Suchergebnisse

Maģistra darba tēma ir "Kultūrvēsturiskā vide un tās izmaiņas Piebalgas novadā 19.-20.gs". Darba struktūra un mērķi ir sekojoši: 1) Noskaidrot un salīdzināt novada kultūras vides stāvokli dažādos vēsturiskajos posmos: 19.gadsimta otrā pusē – latviešu pirmās atmodas laikā, Padomju okupācijas laikā, un otrās atmodas laikā. Dot Piebalgas novada dabas, sabiedrības un kultūras vides raksturojumu. 2) Noskaidrot apkārtējas dabas un sociālas vides, ka arī vēsturiskas vides ietekmi uz indivīdu. Vai Piebalgas novada kultūrvēsturiskas īpatnības ir iemesls tam, ka 19.gadsimta otrā pusē, novads kļuva par vienu no latviešu nacionālas kultūras un izglītības centru, un vai izmaiņas kultūrvides faktoros – izmaina un ietekmē cilvēku kultūras un inteliģences pakāpi. 3) 2009.gadā Latvijā notiks administratīvu vienību – pagastu pārkārtošana saskaņā ar teritorijas plānojumā noteiktu kārtību. Pārmaiņas notiks arī vēsturiskā Piebalgas novadā. Dota darba trešais uzdevums ir izvērtēt esošo kultūrvēsturisku situāciju novadā un izvirzīt priekšlikumus novadu reformai. Pētījuma gaitā tika secināts, ka 19.gadsimta otrā pusē Piebalgas novadā ir bijusi atšķirīga no pārejas Vidzemes sociāli – politiska un ģeogrāfiskā situācija, kas sekmēja novada attīstību. Latviešu jaunas inteliģences darbības rezultātā, novads kļuva par kultūras un izglītības centru. Šeit tika radīts pirmais latviešu romāns "Mērnieku laiki", ko sarakstījuši skolotāji un rakstnieki brāļi R. un M. Kaudzītes. Piebalgā dzīvoja un strādāja virkne latviešu pirmās atmodas aktīvistu, literātu, kritiķu. Padomju periodā novada pagasti tika vairakkārt pārdalīti. Notika deportācijas, kolektivizācijas, jaunu saimniecības attiecību ieviešana. Valsts kontrolēja un ietekmēja cilvēku sadzīvi un ierobežoja viņa mākslinieciskas izpausmes iespējas. Piebalga daļēji saglabāja savu īpatnību – dabas vidi un kultūrvēsturisku mantojumu. No šī novadā nāk daudz pazīstamu literātu un teātra darbinieku, vēsturnieku. Līdz pat mūsdienām tiek godināta novada vēsture, kas izpaužas novada svētkos un citās aktivitātēs. Pašlaik ir svarīgi saglābāt dabas un kultūrvēsturisku mantojumu, lai arī turpmāk varētu atzīmēt Piebalgas novadu kā vienu no interesantākiem Latvijas nostūriem. Atslēgvārdi: Piebalgā, literatūras vēsture, kultūrvēsturiskā vide, kultūras mantojums, mērnieku laiki, nacionāla atmoda. ; The title of the Master's Degree Graduation Paper is Cultural and Historical Environment and Changes Thereof in Piebalga Region in the 19th-20th Centuries. The structure and targets of the thesis are as follows: 1)To clear up and to compare the cultural environment in the region during various historical periods: the second half of the 19th century – the period of first national awakening of Latvians, the period of Soviet occupation and the period of second national awakening. To describe nature, society and cultural environment of Piebalga region. 2) To clear up impact of nature and social environment as well as historical environment on an individual. Are cultural and historical peculiarities of Piebalga region the reason that in the second half of the 19th century the region became one of the centers of Latvian national culture and education and do changes of factors of cultural environment change and have impact on the level of culture and education of people? 3) Administrative units – parishes will be reorganized in Latvia in 2009 according to the procedure for territorial planning. Reforms will take place in the historical Piebalga region as well. The third target of the thesis is to analyze the current cultural and historical situation in the region and to make suggestions relating to reforms in the region. It is concluded in the course of the research that in the second half of the 19th century there was a political and geographical situation in Piebalga region that promoted development of the region different to other Vidzeme areas. As a result of activities of Latvian new intelligentsia, the region became a cultural and educational centre. The first Latvian novel Times of Measurers was composed by teachers and writers: brothers R. and M. Kaudzite there. A group of first Latvian activists, literary workers, critics of the awakening period lived and worked in Piebalga. During the Soviet period, territories of parishes of the region were changed many times. Deportation, collectivization, creation of new farms were organized then. The state controlled and influenced the way of life of people, limiting their opportunities to express their artistic talents. Piebalga partially preserved its peculiarities – natural environment and cultural and historical heritage. A lot of famous literary and theatre workers, historians came from the region. History of the region reproduced during holidays and other activities is paid homage till nowadays. It is presently important to preserve natural, cultural and historical heritage so as to single out Piebalga region as one of the most interesting places of Latvia. Key words: Piebalga, history of literature, cultural and historical environment, cultural heritage, times of measurers, national awakening.

Hans Rietschel (1878-1970), Sohn des Leipziger Theologieprofessors Georg Rietschel Rietschel wurde am 11. September 1878 in Wittenberg (Kreis Wittenberg) geboren. Von 1897 – 1902 studierte er Humanmedizin in Leipzig und Tübingen. 1902 trat er nach bestandener Ärztlicher Prüfung und Promotion "Ueber verminderte Leitungsgeschwindigkeit des in 'Ringer'scher Lösung' überlebenden Nerven" seine erste klinische Stelle als Assistenzarzt an der Medizinischen Klinik der Universität Leipzig und dem Städtischen Krankenhaus St. Jakobus an. Seine pädiatrische Ausbildung erhielt Rietschel von 1904-1907 an der Kinderklinik der Charité in Berlin unter der Leitung von Otto Heubner, welcher das erste Ordinariat für dieses Fach im Deutschen Reich innehatte. Rietschels Arbeiten aus dieser Zeit beschäftigen sich schwerpunktmäßig mit der Ernährung des Säuglings. Von 1907-1917 war Hans Rietschel Dirigierender Arzt des Dresdner Säuglingsheimes. Für die Hygiene-Ausstellung 1911 verfasste er den Katalog für die Gruppe Säuglingsfürsorge, wofür ihm der Professorentitel verliehen wurde. 1917 wurde Rietschel als Extraordinarius für Kinderheilkunde an die Universität Würzburg berufen. 1921 wurde das Extraordinariat in ein planmäßiges Ordinariat umgewandelt. Unter seiner Leitung bezog die Kinderklinik 1923 neue Räumlichkeiten im Luitpoldkrankenhaus. Neben der Versorgung der kranken Kinder, welche sich besonders in den Jahren des zweiten Weltkrieges als schwierig erwies, zeichnen sich die Jahre unter Rietschel durch eine Vielzahl von wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten und Publikationen von ihm und seinen Mitarbeitern aus. Schwerpunkte waren neben der Säuglingsernährung vor allem die Infektiologie und die Vitaminforschung. Die "Ära" Rietschel von 1917-1946 beinhaltet auch die Zeitepoche des "Dritten Reichs". In dieser Zeit ergaben sich tiefgreifende Veränderungen der Rahmenbedingungen für die Pädiatrie in Form der Verfolgung der jüdischen Kinderärzte und der sogenannten "Euthanasie" selektierter Kinder. Die zugrunde liegenden Dokumente erwähnen drei jüdische Kinderärzte in Rietschels Abteilung vor 1933 und keinen danach. Eine Beteiligung von Rietschel oder seiner Abteilung an der Kindereuthanasie konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Die Sterilisation von Kindern wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nicht systematisch aufgearbeitet. In den vorliegenden Dokumenten erscheint Hans Rietschel nicht als überzeugter Nationalsozialist, Antisemit oder als Mensch, welcher mit sogenannten eugenischen Ideen sympathisierte, die ab Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts mehr und mehr Verbreitung fanden. Von 1933-1938 war Rietschel Vorstandsmitglied und von 1934-1936 Vorsitzender der DGfK (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinderheilkunde). In dieser Position tritt er als Dulder nationalsozialistischer Politik, insbesondere bei der Verfolgung jüdischer Pädiater auf. Die Alliierten entließen Rietschel 1946, nach dem 2. Weltkrieg, von seiner Position. Weiterhin wurde er als Mitläufer von der Spruchkammer entnazifiziert. Bis 1953 kämpfte er, letztendlich mit Erfolg, um seine Emeritierung. 1958 wurde ihm der Ehrendoktor von der Universität Dresden, 1965 die Rinecker-Medaille in Gold von der Medizinischen Fakultät der Universität Würzburg verliehen. 1970 starb Hans Rietschel nach kurzer Krankheit in Wertheim, Bayern. ; Hans Rietschel (1878–1970), son of Georg Rietschel, Professor of Theologie at the University of Leipzig, was born on 11 September 1878 in Wittenberg (Wittenberg county). From 1897–1902 he studied medicine at the Universities of Leipzig and Tübingen. Having passed his medical degree and thesis "Ueber verminderte Leitungsgeschwindigkeit des in 'Ringer'scher Lösung' überlebenden Nerven" in 1902 he started his career as a clinician at the Medizinischen Klinik, University of Leipzig and the Municipal Hospital St. Jakobus, Leipzig. From 1904-1907 his specialisation in Paediatrics was supervised by Otto Heubner Department of Paediatrics at the Charité in Berlin. Otto Heubner was the first "Ordinarius" for Paediatrics in Germany. Rietschels scientific publications dating from those years deal with problems concerning the nutrition of neonates and infants. From 1907-1917 Hans Rietschel was the directing physician at an institution for ill neonates and infants in Dresden. As a reward for his work during the exhibition for Hygiene in 1911 in Dresden he was honoured with the title of a professor. In 1917 Rietschel became "Extraordinarius" in Paediatrics at the Universitiy of Würzburg. 1921 the University changed this into a "planmäßiges Ordinariat". In 1923 the department moved into the newly built Luitpold- hospital. Besides patient care, which was difficult during the years of World War II, Rietschel supervised a great number of scientific projects in the fields of paediatric nutrition, infectiology and the role of vitamin C and D. The "era" Rietschel from 1917-1946 includes also the era of the "3rd Reich". During this period the pediatricians and the children were submitted to new difficult circumstances as persecution of the Jewish paediatricians und the so called "Euthanasia" of selected children. Regarding the documents which where accessible, it can be stated that there were three Jewish paediatricians in Rietschels department before 1933, but none after 1933. There was no proof found of any participation of Rietschel or his department in "Euthanasia" of children. The sterilisation of children was not investigated systematically. According to the documents available, Rietschel does not appear to be convinced of the ideas of nationalsocialism or anti-Semitism or so called "eugenic ideas" which were quite popular from the end of the 19th century onwards. From 1933-1938 Rietschel was part of the leading committee, from 1934-1936 chairman of the German society of Paediatricians (DGfK). In this position he tolerated the politics of nationalsocialism, especially the persecution of the Jews in the community of the paediatricians. In 1946, after World War II, Rietschel was dismissed from his position by the allied forces. The board of denazification classfied him as a nominal member of the fascist regime. Until 1953 he fought for his pension, finally with success. In 1958 he was honoured with the doctor of honours by the University of Dresden, 1965 with the "Rinecker Medal" in gold by the Medical Faculty of the University of Würzburg. In 1970 Hans Rietschel died after a short period of illness in Wertheim, Bavaria.

