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Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- List of tables -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: Male-male murder - the evidence so far -- A brief history of murder -- Gender and murder - it is men who kill -- Explaining historical trends - reductions in violence and homicide -- Modern societies and cultures, crime, violence and murder -- Cultures and subcultures of violence and crime -- Subcultures of violence - three examples illustrating the importance of context -- Summary of violent cultures and contexts -- Focusing on violent events -- Alcohol, weapons and murder -- Weapons, violence and murder -- What were they thinking - 'cognitive scripts' and violence -- The murder study - research methods and data -- The importance of typologies -- Typologies of violence and homicide -- The murder study - developing a typology of male-male murder -- The murder study - five types of male-male murder -- Confrontational fighters and murder -- Murder for money/financial gain -- Family murders -- Sexual murders -- Murders of older men -- Summary -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2: Confrontational murder (fighters) -- Main patterns - confrontational/fighters and murder -- Background and relationship between and perpetrator and victim -- Conflicts, disputes and previous violence -- Drinking, drunkenness and drugs -- Murder event -- Cause of death -- Other offense in addition to murder -- Confrontational murders (fighters) - six subtypes -- Subtype 1. Groups, conflicts and confrontations -- Subtype 2. Confrontations involving disputes and 'Slights to Self' -- Bragging about fighting skills -- What counts as an insult? -- Subtype 3. Confrontations involving disputes and 'slights against others' -- Subtype 4. The 'fair' fight - men agree to fight -- Bouncers and a 'fair fight'.

With the rapid rise of China and the relative decline of the United States, the topic of power transition conflicts is back in popular and scholarly attention. The discipline of International Relations offers much on why violent power transition conflicts occur, yet very few substantive treatments exist on why and how peaceful changes happen in world politics. This Handbook is the first comprehensive treatment of the subject of peaceful change in International Relations. It contains some 41 chapters, all written by scholars from different theoretical and conceptual backgrounds examining the multi-faceted dimensions of this subject. In the first part, key conceptual and definitional clarifications are offered and in the second part, papers address the historical origins of peaceful change as an International Relations subject matter during the Inter-War, Cold War, and Post-Cold War eras. In the third part, each of the IR theoretical traditions and paradigms in particular Realism, liberalism, constructivism and critical perspectives and their distinct views on peaceful change are analyzed. In the fourth part papers tackle the key material, ideational and social sources of change. In the fifth part, the papers explore selected great and middle powers and their foreign policy contributions to peaceful change, realizing that many of these states have violent past or tend not to pursue peaceful policies consistently. In part six, the contributors evaluate the peaceful change that occurred in the world's key regions. In the final part, the editors address prospective research agenda and trajectories on this important subject matter.

This open access book aims to show which factors have been decisive in the rise of successful countries. Never before have so many people been so well off. However, prosperity is not a law of nature; it has to be worked for. A liberal economy stands at the forefront of this success – not as a political system, but as a set of economic rules promoting competition, which in turn leads to innovation, research and enormous productivity. Sustainable prosperity is built on a foundation of freedom, equal opportunity and a functioning government. This requires a stable democracy that cannot be defeated by an autocrat. Autocrats claim that "illiberalism" is more efficient, an assertion that justifies their own power. Although autocrats can efficiently guide the first steps out of poverty, once a certain level of prosperity has been achieved, people begin to demand a sense of well-being – freedom and codetermination. Only when this is possible will they feel comfortable, and progress will continue. Respect for human rights is crucial. The rules of the free market do not lean to either the right or left politically. Liberalism and the welfare state are not mutually exclusive. The "conflict" concerns the amount of government intervention. Should there be more or less? As a lawyer, entrepreneur, and board member with over 40 years of experience in this field of conflict, the author clearly describes the conditions necessary for a country to maintain its position at the top.

