruments during the negotiation process. Customers seek for bargains to ensure reliable and attractive credit conditions. Merchants who have access to financing instruments are in a better position, which can stimulate export and national income growth. Based on Mantinga', Ltd financial responsibility and its financial activities results analysis, it was established that Mantinga, Lt should adopt factoring for its export since its expenses are 53 percent less than the bank's financed credit value for the same scale exports. The company also benefits additionally with factoring. It no longer needs to make discounts to clients who check out expeditiously. The risk of customers not paying in time gets eliminated and, as such, detriments are saved due to such failed payments. Factoring also improves customers' payment behavior, enhances the company's credit rating and the overall appeal in the view of interested countries.

A company needs to first calculate the risk factors and look at both advantages and disadvantages of international trade financing methods before choosing one. Also, a company must take into account the conditions of supplying, their partners and their own financial stance, countries' political, economic and social situation, the cost of international financing method. A company may choose the right, most secure and trustworthy international trade financing method after it has properly evaluated these factors. Therefore, the task of choosing the right method is relevant to every company engaging in international trade operations. It determines this master thesis topic's relevancy. The object of study of this master thesis – a company's international trade expansion and its financial models. The aim – to make a comparison of Mantinga , Ltd international trade financing models' analysis after the research of a company's international trade financial alternatives. The tasks established to achieve the set object are as follows: name the problems of international trade financing after thoroughly investigating international trade importance to companies' activities; unveil the essence of international trade financing based on scientific literature analysis; identify the fundamental financing models of international trade; form a methodology for the research of international trade financing; conduct the models' analysis of international trade expanse financing of Mantinga, Ltd. Lately, it has been noticed that the international trade scale is increasing. The financial reserves needed to engage in and expand such trade, determine the importance of choosing sources and methods of such trade. Thus, every company encounters obstacles which are related to its international trade financing source (inner or outer) and methods that reduce expenses and minimalize risks related to the companies' international trade operations decisions. The financing of international trade operations is distinguished by quite a large variety. Depending on the duration and objectives of funding, the amount of the transaction, the own funds of economic entities, additional participants (factoring, forfeiting organizations, export credit agencies) or certain financing conditions (discounting, bank guarantees) could be included into the model. The advantage of each model of international trade financing is the increasing of competitiveness – payment conditions are increasingly used as competitive instruments during the negotiation process. Customers seek for bargains to ensure reliable and attractive credit conditions. Merchants who have access to financing instruments are in a better position, which can stimulate export and national income growth. Based on Mantinga', Ltd financial responsibility and its financial activities results analysis, it was established that Mantinga, Lt should adopt factoring for its export since its expenses are 53 percent less than the bank's financed credit value for the same scale exports. The company also benefits additionally with factoring. It no longer needs to make discounts to clients who check out expeditiously. The risk of customers not paying in time gets eliminated and, as such, detriments are saved due to such failed payments. Factoring also improves customers' payment behavior, enhances the company's credit rating and the overall appeal in the view of interested countries.

A company needs to first calculate the risk factors and look at both advantages and disadvantages of international trade financing methods before choosing one. Also, a company must take into account the conditions of supplying, their partners and their own financial stance, countries' political, economic and social situation, the cost of international financing method. A company may choose the right, most secure and trustworthy international trade financing method after it has properly evaluated these factors. Therefore, the task of choosing the right method is relevant to every company engaging in international trade operations. It determines this master thesis topic's relevancy. The object of study of this master thesis – a company's international trade expansion and its financial models. The aim – to make a comparison of Mantinga , Ltd international trade financing models' analysis after the research of a company's international trade financial alternatives. The tasks established to achieve the set object are as follows: name the problems of international trade financing after thoroughly investigating international trade importance to companies' activities; unveil the essence of international trade financing based on scientific literature analysis; identify the fundamental financing models of international trade; form a methodology for the research of international trade financing; conduct the models' analysis of international trade expanse financing of Mantinga, Ltd. Lately, it has been noticed that the international trade scale is increasing. The financial reserves needed to engage in and expand such trade, determine the importance of choosing sources and methods of such trade. Thus, every company encounters obstacles which are related to its international trade financing source (inner or outer) and methods that reduce expenses and minimalize risks related to the companies' international trade operations decisions. The financing of international trade operations is distinguished by quite a large variety. Depending on the duration and objectives of funding, the amount of the transaction, the own funds of economic entities, additional participants (factoring, forfeiting organizations, export credit agencies) or certain financing conditions (discounting, bank guarantees) could be included into the model. The advantage of each model of international trade financing is the increasing of competitiveness – payment conditions are increasingly used as competitive instruments during the negotiation process. Customers seek for bargains to ensure reliable and attractive credit conditions. Merchants who have access to financing instruments are in a better position, which can stimulate export and national income growth. Based on Mantinga', Ltd financial responsibility and its financial activities results analysis, it was established that Mantinga, Lt should adopt factoring for its export since its expenses are 53 percent less than the bank's financed credit value for the same scale exports. The company also benefits additionally with factoring. It no longer needs to make discounts to clients who check out expeditiously. The risk of customers not paying in time gets eliminated and, as such, detriments are saved due to such failed payments. Factoring also improves customers' payment behavior, enhances the company's credit rating and the overall appeal in the view of interested countries.