Let us turn to Latin America. How is the End of History faring in that part of the world? In Latin America, as almost everywhere else, Fukuyama's theory was taken (somewhat unfairly) to be a Reaganite shout of triumph, and it aroused an instant feeling of outrage and indignation. The Nicaraguan philosopher Alejandro Serrano Caldera published a response to Fukuyama as early as 1991 under the title El fin de la historia: Reaparicion del mito (Havana: Editorial 13 de Marzo, 1991), intending to defend a revolutionary Marxist project. And, in fact, revolutionary Marxism did manage to survive in Latin America. Fidel Castro has entered his fifth decade of one-man rule, and, when he travels abroad, crowds of naive and misinformed people still come out to cheer. In Colombia, the Marxist guerrillas remain extremely powerful, even if their Marxism contains a strange mix of cocaine revenue and jungle millenarianism. These are some of the anomalies of Latin American life today. Still, in most other respects, Latin American Marxism has collapsed, and so have the several Latin traditions that descend from the Fascism of the 1920s and 1930s. The larger vector of political thought and action in Latin America has definitely pointed in the direction that Fukuyama identified. At the start of the 1980s, most of Latin America was dominated by despots and military dictators, principally on the extreme right. Even the left-wing dictators, in Cuba and Nicaragua, were careful to wear their military uniforms. Those days are gone. Every single government in Latin America today, except Cuba's, conforms at least outwardly to the principles of liberal democracy. The forward step is enormous--though, to be sure, much could be said about conditions in this place and that, almost everywhere in the region. BUT WHAT HAS been the larger result of these developments in Latin America? Forrest D. Colburn takes up this question in his own response to Fukuyama, Latin America at the End of Politics. Colburn is a political scientist who, in the early 1980s, was driven by the spirit of the age to spend a couple of years in Nicaragua, when the Sandinista People's Revolution was in its prime. I think it is fair to say that, like most of the other academics and journalists who journeyed to Nicaragua from around the world in those years, Colburn keenly hoped for a Sandinista success--that is, a revolution that would succeed in creating a new society with much more wealth, social equality, and freedom than before. He made careful observations of Sandinista agrarian policies, and he produced a sophisticated and observant study called Post-Revolutionary Nicaragua, in 1986. Unfortunately, he was unable to report a success. Colburn concluded that Sandinista policies had led to a devastating fall in farm productivity--a disaster for Nicaragua, which has always depended on agricultural exports. Naturally, he blamed the contra war and the United States foreign policy for some of the problems. But he was able to identify the precise ways in which the Sandinista plans and planners had wreaked their own damage. His book was the first substantial report about the Sandinista failure in agriculture--a brave and original book, which he wrote in a period when quite a few other academic scholars were blithely repeating all sorts of preposterous claims of success by the Sandinista government. It was only later, in the 1990s, that the Sandinistas themselves, in a series of writings and analyses, finally confirmed Colburn's analyses. WHAT DOES this phrase mean--The End of Politics? In Colburn's description, it pretty much means what Castaneda wrote about in Utopia Disarmed, which is to say: the abandonment of the Marxist revolutionary ambition that got its start in 1959 with the Cuban Revolution--the abandonment of guerrilla insurgencies and the end of the mass Marxist and Cuban- or Soviet-style revolutionary movements: the end of what Castaneda calls Latin America's 'Thirty Years War.' The End of Politics means something larger, too. In the field of politics, Latin Americans have achieved one great historic success. They have created sturdy and stable nation states--which is why, among all the regions of the world, Latin America, together with North America, has engaged in the fewest wars between states, a triumph of politics. And the Latin Americans have tried to build on this triumph, too, by looking to their national states to dominate economies and to establish social equality. In the past, revolutionary Marxism struck many Latin Americans as merely a new, scientific variation on the old Latin theme of the all-powerful state.

Three years have passed since the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) restructured the nation's welfare system. During that time, caseloads have dropped 40 percent, and many former welfare recipients have found employment. Yet, while some families are better off financially, others are spending more time in work activities with no financial gain. Because of low wages, many employed parents continue to struggle to pay their rent and provide food for their families. Lack of affordable child care and health care continues to threaten job stability for many as well. A portion of those who remain on welfare will require substantial assistance to prepare for work, while others will be unable to handle employment because of poor health, substance abuse, domestic violence, or other challenges. The changes in welfare have also had unanticipated effects on other social welfare programs. Medicaid and food stamp caseloads have dropped more than expected, suggesting that some eligible families are not being enrolled. Policymakers at all levels of government are taking note of these changes. They have begun to debate what steps are needed to help families make lasting transitions to employment and to ensure that work pays more than welfare. Missing from much of the debate, however, is a discussion of the implications of welfare reform for children and the opportunities that it holds to strengthen child outcomes. Children comprise 70 percent of all welfare recipients, and more than one-third of them are younger than age six. When welfare reform is viewed from the perspective of young children's needs, the policy picture changes. Although children may benefit from policy efforts to promote work and increase family income, additional steps are needed to ensure their healthy growth and development and to see that welfare reform helps and does not hurt them. Like all young children, those growing up in low-income families need regular health care and positive early learning experiences. They also need nurturing relationships with their parents and other adults who care for them. To provide for these basic needs, all low-income parents transitioning to employment need access to high-quality health care for their families and high-quality child care and child development programs for their young children. Some parents need additional services, such as family support or parent education, to help them meet the complex demands of work and parenting. A significant proportion of low-income parents with young children need intensive services, such as substance abuse treatment or mental health services, for themselves and their children. Still others need access to shelters to exit abusive relationships. In short, if policymakers are concerned about improving young children's health and development as a way to impact their immediate well-being as well as outcomes for the next generation of families, the policy debate about welfare reform must be broadened beyond employment and income. Policymakers need to focus on the full array of basic and specialized supports required to enhance the well-being of low-income young children and their families. This means that in addition to efforts to promote employment and increase family income, deliberate policy, program, fiscal, and collaborative strategies are needed to: ■ Strengthen basic supports (e.g., access to health care and child care); ■ Promote young children's health and development (e.g., high-quality child care, comprehensive early childhood programs, and family support activities); and ■ Address specialized child and family needs (e.g., mental health, substance abuse, and domestic violence interventions for children and their parents). As the title Beyond Work suggests, this issue brief focuses on non-economic strategies to promote child and family development in the context of welfare reform. It is based on interviews with directors of child development and family support programs, statewide early childhood initiatives, state and local partnerships between early childhood and welfare programs, and Starting Points initiatives (a multisite effort to support young children and families funded by Carnegie Corporation of New York). The first section discusses why it is important to integrate child and family development perspectives with welfare reform implementation. The second section describes specific strategies and provides examples from initiatives and programs across the country.