Millions of children are on the move worldwide. Children are fleeing conflicts and wars. They move with or without their parents to attain a better future. Children on the move is not a new phenomenon, but its scale is without precedent. UN reports suggests that there are almost 50 million children who have migrated or who have been forcibly displaced. It is also reported that children form half the global refugee population and that many flee from violence, conflict and insecurity. Children who are migrants or refugees often find themselves in a particular vulnerable position, despite rather strong entitlements to human rights protection, as laid down in international and regional legal instruments including the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted 30 years ago. This book presents a collection of scientific papers presented at the conference 'Safeguarding Children's Rights in Immigration Law', organised by the Institute of Immigration Law and the Department of Child Law of Leiden Law School, at Leiden University in November 2018. It reflects the growing concern for children and children's rights in immigration in academia and practice. It also shows the diversity of issues related to immigration and children, including family reunification, detention, participation, human trafficking and the rights of siblings in the context of migration, as well as the significance of regional legal systems and infrastructures for the protection of children on the move. The book targets at academics, legal and other professionals and (advanced) students.

This case describes an effort to improve quantitative data on interstate wars. Specifically, the effort arose from three concerns about the very widely used Correlates of War data set on interstate wars. First, there are factual errors in the Correlates of War data set. Second, there are inconsistent applications of coding rules within the Correlates of War data. Third, the structure of the Correlates of War data set aggregated information in a manner that concealed important information and in some cases led to inappropriate empirical inferences. These factors led my coauthors and I to create a new data set on interstate wars, the Interstate War Data. That data set attempted to replicate the Correlates of War data, in the sense of using essentially the same coding rules as Correlates of War, albeit with more extensive historical research, more consistent applications of coding rules, and with slightly different structure to provide more information to users. The results of our efforts were quite surprising. We found an error (from flawed historical research or inconsistent application of coding rules) in the coding of at least one consequential variable (whether the conflict qualified as a war, who started the war, who participated in the war, and who won the war) in more than one third of Correlates of War interstate wars. We also found that the structure of how Correlates of War treated some wars, namely, aggregating very complicated multilateral conflicts such as World War II, omitted a tremendous amount of important information about war participation and outcomes. This project demonstrated the critical importance of investing time and energy in maximizing the quality of data.

When I moved to Belfast to start my PhD, I had a fairly clear idea of how my research would develop. I wanted to look at the impact of the Northern Ireland conflict on the lives and identities of women living in Catholic working-class areas. My research project, while motivated by a long-standing academic interest in Northern Ireland, also stemmed from a deep-seated emotional and political involvement with the province, and particularly with West Belfast. My fascination with Northern Ireland had in fact started several years earlier, and had been reinforced by frequent visits. I felt a strong political affinity with the ideology supported by most West Belfast residents, namely Irish republicanism. Before starting my PhD, this sympathy constituted a background assumption: something that I knew existed, but did not examine or question. It was the fieldwork itself that made me aware of the numerous assumptions, values, and views, that had until then existed only in the back of my mind. In this case study, I examine the impact of my political views, and of my background, on my research. I entered the field full of background assumptions. I was biased in favor of one side of the political conflict in Northern Ireland. In the end, I did not necessarily reject my biases, but I was able to evaluate their impact on my work. Ultimately, the fieldwork taught me that biases are not necessarily an obstacle to honest and truthful social science research: if examined, they can even be an asset.

