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Latinization is a strangely overlooked topic. Historians have noted it has been 'taken for granted' and viewed as an unremarkable by-product of 'Romanization', despite its central importance for understanding the Roman provincial world, its life and languages. This volume aims to fill the gap in our scholarship, along with its sister volumes, Latinization, Local Languages and Literacies in the Roman West and Languages and Communities in the Late-Roman and Post-Imperial Western Provinces, all outputs of the European Research Council-funded LatinNow project. Experts have been selected to create a multidisciplinary volume with a thematic approach to the vast subject, tackling administration, army, economy, law, mobility, religion (local and imperial religions and Christianity), social status, and urbanism. They situate the phenomena of Latinization, literacy, bi-, and multilingualism within local and broader social developments and draw together materials and arguments that have not before been coordinated in a single volume. The result is a comprehensive guide to the theme, which also offers original and more experimental work. The sociolinguistic, historical, and archaeological contributions reinforce, expand, and sometimes challenge our vision of Latinization and lay the foundations for future explorations.

Cover page -- Halftitle page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Frontispiece -- Title page -- Copyright page -- TABLE OF CONTENTS -- LIST OF PLATES -- LIST OF TABLES -- LIST OF FIGURES -- LIST OF MAPS -- PREFACE -- A NOTE ON SAFW A ORTHOGRAPHY -- INTRODUCTION -- OUTLINE OF THE ARGUMENT -- CHAPTER 1 AN INTRODUCTION TO MWANABANTU AREA -- THE ENVIRONMENT -- SUBSISTENCE -- SOCIAL STRUCTURE -- CHAPTER II DISEASE, DEATH, DEVIANCE, AND THE ANCESTORS -- THE CONCEPT OF EMPONGO -- THE GENERAL CAUSES OF EMPONGO AS REVEALED IN ANCESTOR RITES -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- CHAPTER III SAFWA AETIOLOGICAL CATEGORIES -- DIVINATION AND AUTOPSY: THE BACKGROUND -- THE CAUSES OF EMPONGO -- lTONGA AND WITCHCRAFT, MEDICINES AND SORCERY:A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF SAFWA BELIEFS -- CHAPTER IV AETIOLOGICAL CATEGORIES AND THE DIAGNOSIS OF EMPONGO -- NATURE OF THE DATA -- CASE STUDIES IN THE CAUSATION OF EMPONGO -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- CHAPTER V A PRAGMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE AETIOLOGY OF EMPONGO -- NATURE OF THE EVIDENCE -- THE USES AND EFFECTS OF FORMAL DIAGNOSES IN TERMS OF ITONGA -- THE USES AND EFFECTS OF FORMAL DIAGNOSES IN TERMS OF MEDICINES -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION -- THE PLACE OF BELIEFS ABOUT ITONGA AND MEDICINES IN THE SOCIAL LIFE OF MWANABANTU TRIBE -- RELEVANCE OF OBSERVATIONS AMONG THE MWANABANTU TO MIDDLETON AND WINTER'S QUESTION -- APPENDIX ADDITIONAL CASE HISTORIES -- GLOSSARY -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX

Introduction: revisiting Tarde's house / Matei Candea -- "The distance that lay between" : the Tarde-Durkheim debate reconsidered -- The debate, Gabriel Tarde & Emile Durkheim -- Imitation : returning to the Tarde-Durkheim debate / Bruno Karsenti -- The value of a beautiful memory : imitation as borrowing in serious play at making mortuary sculptures in New Ireland / Karen Sykes -- Tarde and Durkheim and the non-sociological ground of sociology / David Toews -- If there is no such thing as society, is ritual still special? : on using the elementary forms after Tarde / Joel Robbins -- One or three : issues of comparison / Timothy Jenkins -- The height, length and width of social theory / Alberto Corsín Jiménez -- Faith, reason and the ethic of craftsmanship : creating contingently stable worlds / Penny Harvey & Soumhya Venkatesan -- Quantifying, tracing, relating : fragments of tardean method -- Tarde's idea of quantification / Bruno Latour -- Gabriel Tarde and statistical movement / Emmanuel Didier -- Tarde's method : between statistics and experimentation / Andrew Barry -- Intervening with the social? : ethnographic practice and Tarde's image of relations between subjects / James Leach -- Tarde on drugs, or measures against suicide / Eduardo Viana Vargas -- On Tardean relations : temporality and ethnography / Georgina Born -- Pass it on : towards a political economy of propensity / Nigel Thrift -- Afterword / Marilyn Strathern

This book presents a series of studies focusing on the role of social capital in the labor market and beyond. Using the effect of individual social capital on labor markets as an example, this book pays special attention to the origins of and solutions to the endogeneity problem. It uses several identification strategies to systematically test for the causal effects of social capital. First, this book constitutes the first attempt to offer a systematic account of the progress made by social scientists in improving causal inferences into the role of social capital in labor markets. Second, the book adopts specialized approaches -- both classical and new -- toward different sources of endogeneity. Incorporating the latest research from outside fields, such as economics, into sociological research is a small but significant methodological innovation. Third, in addition to empirical research, this book undertakes an innovative exploration of the theory of social capital. It creatively explains the dynamic evolution of social capital, which helps balance objectivism and subjectivism when analyzing interpersonal actions. For sociologists who focus on quantitative research methods and social capital, scholars who study Chinese societies, and related students, this book provides both advanced methods and rich empirical research.

Election violence varies significantly within countries, yet how and why are undertheorized. Although existing scholarship has shown how national-level economic, institutional, and contextual factors increase a country's risk for violence during elections, these studies cannot explain why elites organize election violence in some localities but not others. An analysis of gubernatorial elections in Nigeria reveals the conditions under which elites recruit popular social-movement actors for pre-election violence. Gubernatorial elections are intensely competitive when agreements between governors and local ruling party elites over the distribution of state patronage break down. To oust their rivals and consolidate power, elites recruit popular reformist groups for pre-election violence and voter mobilization. Conversely, when local ruling-party elites are aligned over how state patronage is to be distributed, the election outcome is agreed to well in advance. In this scenario, there is little incentive to enlist social movement actors for violence. Case studies of the Ijaw Youth Council and Boko Haram provide empirical support for the argument. The theory and evidence help explain subnational variation in election violence as well as the relationship between intraparty politics and violence during elections, and speak to broader questions about political order and violence.

El crecimiento desmedido de las ciudades, sin una clara planificación, ha desembocadoen una fuerte fragmentación de sus espacios. En una misma ciudad podemos encontrar sectoresmuy construidos, densamente habitados y con numerosas actividades, mientras que otros segmentosaparentemente no tienen ninguna función definida y son percibidos como "espacios vacantes".El desborde del cemento sobre nuestro entorno ha dejado intersticios que no son ocupados, seguramente por carecer de valor económico o infraestructura de servicios que los contenga. Esta carenciapuede ser entendida como un valor positivo desde el punto de vista del diseño del paisaje, porquegracias a estas especulaciones, contamos en la actualidad con espacios vacantes que se pueden planificar con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad de vida de nuestra sociedad.El Estado y la comunidad son los responsables en la conducción de las decisiones que refuncionaránesos espacios o los mantendrán en letargo hasta que sean utilizados por aquellos actores sociales quedemuestren mayor poder de acción frente a sus competidores.Los avances tecnológicos de los últimos años favorecen cada vez más las relaciones virtuales y menoslas físicas en encuentros con otras personas. Los espacios públicos planificados desde una visiónintegradora, pueden favorecer y sostener las relaciones sociales en un entorno saludable.