En 1979 Y. Lacoste a publié dans la revue «Hérodote», un article surpreneant intitulé «A bas Vidal . Viva Vidal» qui exhumait la dernière oeuvre de Vidal de la Blache: La france de l'Est (Loraine-Alsace) (1917). Dans cet article, Lacoste faisait l'éloge de certains aspects économiques, sociaux et surtout géopolitiques, non traités dans le traditionnel modèle vidalien. Nous tenteron d'approfondir dans cet essai l'une des questions qu'a induite l'article de Lacoste, a savoir la place qu'occupe la Géographie Politique dans l'école vidalien. Les différents travaux et actions des disciples de Vidal ont fait preuve d'un grand intéret pour la Géographie Politique en abandonnant provisoirement le schéma decriptif prope A la géographie régionale française. A la fin de la première guerre mondiale, le problème frontalier de l'AlsaceLoraine devient l'axe central de La France de l'Est; On a fait ressortir les éléments géo-politiques de cette oeuvre a fin de démontrer que l'aspect géo-politique de l'école vidalienne est méconnu. ; In 1979, a surprising article of Y. Lacoste's appeared in the periodical publication «Hérodote» under the title of «A bas Vidal. Viva Vidal» («Down with Vidal, long live Vidal»), the objective of which was to unearth the last work of Vidal de la Blache: La France de l'Est (Loraine-Alsace) (1917). In this work, Lacoste distinguished some aspects previously ignored in what has traditionally been considered the vidalian model of geography; aspects such as economic social and especially, geopolitical phenomena. This article attempts to make a more profound analysis of one of the questions raised in Lacoste's article: What role did Political Geography play in the French Vidal de la Blache School of thought?. Many of the works and actions of Vidal's disciples demonstrate a special interest in Political Geography, with the momentaneous abandon of the descriptive model, so characteristic of French regional Geography. In fact, the Alsace-Loraine frontier dispute at the end of the First World War was the central theme in La France de l'Est. The truly geo-political elements of this work have been extracted, in an effort to demonstrate that one aspect of the Vidalian School has long been forgotten -the aspect of Political Geography. ; En 1979, Y. Lacoste publicó en la revista «Herodote» un sorprendente articulo, titulado «A bas Vidal . Viva Vidal!», en el que pretendia desenterrar la Última obra de Vidal de la Blache: La France de l'Est (Loraine-Alsace) (1917). Lacoste apreciaba en esta obra algunos aspectos silenciados en el que tradicionalmente se ha considerado modelo vidaliano de la geografia, tales como los fenómenos económicos, sociales y, especialmente, geopoliticos. El presente ensayo pretende profundizar en uno de los interrogantes que abrió el articulo de Lacoste: i qué lugar ocupa la Geografia Política en la escuela francesa de Vidal de la Blache? Varias obras y actuaciones de los discipulos de Vidal denotan un especial interés por la Geografia Política, abandonando momentaneamente el modelo de las descripciones propias de la geografia regionalista francesa. La problematica fronteriza de la Alsacia-Lorena a finales de la I Guerra Mundial se convierte en el eje central de La France de I'Est; de esta obra se han separado 10s elementos propiamente geopoliticos, a fin de demostrar que existe un aspecto olvidado dentro de la escuela vidaliana, el aspecto de la Geografia Política. ; El 1979 Y. Lacoste publicava a «Hérodote» un sorprenent article que, sota el títol de «A bas Vidal . Viva Vidal», pretenia treure a la llum la darrera obra de Vidal de la Blache: La France de l'Est (Lorraine-Alsace) (1917). Lacoste elogiava d'aquesta obra el fet de comptar amb alguns aspectes no inclosos en el que tradicionalment s'ha considerat model vidalil, com ara els fenomens econbmics, socials i, sobretot, geopolítics. El present assaig pretén aprofundir en un dels interrogants que va obrir l'article de Lacoste: quin era el lloc ocupat per la Geografia Política dins l'escola francesa a l'época vidaliana? Diverses obres i actuacions dels deixebles de Vidal denoten un interks rellevant per a la Geografia Política, abandonant momentaniament el model de les descripcions prbpies de la geografia regionalista francesa. La problematica fronterera de l'Alsacia-Lorena a les acaballes de la I Guerra Mundial esdevé l'eix central de La France de l'Est; d'aquesta obra s'han volgut destriar els elements prbpiament geopolitics, amb la finalitat conjunta de demostrar que, efectivament, existeix una vessant oblidada de l'escola vidaliana, la vessant de la Geografia Política.

African countries seem to be constantly groping for the distinctive political paradigm as evinced by the fact that forms of political order have followed each other in rapid succession—the multi-party state, the one party syndrome, the charismatic presidency, the military coup d'etat and in some cases, like that of Nigeria and for a short while in Ghana, a return to civilian rule. The future of the African continent is thus viewed with deep rooted pessimism by political analysts, economists and literary writers. They prophesy in symphony that African countries are catapaulting down the path of political unrest—economic disorder, suspension of human rights, a breakdown of law and order—towards instability and general anomie. In the words of the noted author Chinuah Achebe, in Africa "things fall apart."1 Dennis Austen using the title of this book for his article, writes that since their inception African states have been in a state of flux moving with regularity in and out of misfortune: The treachery of political life has been very real: armed coups, civil wars, public executions, the threat of secession, the recurrence of famine, the fanaticism of religious beliefs, regional wars, the near genocide of entire communities, the transitory nature of military and party regimes and the indebtedness not only of corrupt dictatorships (as in Zaire) but also of governments that still struggle to preserve an element of political decency in their public life (as in Tanzania).2 The keynote of the criticisms made in this vein3 is the absence of stability and the consequent destabilization, disorganization and anarchy. However, all evidence in the African countries points to the centralization of power and authority which can lead to a kind of stability—i.e. if stability is the only end of government and politics. The post-colonial state in Africa has created strong centralized administrations to weld the various social groups in common structures. The striking feature of post-independence politics to Markovitz, is not the lack of stability, but "indeed from any long range historical perspective the rapidity with which stability has been achieved…. The military coup d'etats and civil wars, appearence of anarchy notwithstanding, have furthered this process of consolidation."4 The modern African state is one which is increasingly dominated by a powerful public sector, an overpowering bureaucracy and increasing militarization.5 The highly centralized nature of the African state is almost a throwback to the early colonial state. The colonial state was based on patterns of domination, its very raison d'etre was domination. The colonial institutional form consequently was aimed at establishing hegemony over the subject population, together with its essential militarised character and the system of irresistable power and force associated with it. In the Belgian case, the state was known as "Bula Matari" (the crusher of rocks).6 The pre-independence state forms have persisted. The observations of De Tocqueville are brought to mind. To De Tocqueville the 1789 Revolution did not bring an end to the ideas and order of the old regime in France. Springing from the chaos created by the revolution was a powerful institutional framework. Never since the fall of the Roman Empire, he commented, had the world seen a government so highly centralized. This new power was created by the Revolution, or, rather grew up almost automatically out of the havoc wrought by it. True, the governments it set up were less stable than any of those it overthrew; yet paradoxically they were infinitely more powerful.7 In Africa the heritage of colonial politics, namely power-politics, has been taken up by the post-colonial state. The colonial tradition has led to a scheme of affairs in African states where a premium has been placed on the holding and consolidation of political power. Politics has been construed strictly as a "struggle for rulership."8 Political power is seen as a means of controlling the socio-economic structures of society. What becomes important in this context is the identification of the group that wields power. What is the nature and social basis of this ruling elite? As a pre-requisite to this, is the question as to what is the nature of class in Africa, so that the nature of class domination can be comprehended,

This text presents the key concepts of the TRANSGANG project, displayed as answers to seven research questions: what, when, who, why, where, how and what for. It starts by defining the conceptual triangle that the title frames: Transnational Gangs as agents of Mediation (What). The central chapters point out the historical context: Neoliberal States (When); the central subjects of study: Gangs (Who); the proactive approach: Mediation (Why); the border spaces to be investigated in the three regions: the Americas, North Africa and Southern Europe (Where); and the methodological perspective adopted (How). The final conclusive chapter explores the expected impact of the research, from resistance to resilience through empowerment (What For). The text includes a complete literature, ordered by topics and regions, and a specific Glossary. ; Este texto presenta los conceptos clave del proyecto TRANSGANG, mostrados como respuestas a siete preguntas de investigación: qué, cuándo, quién, por qué, dónde, cómo y para qué. Comienza definiendo el triángulo conceptual que encuadra el título: Pandillas Transnacionales como agentes de Mediación (Qué). Los capítulos centrales señalan el contexto histórico: Estados neoliberales (Cuándo); los temas centrales de estudio: Pandillas (Quién); el enfoque proactivo: mediación (Por qué); los espacios fronterizos que se investigarán en las tres regiones: América, el norte de África y el sur de Europa (Dónde); y la perspectiva metodológica adoptada (Cómo). El último capítulo conclusivo explora el impacto esperado de la investigación, desde la resistencia hasta la resiliencia a través del empoderamiento (Para qué). El texto incluye una completa bibliografía, ordenada por temas y regiones, y un Glosario específico. ; Ce texte présente les concepts clés du projet TRANSGANG, présentés comme des réponses à sept questions de recherche: quoi, quand, qui, pourquoi, où, comment et pourquoi faire. Il commence par définir le triangle conceptuel qui encadre le titre: Les bandes transnationaux en tant qu'agents de médiation (Quoi). Les chapitres centraux soulignent le contexte historique: états néolibéraux (Quand); les principaux sujets d'étude: les bandes (Qui); l'approche proactive: médiation (Pourquoi); les espaces frontaliers à explorer dans les trois régions: Amériques, Afrique du