Intro -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Introduction -- Land-Use Frontiers -- Extractive Frontiers -- Bibliography -- 2 Making Cheap Nature on High Altitude: A World-Ecological Perspective on Commodification, Communities and Conflict in the Andes -- Introduction: The Dialectics of Capitalist Expansion and Rural Community (Trans)Formation on the Altiplano -- Land Rights and the Paradoxes of Commodity Frontier Expansion -- The Altiplano as a World-Ecological Frontier Zone -- Pastoralists and Liberal Land Grabbing at the Turn of the Twentieth Century -- Inaccessible vs. Inaki Land: Making Cheap Nature and Pastoralist Resistance -- Colonial Legacies and the Limits of Cheap Nature -- From the Great Peasant Revolts to the Aymarazo -- Managing the Costs of Cheap Nature: Conflict as Externality -- Concluding Thoughts: The Soroche Effect -- References -- 3 Agricultural Commodities on the Philippine Frontier: State-Sponsored Resettlement and Ecological Distress in the 1930s -- Koronadal Valley -- Bibliography -- 4 Gendering Farmer Producer Companies at the Agricultural Frontier of India: Empowerment or Burden? -- Introduction -- Agro-Economic Development in India -- The Logic of Farmer Producer Companies -- Ethnographic Case Study -- Empowerment or Burden? -- Agro-Ecological Impacts -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 5 Ecosystems as Commodity Frontiers-Challenges Faced by Land Set Aside as Protected Areas (PAs) in the Dubai Emirate, United Arab Emirates (UAE) -- Introduction -- Life in the Desert-An Example -- The Birth of PAs in the Dubai Emirate -- Pressures on the PAs -- The DDCR as an Effective Management Model -- Discussion and Conclusion -- Bibliography -- 6 From the Amazon to the Congo Valley: A Comparative Study on the Violent Commodification of Labour During the Rubber Boom (1870s-1910s) -- Introduction.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- 1 Introduction and Overview -- Abstract -- 1.1 Background -- 1.2 Objectives -- 1.3 Literature Survey -- 1.4 Limitation -- 1.5 Outline -- References -- 2 Historical and Political Background of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introductory Remarks -- 2.2 The Origins of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict -- 2.2.1 Pre-Israel Palestine -- 2.2.2 Jewish Persecution and Zionism -- 2.2.3 The British, the Jews and the Palestinians -- 2.2.4 The Partition -- 2.3 Occupation and Resistance -- 2.3.1 The Arab-Israeli Wars -- 2.3.2 The Resistance: Guerrillas and Stones -- 2.4 The Occupied Palestinian Territories -- 2.4.1 Gaza -- 2.4.2 The West Bank -- 2.4.3 East Jerusalem -- 2.5 Military Operations and the UN Missions -- 2.5.1 Operation Cast Lead -- 2.5.2 Operation Protective Edge -- 2.6 Peace Negotiations -- 2.7 Chapter Summary -- References -- 3 The 2009 Palestinian Ad hoc Declaration -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introductory Remarks -- 3.2 The Legal Regime of Ad hoc Declarations -- 3.3 Decision of the Prosecutor on the 2009 Palestinian Declaration -- 3.4 Determination of Statehood for the Purpose of the ICC Jurisdiction -- 3.4.1 'Kompetenz-Kompetenz' -- 3.4.2 Possible Avenues to Determine the Statehood Issue -- 3.5 The Palestine Statehood Issue -- 3.5.1 The Statehood of Palestine: General Considerations -- 3.5.1.1 Palestine's Declaration of Statehood -- 3.5.1.2 The Montevideo Convention -- 3.5.1.3 Theories of State Recognition -- 3.5.1.4 Palestine as an Occupied Territory -- 3.5.1.5 Conclusion on the Abstract Statehood of Palestine -- 3.5.2 The Functional Approach: Statehood for the Purposes of Ad hoc Declarations -- 3.6 Subsequent Developments -- 3.7 Chapter Summary -- References -- 4 Pre-Investigation Considerations -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introductory Remarks.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of illustrations -- Abbreviations -- Foreword -- Introduction -- 1. Winners and losers in global economic governance -- An inter-state model of negotiations and cooperation -- Domestic political decisions in global governance -- Global issue-linkages and domestic political conflicts -- The dysfunctional inter-governmental design of international institutions -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 2. Who wanted what in the Doha negotiations? -- The conflicts of the Doha Round -- Assessment of the WTO members' negotiation positions and of the bargaining space -- Analytical solutions and the space for cooperation in the Doha Round -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 3. Articulating the "red lines" -- Multilateral negotiations and the dispersion of a state's interests -- The dataset and the research design -- Missing articulation of interests: the main empirical results -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 4. Complexity problems -- The problem of negotiation complexity and its solutions -- The formation and sustainability of negotiations coalitions -- Coalitions dissolution -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 5. Who makes decisions? -- A lack of decision-making input as a problem of negotiations -- The lack of political input in the Doha Round -- The vicious "positive" feedback loop and the troubles of the WTO -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 6. Institutional and political solutions -- Institutional design and reform of the WTO -- A better design for WTO interest representation? -- Existing institutional solutions -- The electoral system of global governance: proportional and majority representation systems -- Conclusion -- Notes -- Conclusions: the WTO as a new "parliament of humanity"? -- A synthetic review of the argument -- The scope and the limits of the argument -- Reforming the WTO? -- Notes.

