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EU enlargement policy is organized through a series of practices that regulate its relations with enlargement countries, including Albania, a candidate for EU membership. The aim of this contribution is modest in that it does not seek to engage in a discussion about the actual impact of EU conditionality. Instead, it takes the well-known limitations of external interference as given, and seeks to demonstrate the importance of an often-neglected institution in the process: sub-committees. These bodies bring together EU and Albanian officials and comprise a major part of the EU's engagement with enlargement countries. Imposing conditionality through sub-committee meetings, including in the field of human rights, is a practice that occupies most of the time of the European Union services working at the offices that maintain relations with Albania. However, this instrument has received scant attention in the literature.

In most societies, resources are distributed by individuals acting in markets and by governments through some form of collective decision-making process. Economic evaluation offers a set of tools to inform collective decisions by examining the resource requirements and outcomes of alternative policies. The 'societal perspective' has been advocated, but less consideration has been given to what this should include and its practical implementation. This paper presents a framework for economic evaluation of policies with costs and outcomes falling on different sectors (e.g. health, criminal justice, education) and involving different decision makers. It extends the 'impact inventory' developed by the Second Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine by considering all affected individuals and reflecting how outcomes attributed to an intervention can be compared with outcomes forgone as a result of resources not being available for other purposes. The framework sets out the series of assessments to be made, distinguishing points at which value judgements feed into the evaluation, and the implications of alternative judgements. These assessments reflect the institutional arrangements of public bodies, for example, their funding, the outcomes they consider important and their relative valuations of these outcomes. By avoiding the use of an abstract 'societal perspective', the contribution of the framework is to inform multiple decision makers with different objectives and provide practical guidance on overall societal impact. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (10.1007/s40258-019-00481-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Human activities have fundamentally altered the structure and function of many marine ecosystems worldwide (Halpern et al. 2008). These activities have diverse and widespread effects on ecosystem services; i.e., the benefits which people get from ecosystems, and which concurrently serve as preconditions of human activities related to the sea (Bryhn et al., 2015). The purpose of this work is to develop approaches for analysing the relationships between the human use of marine waters and ecosystem services, focusing on the Swedish coast as well as the entire Baltic Sea. We also aim at providing an updated assessment of pressures on ecosystem services along the Swedish coastline, building on earlier work (Bryhn et al. 2015). The central goal is to examine how different activities impose impact and are dependent on (to what extent they use) ecosystem services. The linkages are explored using quantitative data where possible and expert judgements when quantitative data are lacking. Basically, the DPSIR (Driver –Pressure –State change –Impact –Response) approach (Fig. 1) is followed. DPSIR is a framework for describing causal relationships in the interaction between the society and the environment. It has been widely discussed and debated but has proven to work well at many different occasions as it can be understood by various people from scientists and politicians to local stakeholder groups (Atkins et al. 2011, Patrício et al. 2016). For the purposes of this work, the first four letters "DPSI" are of most interest. Here, D represents Drivers (focusing on secondary drivers as human activities), P stands for the Pressures from human activities (acting on the ecosystem), S stands for State (as the changes imposed by pressures on ecosystem components)and finally, I stands for Impact on ecosystem services (Atkins et al. 2011). Note that this report uses activities and drivers (D) as synonyms.

peer-reviewed ; The year of 2020 has been a challenging year for the economy, politics, health, science, education, and other sectors that are linked to Brazil's growth and development. For the Brazilian population, this past 30 years of the Unified Health System "SUS" stood out as a result of social mobilization, and it is an example of outstanding successful experiences of health care access through a public system. This system has over the years sought to achieve universalization, even with many limitations and immense challenges