Nord et Europe du Sud (Où); et la perspective méthodologique adoptée (Comment). Le dernier chapitre final porte sur l'impact attendu de la recherche, de la résistance à la résilience en passant par l'autonomisation (Pourquoi faire). Le texte comprend une littérature complète, classée par thèmes et régions, et un glossaire spécifique. ; Questo testo presenta i concetti chiave del progetto TRANSGANG, presentati come risposte a sette domande: cosa, quando, chi, perché, dove, come e perché fare. Inizia definendo il triangolo concettuale che inquadra il titolo: Bande Transnazionali come agenti di Mediazione (Cosa). I capitoli centrali sottolineano il contesto storico: stati neoliberali (Quando); le materie di studio centrali: bande (Qui); l'approccio proattivo: mediazione (Perché); gli spazi di confine da indagare nelle tre regioni: Americhe, Nord Africa e Sud Europa (Dove); e la prospettiva metodologica adottata (Come). Il capitolo conclusivo finale esplora l'impatto previsto della ricerca, dalla resistenza alla resilienza attraverso l'empowerment (Perché fare). Il testo include una completa bibliografia, ordinata per argomenti e regioni, e un glossario specifico. ; Aquest text presenta els conceptes clau del projecte TRANSGANG, que es mostren com a respostes a set preguntes de recerca: què, quan, qui, per què, on, com i per a què. Comença per definir el triangle conceptual que enquadra el títol: colles transnacionals com a agents de mediació (Què). Els capítols centrals assenyalen el context històric: els Estats neoliberals (Quan); els temes centrals d'estudi: colles (Qui); l'enfocament proactiu: la mediació (Per què); els espais fronterers a investigar a les tres regions: les Amèriques, Nord d'Àfrica i Europa del Sud (On); i la perspectiva metodològica adoptada (Com). El capítol final explora l'impacte esperat de la investigació, de la resistència a la resiliència mitjançant l'apoderament (Per a què). El text inclou una completa bibliografia, ordenada per temes i regions, i un glossari específic. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 742705 ; El proyecto TRANSGANG ha recibido financiación del European Research Council (ERC) en el marco del programa de Investigación e Innovación de la Unión Europea HORIZON 2020, grant agreement No 742705.

National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases: Our Work, Our Stories 2011-2012 serves several purposes. First, it highlights major accomplishments from fiscal years 2011 and 2012 (October 1, 2010-September 30, 2012). NCEZID is CDC's newest national center, created during the organizational improvement initiative of 2009-2010. One of our overarching principles is to be transparent and accountable, and this first report (known by the shorter title NCEZID: Our Work, Our Stories 2011-2012) signals that we are committed to providing regular updates about our progress in protecting people from emerging and zoonotic infectious diseases. And finally, NCEZID: Our Work, Our Stories 2011-2012 places NCEZID's accomplishments in the context of the larger public health missions of CDC and the Office of Infectious Diseases. NCEZID's work overall directly reflects current CDC priorities to strengthen surveillance and epidemiology, enhance the agency's ability to support state and local public health, provide leadership in global health, promote effective public health policy, and address the leading causes of death, illness, and disability. And, as home to two of seven of CDC's domestic "winnable battles" (healthcare-associated infections and food safety), NCEZID is developing scalable strategies that will have a measurable and significant impact on public health. NCEZID: Our Work, Our Stories 2011-2012 also shows how NCEZID priorities and achievements align with the principles guiding all infectious disease work throughout the agency, as described in A CDC Framework for Preventing Infectious Diseases: Sustaining the Essentials and Innovating for the Future. And, lastly, the review of achievements of the past 2 years helped inform the direction for the Center's future work, as outlined in the newly released National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Strategic Plan, 2012-2017. The prevention and control of emerging and zoonotic infectious diseases is arduous work, but we have made great strides since the fall of 2010. To provide a context for better understanding the significance of these accomplishments, this report begins with a section identifying NCEZID's core value to CDC and public health overall. Our many roles delineates the parts of the broader agency infectious disease mission that NCEZID is responsible for making happen-responding to outbreaks, managing world-class laboratories, ensuring public health preparedness, overseeing a unique portfolio of global activities, and investigating how diseases from animals are spread to people. These roles direct action on a variety of fronts. Taking action details the Center's work that focuses on healthcare-associated infections, antimicrobial resistance, foodborne disease and food safety, vector-borne diseases, high-consequence pathogens, global quarantine and migration, and waterborne disease and water safety. Most, but not all, of the Center's work falls within one of these areas. Absence from this report, however, does not signify lack of importance. NCEZID: Our Work, Our Stories 2011-2012 is not a comprehensive summary of all Center activities of the past 2 years. Limited space dictates that it is more like a highlight reel of our most notable accomplishments. ; Introduction -- About our name -- Letter from the Director -- Guarding against the gamut of infectious diseases-- NCEZID's seven divisions -- About our partners -- NCEZID 2011-2012: Highlighted accomplishments -- -- Our many roles -- Supporting CDC's infectious disease mission by: -- Responding to outbreaks -- Providing laboratory science -- Improving public health preparedness -- Extending our reach around the globe -- Securing state, local, and tribal capacity -- Investigating how diseases from animals are spread to people -- -- Taking action -- Supporting the prevention of infectious disease by focusing on: -- Healthcare-associated infections -- Antimicrobial resistance -- Foodborne diseases and food safety -- Vector-borne diseases -- Highly pathogenic organisms -- Global migration and quarantine -- Waterborne diseases and water safety -- -- NCEZID in the public eye -- NCEZID in the media :. -- Science is not just for scientists anymore -- A winning strategy to make a measurable impact . -- Emerging Infectious Diseases -- Key publications -- CDC responds to multistate outbreak of fungal meningitis -- Our organization -- -- NCEZID organization chart -- Fact check -- NCEZID budget -- -- Index. ; CS235274. ; Mode of access: World Wide Web as an Acrobat .pdf file (22.24 MB, 120 p.). ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases: our work, our stories, 2011-2012. Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2013.

Nos. 1-56, July 26, 1913-Aug. 15, 1914, were issued weekly in the form of leaflets; no. 57-92, Jan. 1915-Dec. 1917, monthly, in the form of pamphlets, containing studies in government; no. 93-95, irregularly issued. ; Description based on: no. 57 (Jan. 1915) ; Title from cover. ; no. 83. Japanese administration and finance. Mar. 1917. no. 84. Problems of highway administration. Apr. 1917. Bibliography: p. 255-269. no. 85. Widows' pension legislation. May 1917. no. 86. The New York state legislative budget for 1917. June 1917. no. 87. Canadian provincial budget systems and financial history. July 1917. no. 88. The New York city budget. Aug. 1917. no. 89. Instruction in civics in New York city high schools; a statistical survey. Sept. 1917. Appendix: Regents' questions in American history with civics for the last ten years. (p. 33-39). no. 90. The state movement for efficiency and economy. Oct. 1917. Appendix: Bibliography of efficiency and scientific management in government. (p. 152-163). no. 91. The recent movement for state budget reform: 1911-1917. Nov. 1917. Bibliography: p. 147-155. no. 92. The governor's budget in Maine, 1917. Dec. 1917. no. 93. The New York state legislative budget and financial measures for 1918. 1918. no. 94. The traction crisis in New York, by C. A. Beard. 1919. no.95. Quantity and cost budgets for clerical workers in New York city, April, 1921, by W. E. Mosher. 1921. ; No. 76. Standardization of public employments. pt. II: The practical side of standardization in American governments. Aug. 1916. no. 77. Citizen agencies for research in government. Pt. I. Sept. 1916. no. 78-79. The engineer in public service, by F.E. Breithut. pt. I-II. Oct.-Nov. 1916. no. 80. The elements of state budget making. Dec. 1916. no. 81. Some results and limitations of central financial control as shown by nine years' experience in New York City. Jan. 1917. no. 82. Highway laws of the United States; a topical discussion, by A.N. Johnson. Feb. 1917. ; no. 70. Budget legislation in two states [New York and New Jersey] Febr. 1916. no. 71. A national program to improve methods of government. Mar. 1916. no. 72. The history of appropriations in the legislative session of 1916, New York State. Apr. 1916. no. 73. Three proposed constitutional amendments for control of the purse. [Maryland and New York] May 1916. no. 74. The accounting and reporting methods of the State of New York. June 1916. no. 75. The purposes of the indebtedness of American cities, 1880-1912. July 1916. ; no. 64. State finances: a report on the financial procedure of the State of New York, with special reference to the direct tax, 1911-1916. August 1915. no. 65. Administration of the Indian Office. Supplement: Public opinion and national economy, by R.A. Cutting. Sept. 1915. no. 66. Legal rights of civil servants in the City of New York. Oct. 1915. no. 67. Standardization of public employments. pt. I. [An interpretation] Nov. 1915. no. 68. Training for municipal service. Dec. 1915. no. 69. Responsible government. Jan. 1916. ; Comparative analysis of annual appropriations, 1903-1915. Mar. 1915. no. 60. The condition of the New York State sinking funds. Apr. 1915. no. 61. The constitution and government of the State of New York. May 1915. no. 62. Budget systems: a discussion before the New York Constitution Convention. June 1915. no. 63. State administration: discussions of proposed amendments for the reorganization of the executive branch before the New York Constitutional Convention. July 1915. ; no. 57. The citizen and the government. Next steps in the development of a budget procedure for the City of Greater New York. Jan. 1915. no. 58. "A state budget." Constructive proposals to be submitted to the State Constitutional Convention. The practical side of "budget procedure". Feb. 1915. no. 59. Financial problems of the City of New York. New York City's needs for a financial program. The one hundred million dollar loan and the "pay-as-you-go" agreement. Possibilities for retrenchment. Responsibility of the Board of Estimate and Apportionment. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Issued July 1913-Jan. 1916 by the Bureau of Municipal Research; Feb. 1916-1921 by the Bureau of Municipal Research and Training School for Public Service.

