Suchergebnisse

In recent decades, governments and NGOs--in an effort to promote democracy, freedom, fairness, and stability throughout the world--have organized teams of observers to monitor elections in a variety of countries. But when more organizations join the practice without uniform standards, are assessments reliable? When politicians nonetheless cheat and monitors must return to countries even after two decades of engagement, what is accomplished? Monitoring Democracy argues that the practice of international election monitoring is broken, but still worth fixing. By analyzing the evolving interaction.

This detailed account of the politics of opening agricultural markets explains how the institutional context of international negotiations alters the balance of interests at the domestic level to favor trade liberalization despite opposition from powerful farm groups. Historically, agriculture stands out as a sector in which countries stubbornly defend domestic programs, and agricultural issues have been the most frequent source of trade disputes in the postwar trading system. While much protection remains, agricultural trade negotiations have resulted in substantial concessions as well as ne

The article analyses the new tendencies in the development of international relations in the Asia-Pacific region, caused in first place with the change in the strategy of the U.S., aimed to contain China using the course of creation «the ring of its encirclement», which consists of American allies, partners, «sympathetic countries». This strategy arouses Chinese response, which methodically strengthening its regional influence. In the region there is a process of «the delimit of forces», growing military activity, formation of the new alliances, quasi-blocks, groups of countries,

Abstract
What happens to "universal service" commitments when there is a weak institutional framework and a marked imbalance of power between the regulatory authorities and the dominant telecom operators? Commitments are abandoned and service breaks down, according to the author. Using Telmex in Mexico as a case study, and using national, regional, and international comparative data, she builds econometric models that indicate shortcomings in the design and enforcement of telecommunications policies and regulations. These account for the gap in coverage for Mexico's lower-income population.

AbstractWhat happens to "universal service" commitments when there is a weak institutional framework and a marked imbalance of power between the regulatory authorities and the dominant telecom operators? Commitments are abandoned and service breaks down, according to the author. Using Telmex in Mexico as a case study, and using national, regional, and international comparative data, she builds econometric models that indicate shortcomings in the design and enforcement of telecommunications policies and regulations. These account for the gap in coverage for Mexico's lower-income population.

The dynamics of cooperation between the European Union and Colombia in the realm of international cooperation can be characterized by a change from that of the "anarchy" caused by the uncertainty of the preferences of the cooperation policy-makers, to the one which leads to the establishment of a regulatory framework in the cooperation policy. This process reflects the conflict between the Colombian State and NGOs in theissue of what must be the focus of security as a central element of the peace process in Colombia.

Kant's legal and political philosophy is essential for understanding and advancing international order. The article aims to posit arguments that confront the claims that Kant was just war theorist. Since that is the most opposed part of Kant's political philosophy, mostly due to the misleading interpretation of his argumentation, the author presents Kant's standpoint on the matters of just war and international order and discusses potential ambiguities between Kant's and his critics' theories. Furthermore, the consequences of opponents' arguments considering states of states, world republic and cosmopolitan democracy in contemporary political philosophy are debated. Finally, the possibility of consent between the three model solutions which are arising from the contemporary international order theory and Kant's position are compared and analysed. ; Kantova politička filozofija i filozofija prava od suštinskog su značaja za razumevanje i una pređenje međunarodnog poretka. Rad ima za cilj da izloži argumente koji se suprotstavljaju tvrdnjama da je Kant bio samo teoretičara rata. Budući da je to najkontroverzniji deo njego ve političe filozofije, uglavnom zbog krivog tumačenja njegove argumentacije, autor iznosi Kantovo stanovište o pitanjima pravednog rada i međunarodnog poretka i razmatra poten cijalna razilaženje između Kanta i teorija koje zastupaju njegovi kritičari. Nadalje, biće disku tovane posledice kontra argumenata vezanih za državu država, svetsku republiku i kosmo politsku demokratiju unutar savremene političke filozofije. Na kraju, upoređuju se i analiziraju mogućnosti saglasnosti između tri modela rešenja koja proističu iz savremene teorije među narodnog porekta.

Under the guise of compelling multinational enterprises (MNEs) to pay their fair share of income taxes, the OECD and other multinational agencies have introduced proposals to prevent MNEs from eroding the income tax base of developed economies by continuing to shift income artificially to low or zero tax jurisdictions. Some of the proposals have garnered substantial multinational support, including recent support from the new U.S. presidential administration for a global minimum tax. This Article reviews many of those international proposals. The proposals tend to concentrate the incremental tax revenue from the prevention of base erosion into the treasuries of the developed economies although the minimum tax proposal known as GloBE encourages low tax countries to adopt the minimum rate. The likelihood that zero tax countries will transition successfully to imposing the minimum tax seems uncertain. Developed economies lack a compelling moral claim to incremental revenue so this Article argues that collecting a fair tax from MNEs and other taxpayers should be a goal that is independent of claims on that revenue. This Article maintains that to prevent tax base erosion, the income tax base and administration must be uniform across national borders and the Article recommends applying uniform rules administered by an international taxing agency. The Article explores the convergence of tax rules under such an international taxing agency. Distribution of tax revenue by the international agency should follow contextualized need. In addressing the conundrum of absolute poverty in the undeveloped and developing world vis á vis relative poverty in the developed world, the Article proposes that the taxing agency should distribute all incremental revenue from the uniform tax where the need is greatest to ameliorate absolute poverty and improve living standards without regard to income source. The location of income production, destination of the produced goods and services generating the income, and residence of the income producers should not determine the tax revenue distribution. Rather, the use of contextualized need for distribution determination will enable developed economies to receive sufficient revenue to maintain their existing infrastructures and governmental services. Developed economies should forego new revenue, for which they have not budgeted, in favor of improving worldwide living conditions for all. The proposals for uniform, worldwide taxation and revenue sharing based on contextualized need are admittedly aspirational and utopian but designed to encourage debate on sharing of resources in our increasingly globalized world.