The coronavirus outbreak has led to abrupt changes in people's daily lives as many state governments have restricted individuals' movements in order to slow the spread of the virus. We conducted a natural experiment in the United States of America in April 2020, in which we compare responses from states with "stay-at-home orders" (3 states) and no such orders (6 states). We surveyed 458 participants (55.6% female, age range 25-64, M-age = 36.5) and examined the effects of these government-imposed restrictions on social, mental, physical, and financial well-being as well as the mediating role of resilience. Structural equation modeling reveals that resilience buffers stay-at-home orders' potential side-effects on well-being. Specifically, individuals living in states with stay-at-home orders report lower functional well-being than individuals living in states without such orders, which negatively relates to resilience. Resilience in turn is associated with higher social, mental, physical, and financial well-being. Thus, resilience can be seen as an effective means of buffering stay-at-home orders' potential negative effects on the components of well-being. Our results indicate the central role of resilience, which is crucial in dampening the effects of stay-at-home orders on well-being. Following our results, governments and policymakers should focus their efforts on strengthening individuals' resilience, which is a key predictor of social, mental, financial, and physical well-being.

America smart power approach and Nigeria economic recession discourses the effect of smart power on Nigeria economic recession. Nigeria and America had enjoyed all manner of relationship ranges from commercial, political and cultural values. This relationship between them reached a certain climax in 2010, but later decrease in the last four years. The decline in trade relations were because Nigeria refuse signatory to gay marriage proposed by America government. Thus, America adopted smart power approach to compel Nigeria signatory to gay marriage, proposal. The paper examines the effect of smart power on Nigeria economic recession. Data for this paper were drawn from secondary source mainly from the library and Nigeria dailies. Historical analysis were also analyze via content analysis. The paper finds that Nigeria over dependant of single commodity, increases weight of economic recession that create inflation, unemployment, high cost of living and reduction in taxation. Thus, the paper recommends that Nigeria government should imbibe on diversification of economic policy from producer of raw material to producer of finished goods to attract various trade relations; this is set out to weaken the America economic dominance in international politics.

The death toll of migrants at sea is on the increase. The EU and its Member States are not addressing the situation by widening the EU legal framework on human trafficking to persons smuggled at sea. People smuggled at sea are extremely vulnerable at the hands of their smugglers and suffer serious abuse of their human rights from their journeys through the desert, on the boats and when they reach their final destination. They become victims of human trafficking and they should not be neglected anymore by the EU and its Member States. However, all EU proposals lack of concreteness as Member States do not want to support and host migrants at sea on their territories. They are reluctant to launch solidarity between each other as requested by the Lisbon Treaty and by doing this, they are indirectly responsible for the death of many migrants at sea and for the abuse of their human rights. This article proposes alternatives to explore that could change the situation if Member States show their willingness to cooperate with each other.

Third-person perception (TPP) refers to the belief that others are more influenced by the media than you yourself are. This theory was extended to people's perceptions of the effects of legalizing same-sex marriage (SSM). It was predicted that people might believe that legalizing SSM would affect others' marriages, but not their own. It was also predicted that high right-wing authoritarians (RWAs) would display TPP more than low RWAs. Participants (135 undergraduate heterosexual students) estimated the effect of legalizing SSM on their own as well as other people's attitudes about marriage and sexuality. Results indicated that participants displayed TPP. The hypothesis about a link between RWA and TPP was supported. Implications of these findings and future research directions are discussed.

The European Union's (EU) trade policy has a strong influence on economic development and the human rights situation in the EU's partner countries, particularly in developing countries. The present study was commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) as a contribution to further developing appropriate methodologies for assessing human rights risks in development-related policies, an objective set in the BMZ's 2011 strategy on human rights. The study offers guidance for stakeholders seeking to improve their knowledge of how to assess, both ex ante and ex post, the impact of Economic Partnership Agreements on poverty reduction and the right to food in ACP countries. Currently, human rights impacts are not yet systematically addressed in the trade sustainability impact assessments (trade SIAs) that the European Commission conducts when negotiating trade agreements. Nor do they focus specifically on disadvantaged groups or include other benchmarks relevant to human rights impact assessments (HRIAs). The EU itself has identified a need for action in this regard. In June 2012 it presented an Action Plan on Human Rights and Democracy that calls for the inclusion of human rights in all impact assessments and in this context explicitly refers to trade agreements. Since then, the EU has begun to slightly adapt its SIA methodology and is working to define more adequate human rights–consistent procedures. It is hoped that readers of this study will find inspiration to help contribute to this process and help improve human rights consistency of future trade options.