La isla de San Andrés ha sido un territorio pretendido por diferentes gobiernos a través de la historia. Desde inicios del siglo XX varias naciones han estado relacionadas con disputas por el control de este lugar -especialmente Nicaragua y Colombia (con la presencia estadounidense de trasfondo). En esta oportunidad, se ha recurrido a la revisión y análisis de algunas investigaciones históricas y reportajes periodísticos -estos últimos publicados entre 1970 y 1991-, con miras a detallar posibles factores estructurales dentro de las dinámicas de validación e imposición gubernamental. Se constatará que la fuerza física (militar) y la alusión a "antiguos tratados" han sido ejes fundamentales desde los cuales se ha sostenido la legitimidad de la posesión territorial y el "control" de la sociedad insular Veremos que la apropiación de sentidos de colombianidad, por parte de aquellas personas con más antigüedad en la isla y autodenominadas raizales, resulta problemático y maleable en medio de las disputas limítrofes. Igualmente se señalarán algunas inquietudes acerca del pronunciamiento que la justicia internacional hizo sobre este caso en el año 2012. El escrito está dividido en cinco partes. La primera refiere al contexto histórico del proceso sociopolítico. La segunda trata sobre las titulaciones legales y las dinámicas de colombianización. La tercera alude a los reclamos internacionales y a la construcción de colombianidad. La cuarta consiste en una breve reflexión sobre la reciente resolución de la Corte Internacional de Justicia. La parte final ofrece una conclusión panorámica sobre el tema. ; San Andrés Island has been a territory that various governments have claimed through the history. From the beginning of XX century (until today) different nations have disputed the control of this island -especially Nicaragua and Colombia (with the United States in the background). This paper reviews and analyses historical researches and newspaper articles -last ones published between 1970 and 1991, to consider structural factors implicated into the dynamics of governmental validation and imposition. It confirms that "physical power" (military force) and "antique legal treaties" have been fundamental pivots to sustain the legitimacy of territorial ownership and to justify the social control. Also, this work will see the appropriation of colombianidad by those with more seniority in the island -and recognized as raizales- as a problematic and malleable issue amid international border disputes. It also indicates some doubts on the judgment provided by the International Court of Justice in reference to San Andrés in 2012. This text is divided in five parts. The first one refers to the historical context of the sociopolitical process. The second one deals with information on legal titles and their uses in relation with dynamics of colombianización. The third one alludes to political international claims and the construction of "colombianity". The fourth one is a brief reflection on international justice. The last one offers a panoramic conclusion. ; San Andres Island é um território reivindicado por diversos governos ao longo da história. Desde o início do século XX, vários países têm sido relacionadas a disputas sobre o controle deste lugar, especialmente Nicarágua e Colômbia (com a presença dos EUA de fundo). Desta vez, ele recorreu à revisão e análise de alguma pesquisa histórica e -as últimas reportagens publicadas entre 1970 e 1991, com vista a detalhar possíveis fatores estruturais dentro da validação e do governo tributação dinâmico. Verifica-se que a força física (militar) ea referência a "acordos antigos" têm sido pilares a partir da qual tem-se argumentado a legitimidade da posse territorial e "controle" da sociedade insular. Veremos que a apropriação de sentidos do orgulho colombiano por parte das pessoas com mais antiguidade na ilha e ilha chamada si, problemática e maleável em meio a disputas fronteiriças. Além disso, algumas preocupações sobre a afirmação de que a justiça internacional fez sobre este caso em 2012. O trabalho está dividido em cinco, são realçados. O primeiro refere-se ao contexto histórico do processo sócio-político. O segundo trata qualificações jurídicas e dinâmicas colombianização. A terceira refere-se às exigências internacionais ea construção de orgulho colombiano. A quarta é uma breve reflexão sobre a recente decisão do Tribunal Internacional de Justiça. A parte final oferece uma conclusão panorâmica sobre a questão. ; Fil: Sanchez Aguirre, Rafael Andres. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales. Instituto de Investigaciones ; Argentina

A collection of 359 various handwritten or typed business correspondence papers to or from David Eccles from the various businesses he was involved with. The papers range in date from 1880-1914. The papers are arranged alphabetically by title of the company. ; 2.5 x 3.75 - 8 x 13 in. handwritten or typed on paper ; New York City, April 18, 1911. Mr. David Eccles, Amalgamated Sugar Company, O g d e n, U t a h. My dear friend: I enclose you copy of each of the drafts of the answer now preparing, with the special request that you read over the following paragraphs in the Amalgamated answer: II, III, VI, X, XVI and XVIII, and the following paragraphs in the Lewiston answer: II, III, the latter part of V, XI and XII. In these paragraphs you will observe that we have taken a little different shoot with the answers – especially so far as the Lewiston matter is concerned – and as I told you before, we will insist before the Court that even if Nibley should have succeeded in interesting Mr. Havemeyer in the first place, we would have claimed the property as being held in trust for the Amalgamated Sugar Company, of which he was at that time Vice President. I have also given reasons for our delay in the building of the factory until 1905, which seems to be the principal thing that the government is complaining about, and by which they insist that we cut out other competitors. Things are still very uncertain here in New York. We have had no intimation as to when the demurrer will be heard, and it is very likely that the government will wait for the Standard Oil and Tobacco decisions, unless they are willing to take a chance of filing a new complaint – as I think they will be ___compelled to do. In business circles things are very much depressed on Wall Street. I have had several talks with some of our friends, and it is evident that the bottom has not been reached by a good deal, and especially will this be true if crop conditions (which now seem favorable) should turn out otherwise. Even reports from the West and Northwest, I am told, are beginning to be discouraging, although up to the present time they have helped to give stamina to the market. I find that money is more than plentiful in all the banks, and rates of interest very low, but no use seems to be desired to be made of this money. While I notice we have plenty of money in the banks at home, I hope that we shall continue to be in that condition, because one never can tell what the result of this depression may be. I have no idea that the wool schedule is going to pass Congress this year, ____ although of course it ought to affect the price of sheep, and therefore we ought to invest pretty heavily in sheep for the ranch. On Friday I wrote and telegraphed David C about the Grand Opera house, after my talk with Mr. Meyerfeld of the Orpheum Circuit. If you will read that letter you will observe that there is very little doing in that direction, and that I recommended, upon the suggestion of Meyerfeld, that we close up with Mr. Cort for his shows, and then see what the Orpheum can do by way of filling in afterwards.Mr. Eccles, (2) April 18, 1911. I am really of the opinion, after talking the entire matter over, that the boys had better accept their losses as they now stand, because I am fearful they would be greater if they were to try to have the Orpheum Circuit pull them out; besides, you know I have no faith whatever in Garrett, and I should have very little reliance in his statements because he is evidently altogether too optimistic. I gather from my talk with Meyerfeld that Garrett had very much over stated conditions as he explained them to the boys. Personally, I believe that I am getting better; I am certainly sleeping much better, and as soon as we get through with the answer, I shall go right home. I regretted very much to hear of Earle Emmett's death, especially in view of the fact that I had so recently talked with him, and he seemed to be in the best of health. Please give my love to all the boys, and accept the same yourself. Yours very truly, Henry H. Rolapp