This book investigates demobilisation, disarmament and reintegration (DDR) in Colombia during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The six large peace processes and amnesties that took place in Colombia over this period were nation-led, providing an interesting case study for the wider DDR literature, which has historically focused on Africa and Asia. The continuous process of creating and demobilising illegal armed groups has been pivotal in building the Colombian state. Although the peace settlements and amnesties have brought renewed cycles of violence, they have also been key to the negotiation of democracy and citizenship rights for both ex-combatants and wider sectors of the population. Here the author analyses the role of DDR programmes in building state and citizenship. Comparing DDR during Alvaro Uribe's presidency and the peace process with the FARC guerrilla under the presidency of Juan Manuel Santos, the book draws on extensive fieldwork conducted with local authorities, officers on the ground and ex-combatants themselves. It details the process of creating and implementing DDR policy and explores the difficulties, challenges and security dilemmas ex-combatants may face in integrating within a post-conflict society in social, economic and political dimensions. Bringing us right up to date with the implementation of the FARC's peace process and the challenges ahead in the reintegration of ex-combatants under a new president, this book will be of interest to scholars and researchers of politics and development in Colombia, and to those with an interest in peace-building, state-building and DDR in other countries and conflicts.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of figures -- Preface -- Acknowledgment of sources -- 1. Legality and legitimacy in natural law and legal positivism -- Five characteristics of natural law -- Plato -- Teleology -- Man as a rational being -- Metaphysical principles -- Universal validity -- A touchstone -- Objections -- Sein and Sollen -- Leerformeln -- Feelings -- Evaluation of the objections -- Lon Fuller -- Natural law, a form of morality? -- Judge and conductor -- Ubi societas, ibi ius -- Again: empty formulas? -- Alternative natural law -- Perelman and Hayek -- Hayek on spontaneous order -- Tradition -- A touchstone for the law? -- Gustav Radbruch -- H.L.A. Hart -- The Hart-Fuller debate -- A synthesis -- Lex iniusta non est lex? -- 2. Constitutional democracy as a legitimate form of government -- Postmodernism -- Constitutional democracy -- Democracy -- Constitutionalism -- Five principles of constitutionalism -- The CCP -- Humanism -- Humanism and constitutionalism -- Tension between entrenchment and democracy -- Paine and Burke -- Judicial review -- Contradictions within the CCP -- Two consequences -- The end of history thesis again -- 3. The separation of church and state -- Bishop Nazir-Ali -- The atheist state -- The theocratic state -- The state with a state religion -- The multicultural or multireligious state -- The secular or agnostic state -- 4. The universality of values and principles -- Cultural conflicts -- Live and let live -- Female genital mutilation -- The conflict further defined -- Tolerance out of respect -- Cultural relativism -- Six cultural relativists -- Stace, Bloom, and Bork -- Dickens and Kipling -- Seven elements of cultural relativism -- Criticism of cultural relativism -- Dworkin on "critical morality" -- "Critical morality" and cultural anthropology -- Consistency.

What is your highest ideal? What code do you live by? We all know that these differ from person to person. Artists, scientists, social activists, farmers, executives, and athletes are guided by very different ideals. Nonetheless for hundreds of years philosophers have sought a single, overriding ideal that should guide everyone, always, everywhere, and after centuries of debate we're no closer to an answer. In How Should We Live?, John Kekes offers a refreshing alternative, one in which we eschew absolute ideals and instead consider our lives as they really are, day by day, subject to countless vicissitudes and unforeseen obstacles. Kekes argues that ideal theories are abstractions from the realities of everyday life and its problems. The well-known arenas where absolute ideals conflict—dramatic moral controversies about complex problems involved in abortion, euthanasia, plea bargaining, privacy, and other hotly debated topics—should not be the primary concerns of moral thinking. Instead, he focuses on the simpler problems of ordinary lives in ordinary circumstances. In each chapter he presents the conflicts that a real person—a schoolteacher, lawyer, father, or nurse, for example—is likely to face. He then uses their situations to shed light on the mundane issues we all must deal with in everyday life, such as how we use our limited time, energy, or money; how we balance short- and long-term satisfactions; how we deal with conflicting loyalties; how we control our emotions; how we deal with people we dislike; and so on

