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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the societal supply of intellectual capital (IC).Design/methodology/approachConceptual analysis supported by statistical data.FindingsThe supply of IC is closely related to the existence of Welfare States (WS).Research limitations/implicationsA wider and deeper study should complement this one.Practical implicationsPoliticians, Non‐Governmental Organizations and private organizations should understand that they can help the creation of the IC level they need in their countries and organizations, by supporting the creation of WS and social policies.Originality/valueSocial policies are neglected in the IC discussions, and this paper puts them at the core of the IC problematic, with wide and deep practical implications.

"Prejudice is an antipathy based on faulty and inflexible generalization. It may be felt or expressed. It may be directed toward a group or an individual of that group." So the social psychologist Gordon Allport defined prejudice in a 1954 book on the subject. My focus today is on a specific sort of prejudice and discrimination, that against Muslims. Prejudice is generally recognized as similar in meaning to bias, and as having to do with attitudes and beliefs. Discrimination is the practical disadvantaging of the member of a class of persons, not for his or her personal actions but for those associated with his or her group by the majority in society.

Examines the role of political parties as state agents & as societal organizations & ways that these two functions factor into linking parties & the public. Organizational & direct linkages between party elites & voters are explored, along with formal & informal linkages between political parties & organizations. Three types of organizational environments that facilitate linkages between parties & the electorate are identified: new social movements, collateral organizations, & party membership organization. Empirical data are presented to document the evolution of party organizational linkages since the 1960s for 78 political parties in 11 Western European nations; the relationship between linkage strength & electoral performance is also evaluated & a growing populist trend is documented. Tables, Figures. K. Hyatt Stewart

45 cafés-musiques labellisés depuis 1991, 21 nouveaux titulaires de ce label d'État en 1994 et plus de 20 autres prévus pour 1995... Le programme Cafés-musiques a le vent en poupe depuis qu'il a été relancé, en février 1994, par les ministres de la Culture et des Affaires sociales, lors du premier Forum national des cafés-musiques à Chalon-sur-Saône. Mi-novembre doit se tenir à Paris une rencontre de tous les responsables de structures labellisées, pour une journée d'information et de travail sur les nouvelles mesures concernant ce programme. Une bonne occasion de tenter un bilan analytique sur le développement de cette initiative interministérielle.

An attempt is made to review broad conceptions of social theory & their ability to cope with social change in both historical & contemporary contexts. It is noted that most social theorizing since the turn of the century presupposes that social theory is an autonomous intellectual domain, & that the structures it seeks to uncover are ahistorical & invariant; the classic thinkers of social theory, eg, Max Weber & Emile Durkheim, by contrast, saw their work as historically situated. The explanatory & predictive poverty of ahistorical views of the social when confronted with contemporary manifestations of the central problems of sociology (grouped under the rubrics of bureaucracy, class, & postliberalism) is noted, & the potential future need for abandonment of the professionalized conception of social theorizing discussed. A. Levine

The voluntary sports movement began in Finland in the late 1800s concomitantly with the industrialization of the country. Due to the political, ethnic and emancipatory interests the sports movement has particular configurations still valid at present and embodied in the separate national organizations for workers, Finnish-Swedish people and women. The national survey on sports clubs as social organizations was carried out in 1987. The data were collected by mail from the sample of clubs (n 835). The survey was focused on the prime components of the internal system of sports clubs — ideology, membership, program, resources and administration — but also on the interaction between this internal system and external environment of clubs.

A scientific industrial and commercial Europe, by Laurent Fabius
Whatever its successes may have been in the past, Europe will neither survive nor progress unless it can face up to the major challenge of our time ― the third technological revolution. Our greatest handicap in this respect is the excessive fragmentation of our industries. A coordination of efforts in industry and research would strengthen European identity. But such initiatives have to come from the firms themselves. The EEC's industrial strategy should concentrate on stimulating cooperation between European firms. A common commercial policy would necessarily be linked to European industrial strategy, to which the inevitable complement is common social policy.

La búsqueda institucional de una innovación responsable se ha centrado en gran parte en el control de los impactos negativos (riesgos) del progreso científico-tecnológico. Así, las propias dinámicas de la ciencia y la tecnología han tendido a abordarse como un fenómeno autónomo, impermeable al escrutinio crítico. Sin embargo, iniciativas más recientes de las políticas científicas de la UE, tales como Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) u Open Science, dicen abogar por que los propios procesos de ciencia e innovación (incluyendo las preferencias y expectativas que los subyacen) sean objeto de debate inclusivo. Aparentemente representativas de un avance sustancial respecto al modelo de control de riesgos, su capacidad para transformar las prácticas científico-tecnológicas es, sin embargo, también limitada, al verse constreñidas igualmente por un horizonte normativo (o ideológico) caracterizado por la asunción de que el progreso tecno-industrial es por principio armonizable (compatible) con todo tipo de hitos sociales, ecológicos y sanitarios.