Binder's title. ; -- Draft of a bill to Amend the Law relating to Elections of Members of Parliament -- A bill [as amended on report] intituled An Act for the Government of the Navy. ; -- Church rates, &c. -- A bill to Amend and consolidate the Laws relating to Military Savings Banks -- A bill to Abolish Church Rates -- A bill to Amend the Laws relating to the Representation of the People in Scotland -- A bill further To amend the Laws relating to the Representation of the People in England and Wales -- Draft of a bill to Amend and make perpetual "The Corrupt Practices Prevention Act, 1854" -- A bill to Amend the Law of Church Rates -- A bill for Voluntary Commutation of Church Rates -- A bill to Prohibit the Payment of the Expenses of conveying Voters to the Poll, and to facilitate Polling at Elections -- A bill for The Prevention of Bribery, and to amend "The Corrupt Practices Prevention Act (1854)" -- A bill intituled An Act for supplying some of the deficiency of Church Accommodation in the Suburbs of London and in parts of the Metropolis, by taking down some of the Churches in the City of London, which are not required there, and rebuilding them in other parts of the Metropolitan District deficient in Churches ; -- A bill to Amend the Law relating to Conspiracy to murder -- A bill to Revive and continue an Act amending the Act for limiting the Time of Service in the Army -- A bill for The Voluntary Commutation of Church Rates -- A bill to Abolish Church Rates -- A bill to Prohibit the Payment of the Expenses of conveying Voters to the Poll, and to facilitate Polling at Elections -- A bill for Facilitating voluntary Provision for the Purposes to which Church Rates are applicable, and for the Extinction of Church Rates where such Provision is made -- Church Rates Abolition : reasons for a substitute -- A bill [as amended in committee] to Amend the Law relating to Municipal Elections -- A bill [as amended in committee, on re-commitment, and on consideration of bill as amended] to Amend the Law relating to Municipal Elections -- A bill to enable the Secretary of State in Council of India to raise Money in the United Kingdom for the Service of the Government of India -- A bill to Make further Provision for the Purchase of Common and other Rights by Her Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for the War Department, and in relation to Land vested in or taken by such Secretary of State ; -- A bill to Extend the Right of voting for Members of Parliament, and to amend the Laws relating to the Representation of the People, in Scotland -- Parliamentary Electors -- A bill further to amend the Laws relating to the Representation of the People in England and Wales -- A bill intituled An Act to consolidate and amend the Laws relating to Landlord and Tenant in Ireland -- A bill intituled An Act to consolidate and amend the Laws relating to Leasing Powers in Ireland -- A bill [as amended in committee] to Facilitate the Erection of Dwelling Houses for the Working Classes in Scotland -- A bill [as amended by the committee, on re-commitment, and on second re-commitment] for Further promoting the Establishment of Free Public Libraries and Museums in Municipal Towns, and for extending it to Towns governed under Local Improvement Acts, and to Parishes -- A bill [as amended in committee] to Amend the Law of Partnership -- A bill to Provide for the Withdrawal from the College of Maynooth of any Endowment out of the Consolidated Fund, due Regard being had to vested Rights or Interests ; A bill to amend two Acts passed in Ireland for the better Education of Persons professing the Roman Catholic Religion, and for the better Government of the College established at Maynooth for the Education of such Persons; and also an Act passed in the Parliament of the United Kingdom for amending the said two Acts -- A bill to extend the Right of voting for Members of Parliament, and to amend the Laws relating to the Representation of the People in Ireland -- A bill to Extend the Right of voting for Members of Parliament, and to amend the Laws relating to the Representation of the People in Parliament ; Mode of access: Internet.

Title from spine. ; Each volume includes handwritten index following text. ; Three of the manuscripts are signed by Cuba's Capitan General Gerónimo Valdés. ; Comprised of pamphlets with folded plates, map, handwritten manuscripts in ink, newspaper articles and broadsides. ; Half-calf and floral patterned paper covered boards, stamped in gilt on spine. Owner's initials stamped on spine. ; Tomo I. Abusos judiciales en la Habana, publicados por dos cubanos -- Manuscript. Real Orden. Madrid, 4 de febrero de 1844. Sr. Presidente del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia -- Manuscript. Carta de La Habana, 28 de junio de 1844. Excmo Bernardo de Hecheverría, Excmo. Señor Mayordomo Mayor de su Majestad -- Manuscript. Carta de Gerónimo Valdés, Capitán General de Cuba (Vizconde de Torata y conde de Villarín) a Bernardo Hecheverría y O`Gavan, fechada en La Habana el 12 de agosto de 1841 -- Manuscript. "Primera secretaría del Despacho de Estado, Copia, Traducción, Proyecto de Convenio entre la Gran Bretaña y España, sobre el Tráfico de Esclavos" -- Manuscript. "Primera Secretaría del Despacho de Estado, Copia Traducción, Legación Británica en España. Madrid, 17 de diciembre de 1840" -- Manuscript. Comienza: "Excmo. Señor.". Y acaba: "Habana, 31 de agosto de 1841 -- Memorial ajustado del juicio de residencia del Sr. Brigadier D. Pedro Carrillo de Albornoz, Gobernador que fue de esta ciudad y su distrito, desde veinte y cinco de noviembre de 1837 en que tomó posesión, hasta tres de mayo de 1840, en que cesó por Real Orden -- Manuscript. "Dictamen de los Sres. Fiscales del Supremo Tribunal de Justicia sobre las asesorías y comisiones que desempeñan los Ministros y Fiscales de la Audiencia de la Habana. Complemento de sueldo" -- Manuscript. "Dictamen del Supremo Tribunal de Justicia" -- Manuscript. Real Orden. Carta dirigida al Gobernador Capitán General Presidente de las Audiencias de Cuba. Madrid, 4 de setiembre de 1844 -- Manuscript. "A las cenizas del S. D. Nicolás Manuel de Escovedo". Se trata de las palabras leídas en el entierro de Nicolás Manuel de Escovedo -- Manuscript. "A la memoria del Excmo. Sr. D. Juan Montalvo y O`Farril" (1778-1844) -- Manuscript. "A las cenizas del S. Presbítero D. Manuel de Echeverría y Peñalver" (Caballero de la Real y distinguida Orden española de Carlos III y vice-rector de la Real Universidad) -- Documento Impreso. Sin portada. Sobre la Audiencia de la Habana -- Carta de un cubano á un amigo suyo, en que se hacen algunas observaciones al informe fiscal sobre fomento de la población blanca en la isla de Cuba, etc. -- Tributo fúnebre a la memoria del señor Doctor Don Prudencio de Hechevarrio i O`Gavan -- Contestación a la carta de un cubano, suscrita por Don José Antonio Saco, en la que se impugnan algunas ideas emitidas en el informe fiscal sobre el fomento de la población blanca en la isla de Cuba -- Réplica de D. José Antonio Saco a la contestación del Señor Fiscal de la Real Audiencia de la Habana, D. Vicente Vázquez Queipo, en el Examen del Informe sobre el fomento de la población blanca, etc. en la isla de Cuba -- Ideas sobre la incorporación de Cuba en los Estados-Unidos -- Réplica de Don José Antonio Saco á los anexionistas que han impugnado sus ideas sobre la incorporación de Cuba en los Estados Unidos -- La situación política de Cuba y su remedio -- Proyecto de Leyes especiales para las provincias de Ultramar, precedido de algunas reflexiones demostrando la necesidad de establecerlas, y seguido de otras manifestando la utilidad de las que se proponen -- Reflexiones acerca del mando del teniente general don José de la Concha en los catorce meses que rigió la Isla de Cuba -- Discurso de M. Pierre Soulé, de Luisiana, sobre colonización en la América del Norte, y sobre el Estado político de Cuba, pronunciado en el Senado de los Estados-Unidos el 25 de enero de 1853 -- Cuestión política de las provincias ultramarinas -- Rápida ojeada sobre los antecedentes de Don José Guitiérrez de la Concha, actual Capitán General de la Isla de Cuba -- Manifiesto de la Junta Cubana al Pueblo de Cuba -- La esclavitud en la isla de Cuba. ; Print version: Cuba publicaciones varias., between 1840 and 1861, OCLC 1050333091.