"Over the last few decades, politicians in Europe and North America have fiercely debated the effects of a growing Muslim minority on their respective national identities. In some countries, these debates have produced laws that prohibit certain Islamic religious coverings in public spaces and institutions. In others, legal restriction remains subject to intense political conflict. Social scientists seeking to understand these differences have placed significant emphasis on countries' historically-rooted 'models' of nationhood and their attendant discourses of secularism. Emily Laxer's Unveiling the Nation problematizes this approach. Using France and Québec as illustrative cases, it traces how the struggle among political parties for power and legitimacy shapes states' responses to Islamic signs. Based on historical evidence and behind-the-scenes interviews with politicians and activists, Laxer uncovers unseen linkages between structures of partisan conflict and the strategies that political actors employ when articulating the secular boundaries of the nation. In France's historically classed-based political system, she argues, left and right parties have converged around a restrictive secular agenda in order to limit the siphoning of votes by the ultra-right. In Québec, by contrast, the longstanding electoral salience of the 'national question' has encouraged political actors to project highly conflicting images of the province's secular past, present, and future. Coming at a moment of heightened debate in the global politics of religious diversity, Laxer's Unveiling the Nation sheds critical light on the way party politics, and its related instabilities, shapes the secular boundaries of nationhood in diverse societies."--

Intro -- Title Page -- Preface -- The Ideological Battleground -- Chapter 1: Libertarianism -- Human imperfection and American liberty -- Chapter 2: Social Justice and the Commodification of Liberty -- Egalitarianism and social justice -- From social justice to commodified liberty -- From commodified liberty to the welfare state -- Chapter 3: From the Welfare State to Tyranny -- Forced labor -- Utilitarianism -- Rule by moral decree -- Chapter 4: Foundations of American Liberty -- The individual and the minimal state -- Libertarianism vs. Objectivism -- Charity as a moral obligation -- Chapter 5: Corruption of the Social Fabric -- Politicizing private life -- The inevitability of conflict -- A life ensconced in the welfare state -- Uncertainty -- The moral fallacy of the closed system -- Chapter 6: Challenging American Liberty -- Parliamentary democracy vs. the constitutional republic -- The dangers with parliamentary democracy -- American liberty jeopardized: Kelo v. New London -- Subordinating property rights to social justice -- Public purpose: egalitarianism in the Fifth Amendment -- Appendix: A theoretical point on the minimal state and eminent domain -- Chapter 7: Challenging American Liberty -- Economic development: a tool for social justice -- Beyond the Fifth Amendment -- The Marxist roots of public purpose -- Social justice at work -- Chapter 8: Social Justice vs. American Liberty -- Three phases of ideological transformation -- Texas v Azar -- Inherent conflict: the iron law of wages -- Foundations of the welfare state: the relative definition of poverty -- Marxism and social justice in the federal budget -- Chapter 9: Restoring American Liberty -- Utilitarianism and the public purpose -- Christian Public Policy in Practice -- When the Welfare State Fails -- Work ethic: providing for our families -- Paid family leave: an overview.

Introduction -- Part One: Transparency -- The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) as a Human Rights Instrument: Potentials and Shortcomings -- United States Law and Conflict Minerals -- The 2017 EU Conflict Minerals Regulation: A Promising European Rite to Remove the Natural Resource Curse? -- Community Development Agreements as Tools for Local Participation in Natural Resource Projects in Africa -- Stabilization Clauses and Human Rights: The Role of Transparency Initiatives -- Improving Tax Strategy Transparency in the Extractive Industries Sector for the Advancement of Human Rights -- Part II: Participation -- The Evolving Duty to Consult and Obtain Free Prior and Informed Consent of Indigenous Peoples for Extractive Projects in the United States and Canada -- Asserting the Principle of Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Extractive Industry Sector -- The Corporate Responsibility to Respect Consultation Rights in the Americas: How the Inter-American System Can Better Promote Free, Prior, and Informed Consent -- Free, Prior, and Informed Consent in the Philippines: A Fourth World Critique -- Norm Contestation and (Non-)Compliance: The Right to Prior Consultation and FPIC in the Extractive Industries -- State-Investor Contracts and Human Rights: Taking a Critical Look at Transparency and Participation -- Disruption and Institutional Development: Corporate Standards and Practices on Responsible Mining -- Part III: Resistance -- Taking Sides in Scientific Research? The Struggle for the Right to Participate in Public Decision-Making Related to a Mining Project in Brazil -- Building the Case for a Home-State Grievance Mechanism: Law Reform Strategies in the Canadian Resource Justice Movement -- Transnational Human Rights and Environmental Litigation: A Study of Case Law Relating to Shell in Nigeria