Research methodology -- Spain and Texas : founders of public water policies -- Diplomatic and due process social control : supra-legal authority in water and limitations on sovereignty -- Due process social control and the timeliness of jurisprudence -- Deceptive and destructive social control : water policy used as the ultimate weapon -- The consequences of the SOS ordinance as a model for public water policy analysis everywhere -- Fair market valuation of a water right -- Conclusion

© 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This article looks at how surplus is not only an economic reality but a state of mind, created by and reflecting the social and political relations of a group, by considering examples of historic and prehistoric food surplus. The state of one's surplus is not just what one stores, but also how others see it and think about it. Individuals are not alone, but always think of their surplus within a larger network of social and political interactions with others who are also storing food as well as within the rules for access. These networks have been considered safety nets by archaeologists, but often, as with many situations today, the populace does not have access to the safety net. Two case studies illustrate the dynamics and differences of this constructed side of food surplus.

Long-term investments in individual and social human capital, such as preschool, school, family support, early-intervention for youth at risk and other programmes that are part of the welfare services provided by local government in Sweden are generally managed with one-year-ahead budget planning. Against criticism that the resulting resource allocation is biased by short-sightedness, silo mentality and risk aversion, more than a fifth of Swedish municipalities have in recent years established "social investment funds" for promoting investment and innovation views on such measures. This article provides a background on the motives and current status of these funds at the national level and describes in more detail the design and project funding in two cases. Two critical design issues are discussed; whether investment returns should be paid back to the fund and whether assessment should be made of other societal benefits than avoided costs.

Ook op de arbeidsmarkt kan men waarnemen dat vreemdelingen en leden van bepaalde etnische groepen niet dezelfde kansen hebben als de autochtone werknemers. In een eerste deel van deze bijdrage wordt aan de hand van beroepen- en loon statistieken de omvang van die sociale ongelijkheid in kaart gebracht. In een tweede deel wordt naar verklaringen van deze ongelijkheden - of de etnostratificatie van de arbeidsmarkt - gepeild. Vijffactoren en (arbeidsmarkt) theorieën geven hiervoor enige verklaringsgronden met name: (1) de institutionele organisatie van de arbeidsmarkt, (2) de vormen van kapitaalaccumulatie in de kapitalistisch georganiseerde economieën, (3) de specificiteit van het tewerkgesteld "human capital", (4) de arbeidsmarktsegmentatie en (5) de discriminatie op basis van vooroordelen. In een derde deel tenslotte wordt het voortbestaan van de etnostratificatie van de arbeidsmarkt onder de loep genomen. Op het eerste gezicht en ondanks het in vraag stellen van deze sociale ongelijkheden, blijkt deze stratificatievorm vrij gemakkelijk reproduceerbaar,te zijn.

AbstractThis empirical study explores the financialization of social sustainability driven by sustainability accounting and reporting initiatives (SARIs). Since no globally accepted definition of what social sustainability encompasses exists, the paper asks how social sustainability is translated into the financial market language by SARIs as they provide standards for disclosing corporate non-financial performance and promote their concepts of social sustainability. The paper uses a two-step qualitative content analysis. First, it operationalizes social sustainability based on the empirical data of six sustainability rating agencies. Second, this operationalization is compared with the concepts created by three SARIs. The paper shows significant differences between the concepts of the SARIs and the rating agencies. While the rating agencies altogether interpret social sustainability with 83 distinct aspects, the SARIs, although differently created, use significant reduced concepts where 20% of these aspects are absent. The result of this financialization process could be a simplified and financially determined concept of social sustainability within die socially discourse. The research is limited to social sustainability and its financialization by SARIs. Individual indicators and their way or intensity to capture aspects of social sustainability were not part of the research interest. Further research should investigate the economic and the ecological pillars of sustainability as well as the usage of such financialized concepts within the society and especially by corporations. The paper unfolds the arbitrariness of operationalizing a qualitative phenomenon like social sustainability through the financial system. It discloses the need for looking at the mechanisms behind such processes and at the interests of the actors behind the frameworks. The paper reveals the financialization process driven by SARIs and demonstrates its simplifying effects on the concept of social sustainability. Furthermore, the paper shows that SARIs as metrics for non-financial aspects are troubled with a lack of transparency and a lack of convergence.