Avery Classics (Offsite) copy: Seymour B. Durst Old York Library Collection, Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University. ; Caption title. ; With: Speech of Mr. Everett of Massachusetts on the bill for removing the Indians from the east to the west side of the Mississippi. Washington : Printed by Gales & Seaton, 1830 -- Speech of Mr. Holmes, of Maine, in the Senate of the United States, on his resolutions calling upon the President of the United States for the reasons of his removing from office, and filling the vacancies thus created, in the recess of the Senate. Washiington : National journal, 1830 -- Speech of Mr. Holmes of Maine, delivered in the Senate of the United States, February 18, 1830, on the debate which arose upon Mr. Foot's resolution relative to the public lands. Washington : National journal, 1830 -- Speech of Mr. Davis, of Mass. on the bill for the more effectual collection of impost duties, delivered in Committee of the Whole on the State of the Union, House of Representatives, May 4, 1830. Washington : National journal, 1830 -- Speech of Mr. Woodbury, of New Hampshire, on Mr. Foot's resolution, delivered in the Senate of the United States, February 23, 1830. 2nd ed. Washington : Printed by Duff Green, 1830 -- Speech of Mr. Crockett, of Tennessee, on the bill proposing to construct a national road from Buffalo to New Orleans. Washington : Duff Green, 1830 -- Speech of Mr. Hayne, of South Carolina, in the Senate of the United States, January 21, 1830, on Mr. Foot's resolution, proposing an inquiry into the expediency of abolishing the office of Surveyor Geneal of Public Lands and for discontinuing further surveys until those already in market shall have been disposed of. [Washington? D.C., 1830] -- Speech of Mr. Livingston, of Indiana, on Mr. Foote's resolution, proposing an inquiry into the expediency of abolishing the office of Surveyor General of Public Lands and discontinuing further surveys, &c. -- Speech of Mr. Clayton, of Delaware, in the Senate of the United States, on the fourth day of March, in reply to Mr. Grundy of Tennessee, Mr. Woodbury of New Hampshire, and others. Washington : Duff Green, 1830 -- Speech of Mr. Webster, of Mass. in the House of Representatives, on the Panama Mission, delivered on the 14th April, 1826. Washington : Davis & Force, 1826 -- Gen. Jackson's letter to Carter Berverley ; Mr. Clay's speech at the Lexington dinner ; Gen. Jackson's reply to Mr. Clay, in which he gives up James Buchanan, a member of Congress from Pennsylvania, as his authority for his assertions about bribery, corruption, &c. ; Mr. Buchanan's reply, which effectually prostrates to the earth every imputation against Mr. Clay and his friends. Portsmouth, [N.H.] : Printed by Miller and Brewster, Aug. 21, 1827 -- An address of Henry Clay to the public, containing certain testimony in refutation of the charges against him made by Gen. Andrew Jackson, touching the last presidential election. Washington : Peter Force, 1827 -- Speech of the Hon. Daneil Webster, Esq. delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States, January 14, 1814, of a bill making further provisions for filling the ranks of the Regular Army, encouraging enlistments, and authorising the enlistments for longer periods of men whose terms of service are about to expire. Portsmouth, [N.H.] : Printer by Charles Turell, 1814 -- Speech of Mr. Whipple of N. Hamp. on the proposition to amend the Constitution of the United States, delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States, March 26, 1826. Washington : Davis & Force, 1826 -- Speech of Mr. Bartlett, of New-Hamp. on the proposition to amend the Constitution of the United States, delivered in the House of Representatives, 30th March, 1826. Washington City : Davis & Force, 1826 -- Speech of the Hon. Richard Stockton, delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States, on the 10th of December, 1814, on a bill "to authorise the President of the United States to call upon the several States and Territories thereof for their respective quotas of eighty thousand four hundred and thirty Militia for the defense of the Frontiers of the United States against invasion." Georgetown : Richards & Mallory, 1814 -- Speech of the Hon. Artemas Ward, on the bill "to authorise the President of the United States to call upon the several States and Territories thereof for their repective quotas of eighty thousand men for the defence of the frontiers of the United States against invasion" delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States on the fourteenth day of December, 1814. Washington City : Rapine and Elliot, [1814]. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Hatti-2 microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and these physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the Microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 425 ha in Koppal taluk and district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as drought - prone with an average annual rainfall of 662 mm, of which about 425 mm is received during south –west monsoon, 161 mm during north-east and the remaining 77 mm during the rest of the year. An area of about 97 per cent is covered by soils, one per cent by rock out crops and 2 per cent by water bodies, settlements and others. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below.  The soils belong to 12 soil series and 25 soil phases (management units) and 4 land use classes.  The length of crop growing period is 150 cm).  About 9 per cent of the area is sandy, 54 per cent loamy and 33 per cent has clayey soils at the surface.  About 75 per cent of the area has non-gravelly (200mm/m).  An area of about 2 per cent has nearly level (0-1%) lands and 95 per cent has very gently sloping (1-3%) lands.  An area of about 9 per cent is slightly eroded (e1) and 88 per cent is moderately eroded (e2) lands.  An area of about 71 per cent has neutral (pH 6.5 to 7.3) soils, 13 per cent slightly alkaline(pH 7.3 to 7.8), 6 per cent moderately alkaline (pH 7.8 to 8.4), 4 per cent strongly alkaline (pH 8.4 to 9.0) and 3 per cent soils very strongly alkaline (pH>9.0).  The Electrical Conductivity (EC) of the soils are dominantly 0.75%) in 12 per cent area of the soils.  Available phosphorus is low (57 kg/ha) in 50 per cent of the soils.  Available potassium is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in 64 per cent and high (>337 kg/ha) in 34 per cent of the soils.  Available sulphur is low (20 ppm) in 15 per cent area of the soils.  Available boron is low (4.5 ppm) in 53 per cent of the area.  Available zinc is deficient (0.6 ppm) in 45 per cent of the area.  Available manganese and copper are sufficient in the entire area.  The land suitability for 28 major crops grown in the microwatershed was assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price, and finally the demand and supply position. Land suitability for various crops in the microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum 180 (42) 46(11) Pomegranate 135(32) 118(28) Maize 115(27) 112(26) Guava 112(26) 85(20) Bajra 156(37) 113(26) Jackfruit 135(32) 62(15) Redgram 121(28) 74 (17) Jamun 64(15) 121(28) Bengal gram 24(6) 220 (51) Musambi 159 (37) 94(22) Groundnut 66(34) 239 (56) Lime 159 (37) 94 (22) Sunflower 145 (5) 82 (19) Cashew 123(29) 102 (24) Cotton 88 (21) 139(32) Custard apple 195(46) 219(51) Chilli 156(37) 14(3) Amla 171(40) 243 (57) Tomato 156(37) 14(3) Tamarind 64(15) 106(25) Drumstick 121(28) 197 (46) Marigold 121(28) 106(25) Mulberry 121(28) 276(65) Chrysanthemum 121(28) 106 (25) Mango 64(15) 71(17) Jasmine 121(28) 50(12) Sapota 135(32) 62(15) Crossandra 121(28) 82(19) Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the 4 identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and other horticulture crops.  Maintaining soil-health is vital to crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc.,  Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required.  As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and submarginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. That would help in supplementing the farm income, provide fodder and fuel, and generate lot of biomass which in turn would help in maintaining the ecological balance and contribute to mitigating the climate change. SALIENT FINDINGS OF THE SURVEY  The data indicated that there were 101 (53.44%) men and 88 (46.56%) women among the sampled households.  The average family size of landless farmers' was 4.8, marginal farmers' was 5.42, small farmers' was 5.27, semi medium farmers' was 4.83, medium farmers' was 4.83 and large farmers' was 11.  The data indicated that, 42 (22.22%) people were in 0-15 years of age, 90 (47.62%) were in 16-35 years of age, 42 (22.22%) were in 36-60 years of age and 15 (7.94%) were above 61 years of age.  The results indicated that Hatti-2 had 31.75 per cent illiterates, 26.98 per cent of them had primary school education, 9.52 per cent of them had middle school education, 13.76 per cent of them had high school education, 6.88 per cent of them had PUC education, 0.53 per cent had ITI, 4.76 per cent of them had degree and 0.53 per cent of them did masters.  The results indicate that, 61.11 per cent of household heads were practicing agriculture and 33.33 per cent of the household heads were agricultural labourers.  The results indicate that agriculture was the major occupation for 36.51 per cent of the household members, 30.69 per cent were agricultural labourers, 1.59 per cent were general labourers, 1.06 per cent were in private service, 0.53 per cent was into trade and business, 22.75 per cent were students and 4.76 per cent were children.  The results show that, 0.53 per cent of the households participated in sthree shakthi sangha and 99.47 per cent of the population in the micro watershed has not participated in any local institutions.  The results indicate that 5.56 per cent of the households possess thatched house, 58.33 per cent of the households possess katcha house, 19.44 per cent of them possess pucca/RCC house and 16.67 per cent of the households possess semi pucca house.  The results show that 77.78 per cent of the households possess TV, 88.89 per cent of them possess mixer/grinder, 2.78 per cent of them possess bicycle, 30.56 per cent of the households possess motor cycle and 80.56 per cent of the households possess mobile phones.  The results show that the average value of television was Rs. 7,428, mixer grinder was Rs. 2,296, bicycle was Rs. 2,000, motor cycle was Rs. 40,416 and mobile phone was Rs. 2,526.  About 13.89 per cent of the households possess bullock cart, 5.56 per cent of them possess plough, 2.78 per cent of them possess seed/fertilizer drill, 2.78 per cent of 2 them possess irrigation pump, 13.89 per cent of them possess sprayer, 2.78 per cent of them possess sprinkler and 69.44 per cent of them possess weeder.  