AbstractThe paper presents a theory of the moral structure of international human rights. It proceeds by drawing on recent scholarship on the philosophy of national constitutional rights, which has shown that there is now an emerging global consensus on certain structural features of constitutional rights; in previous work I have summarized this under the label 'the global model of constitutional rights'. Starting from the theory of rights underlying the global model, the paper asks what modifications, if any, are required to turn that theory into a suitable theory of international human rights. In particular, it examines the widely held view that international human rights are more minimalist than national constitutional rights. Discussing recent work by Ronald Dworkin (on political/constitutional versus human rights) and Joseph Raz (on legitimate authority versus national sovereignty), the paper concludes that it is not possible to make rights more minimalist than they already are under the global model. It follows that the moral structures of national constitutional rights and international human rights are identical. The final section of the paper examines some implications of this result, addressing the issues of the workability of the proposed conception of international human rights in practice, its point and purpose, and discussing the obligations of states to participate in international mechanisms for the protection of human rights.

Although CO2 capture and storage(CCS) technologies are heatedly debated, many politicians and energy producers consider them to be a possible technical option to mitigate carbon dioxide from large-point sources. Hence, both national and international decision-makers devote a growing amount of capacities and financial resources to CCS in order to develop and demonstrate the technology and enable ist broad diffusion.The presented report concentrates on the influence of policy incentives on CCS diffusion and examines the following research question: Which policy strategy is needed to stimulate the international diffusion of carbon capture and storage technologies in the power sector? Based on the analysis of innovation-specific (e.g. CCS competitiveness and compatibility), market-related (e.g. national CO2 discharges and storage capacities) and institutional determinants (e.g. existing national and international policy frameworks) of CCS diffusion, the paper discusses the suitability of various national and international policy instruments to induce the international deployment of CCS. Afterwards, three CCS diffusion paths are derived from fundamentally different carbon stabilisation scenarios which include climate policy measures to stimulate the adoption of CO2 mitigation technologies. ; Als Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) wird die Abtrennung von Kohlendioxid aus Rauchgas-, Brenngas- oder Industriegasströmen und dessen anschließende langfristige Verwahrung in geeigneten Lagerstätten bezeichnet. Im Wuppertal Paper Nr. 162 geht Daniel Vallentin der Frage nach, welche Handlungsstrategien die internationale Diffusion von CCS-Technologien herbeiführen. In diesem Kontext stellt er unter anderem verschiedene Fallstudien sowie potenzielle Märkte für CCS-Technologien vor.

Los determinantes de las migraciónes de trabajo Internas e Internationales del Norte de India 1881-1911
Pradipta CHAUDHURY
En este articulo, las opiniones existentes a propósito de las características socio económicas de los migrantes empleados agricolas y a propósito de las causas de la emigración en India durante la época colonial se analizan en el contexto de la emigración de la mano de obra de las Provincias Unidas Orientales, zona de la mayor contratación de obreros para las «colonias azucareras de Ultra Mar» y las principales regiones interiores. Mostraremos que los migrantes son, en su mayoria, pequenos campesinos y trabajadores agricolas de las castas altas, madias y bajas. Pero los más pobres entre los pobres del campo y los trabajadores contratados no emigraban. Las explicaciones de la emigración en términos de presión demográfica y de tipos de cultura están rechazada. En realidad, la zona de contractación de la mano de obra en aquella epoca habia sido una de las más prósperas desde hacia un siglo. Por culpa del declive de la industria indigena, de la auscencia de inversiones del estado colonial y del agotamiento de las posibilidades de extension rural, las Provincias Unidas Orientales se han convertido en una de las zonas mas pobres a lo largo de la segunda mitad del siglo 19. Factores institucionales específicos han reducido una parte importante de la población al minimo vital ; los emigradospertenecen a esta categoria de individuos. Sim embargo, las migraciónes no sólo se pueden explicar por la diferencia de tasas de sueldos entre las zonas de contratación y de destino.