The results show that the average value of bullock cart was Rs. 24,000, plough was Rs. 1,850, seed/fertilizer drill was Rs.3,500, irrigation pump was Rs. 10,000, sprayer was Rs. 2,060, sprinkler was Rs.800 and weeder was Rs. 49.  The results indicate that, 27.78 per cent of the households possess bullocks, 36.11 per cent of the households possess local cow, 5.56 per cent of them possess crossbred cow, 8.33 per cent possess buffalo, 2.78 per cent possess sheep, 2.78 per cent possess goat and 2.78 per cent of them possess poultry birds.  The results indicate that, average own labour men available in the micro watershed was 1.68, average own labour (women) available was 1.39, average hired labour (men) available was 14.26 and average hired labour (women) available was 11.19.  The results indicate that 77.78 per cent of the households opined that the hired labour was adequate.  The results indicate that, households of the Hatti-2 micro-watershed possess 27.87 ha (52.35%) of dry land and 25.37 ha (47.65%) of irrigated land. Marginal farmers possess 4.08 ha (90%) of dry land and 0.45 ha (10%) of irrigated land. Small farmers possess 11.47 ha (83.04%) of dry land and 2.34 ha (16.96%) of irrigated land. Semi medium farmers possess 6.65 ha (60.87%) of dry land and 4.28 ha (39.13%) of irrigated land. Medium farmers possess 5.67 ha (30.30%) of dry land and 13.03 ha (69.70%) of irrigated land. Large farmers possess 5.26 ha (100%) of irrigated land.  The results indicate that, the average value of dry land was Rs. 390,981.70 and the average value of irrigated land was Rs. 327,074.22. In case of marginal famers, the average land value was Rs. 710,615.08 for dry land and Rs. 882,142.85 for irrigated land. In case of small famers, the average land value was Rs. 461,926.60 for dry land and Rs. 255,960.68 for irrigated land. In case of semi medium famers, the average land value was Rs. 255,413.62 for dry land and Rs. 397,256.38 for irrigated land. In case of medium farmers, the average land value was Rs. 176,428.57 for dry land and Rs. 276,149.07. In case of large farmers the average land value was Rs. 380,000.  The results indicate that, there were 12 functioning and 2 de-functioning bore wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, there were 2 functioning and 1 de-functioning open wells in the micro watershed.  The results indicate that, bore well was the major irrigation source in the micro water shed for 33.33 per cent and open well was the source of irrigation for 5.56 per cent of the farmers. 3  The results indicate that, the depth of bore well was found to be 40.40 meters and the depth of open well was found to be 8.81 per cent.  The results indicate that small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had an irrigated area of 3.25 ha, 6.10 ha, 12.96 ha and 5.26 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (22.99 ha), bajra/pearl millet/sajje (19.03 ha), groundnut (6.57 ha), redgram (3.64 ha) and navane (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize and bajra. Small and semi medium farmers had grown maize, bajra and groundnut. Medium farmers had grown maize, bajra, redgram, groundnut and navane. Large farmers had grown maize, bajra and groundnut.  The results indicate that small, semi medium, medium and large farmers had an irrigated area of 3.25 ha, 6.10 ha, 12.96 ha and 5.26 ha respectively.  The results indicate that, farmers have grown maize (22.99 ha), bajra/pearl millet/sajje (19.03 ha), groundnut (6.57 ha), redgram (3.64 ha) and navane (0.81 ha). Marginal farmers had grown maize and bajra. Small and semi medium farmers had grown maize, bajra and groundnut. Medium farmers had grown maize, bajra, redgram, groundnut and navane. Large farmers had grown maize, bajra and groundnut.  The results indicate that, the cropping intensity in Hatti-2 micro-watershed was found to be 66.22 per cent.  The results indicate that, the total cost of cultivation for maize was Rs. 31242.91. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 76824.86. The net income from maize cultivation was Rs. 45581.96. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.46.  The total cost of cultivation for navane was Rs. 19242.89. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44460. The net income from navane cultivation was Rs. 25217.11. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.31.  The total cost of cultivation for redgram was Rs. 29582.79. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 59280. The net income from redgram cultivation was Rs. 29697.21. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.  The total cost of cultivation for groundnut was Rs. 19973.19. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 44460. The net income from groundnut cultivation was Rs. 24486.81. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:2.23.  The total cost of cultivation for bajra was Rs. 53039.21. The gross income realized by the farmers was Rs. 45570.78. The net income from bajra cultivation was Rs. -7468.43. Thus the benefit cost ratio was found to be 1:0.86.  The results indicate that, 44.44 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 5.56 per cent of them opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 52.78 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate. 4  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 29,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 40,428.57, for small farmers it was Rs. 61,181.82, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 83,000, for medium farmers it was Rs. 105,666.67 and for large farmers it was Rs. 355,800.  The results indicate that, 44.44 per cent of the households opined that dry fodder was adequate, 5.56 per cent of them opined that dry fodder was inadequate and 52.78 per cent opined that green fodder was adequate.  The results indicate that the annual gross income was Rs. 29,000 for landless farmers, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 40,428.57, for small farmers it was Rs. 61,181.82, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 83,000, for medium farmers it was Rs. 105,666.67 and for large farmers it was Rs. 355,800.  The results indicate that the average annual expenditure is Rs. 10,202.65. For landless households it was Rs. 3,120, for marginal farmers it was Rs. 3,394.56, for small farmers it was Rs. 2,833.33, for semi medium farmers it was Rs. 10,222.22, for medium farmers it was Rs. 10,888.89 and for large farmers it was Rs. 170,100.  The results indicate that, sampled households have grown 105 coconut trees, 20 lemon trees and 69 mango trees in their field.  The results indicate that, households have planted 202 neem trees, 22 tamarind trees, 2 acacia trees and 2 banyan trees in their field.  The results indicated that, households have an average investment capacity of Rs. 1,527.78 for land development, Rs. 388.89 for irrigation facility, Rs. 972.22 for improved crop production and Rs. 388.89 for orchard development/maintenance.  The results indicated that loan from bank was the source of additional investment for 13.89 per cent for land development, for 5.56 per cent for irrigation facility, for 16.67 per cent for improved crop production and for 8.33 per cent for orchard development/maintenance. Soft loan was the source of additional investment capacity for 2.78 per cent of the households for land development.  The results indicated that, bajra, groundnut and maize were sold to the extent of 100 per cent. Navane was sold to the extent of 71.43 per cent and redgram was sold to the extent of 64 per cent.  The results indicated that, about 13.89 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to agent/traders, 86.11 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to local/village merchants, 30.56 per cent of the farmers sold their produce to regulated market and 5.56 per cent of them sold their produce through cooperative marketing society.  The results indicated that, 50 per cent of the households used cart, 2.78 per cent of them used truck and 83.33 per cent of them used tractor as a mode of transportation. 5  The results indicated that, 19.44 per cent of the households have experienced soil and water erosion problems in the farm.  The results indicated that, 19.44 per cent have shown interest in soil test.  The results indicated that, 83.33 per cent of the households used firewood and 13.89 per cent of the households used LPG as a source of fuel.  The results indicated that, piped supply was the major source of drinking water for 80.56 per cent of the households, bore well was the source of drinking water for 11.11 per cent, open well was the source of drinking water for 2.78 per cent and lake/tank was the source of drinking water for 2.78 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  Electricity was the major source of light for 97.22 per cent of the households in micro watershed.  The results indicated that, 30.56 per cent of the households possess sanitary toilet facility.  The results indicated that, 97.22 per cent of the sampled households possessed BPL card.  The results indicated that, 63.89 per cent of the households participated in NREGA programme.  The results indicated that, cereals were adequate for 100 per cent of the households, pulses were adequate for 63.89 per cent, oilseeds were adequate for 5.56 per cent, vegetables were adequate for 8.33 per cent, fruits were adequate for 2.78 per cent, milk was adequate for 47.22 per cent, eggs were adequate for 33.33 per cent and meat was adequate for 22.22 per cent.  The results indicated that, pulses were in adequate for 33.33 per cent of the households, oilseeds were inadequate for 50 per cent, vegetables were inadequate for 75 per cent, fruits were inadequate for 88.89 per cent, milk was inadequate for 47.22 per cent, eggs were inadequate for 61.11 per cent and meat was inadequate for 55.56 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, oilseeds were market surplus for 41.67 per cent of the households, vegetables were market surplus for 8.33 per cent of the households, fruits were market surplus for 2.78 per cent of the households, milk was market surplus for 2.78 per cent of the households and meat was market surplus for 2.78 per cent of the households.  The results indicated that, lower fertility status of the soil was the constraint experienced by 36.11 per cent of the households, wild animal menace on farm field (52.78%), frequent incidence of pest and diseases (44.44%), inadequacy of irrigation water (16.67%), high cost of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals (19.44%), high rate of interest on credit and lack of marketing facilities in the area (22.22%), low price for the agricultural commodities (41.67%), inadequate extension services (22.22%), lack of transport for safe transport of the 6 agricultural produce to the market (27.78%), less rainfall (61.11%) and Source of Agri-technology information (30.56%). ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project