Suchergebnisse

National reductions of CO2 emissions as a way to manage unilaterally the use of global environmental resources can be interpreted as the noncooperative provision of an international public good. This paper analyses two basic sources of inefficiency if countries abate their emissions noncooperatively. One is caused by the possibility to take a free ride on abatement activities of other countries, the second results from comparative cost advantages of emission abatements not being exploited. In a simple two-country, two-goods model it is analysed how asymmetries in population size influence the relative importance of these welfare losses by deriving for both an index of efficiency. The efficiency-properties of the Nash equilibrium are compared to the Stackelberg equilibrium.

16 pages, 6 figures.-- ArXiv pre-print available at: http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0608105 ; With the tools of lobe dynamics, the authors analyze the structures present in the velocity field obtained from a numerical simulation of the surface circulation in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. In particular, focus is placed on the North Balearic Front, the westernmost part of the transition zone between saltier and fresher waters in the western Mediterranean, which is here interpreted in terms of the presence of a semipermanent "Lagrangian barrier," across which little transport occurs. Identified are relevant hyperbolic trajectories and their manifolds, and it is shown that the transport mechanism known as the turnstile, previously identified in abstract dynamical systems and simplified model flows, is also at work in this complex and realistic ocean flow. In addition, nonlinear dynamics techniques are shown to be powerful enough to identify the key geometric structures in this part of the Mediterranean. The construction also reveals the spatiotemporal routes along which this transport happens. Topological changes in that picture, which are associated with the crossing by eddies and may be interpreted as the breakdown of the front, are also observed during the simulation. ; A.M.M. acknowledges the MCyT (Spanish Government) for a Ramón y Cajal Research Fellowship and financial support from MEC (Spanish Government) reference MTM2004-00797 and the Royal Society-CSIC cooperation agreement reference B2003GB03. E.H.-G. acknowledges financial support from MEC and FEDER through Project CONOCE2 (FIS2004-00953). We also acknowledge M. Emelianov for communicating us results from a recent cruise before publication. D.S. and S. W. acknowledge financial support from ONR Grant No. N00014-01-1-0769. ; Peer reviewed

Introduction -- PART 1: THE PRESENT SCENE -- 1 Modern money - a matter of trust -- 2 Globalization without global money -- 3. The global menace of US monetary policies -- PART TWO: THE ESSENCE OF GOOD MONEY -- 4. What we mean by "good money" -- 5. Why good money has a solid anchor -- PART THREE: THE GRIP OF BAD MONEY -- 6. Asset inflation and the illusions of prosperity -- 7: Exposing the state concept of money -- 8. A short history of modern money -- 9. Symptoms and consequences of bad money -- PART FOUR: VESTED INTERESTS, POLITICS AND THE PANDEMIC -- 10: What keeps a bad system in power? -- 11. Bad money's pyrrhic victory over the pandemic -- PART FIVE: REFORM, IDEALISM AND PROSPERITY -- 12. Two real anchors -- 13. We reply to potential questions and criticisms -- 14. Pathways to good money -- 15. Criticism, realism, idealism and reform.

GST otherwise called the Goods and Services Tax is characterised as the indirect tax structure intended to help and improve the financial development of a nation. More than 150 nations have actualised GST up until this point. Notwithstanding, the possibility of GST in India was mooted by Vajpayee government in 2000 and the amendment of Constitution of India for the same was passed by the Loksabha on sixth May 2015 however is yet to be sanctioned by the Rajyasabha. Be that as it may, there is an enormous shout against its usage. It is intriguing to comprehend why this proposed GST administration may hamper the development and improvement of the nation. G. Vijaya Bhasker "Research On an Impact of Goods and Service Tax (GST) on Indian Economy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5788.pdf

Twenty years beyond its signing, the Good Friday Agreement remains the cornerstone of 'peace' in Northern Ireland, even as it has faced political, social, and cultural challenges. Despite the lack of renewed violence in the region since 1998, the Good Friday Agreement left many issues unaddressed, hampered by the region's reality as a 'deeply divided society' and ultimately a 'negative peace'. This article seeks to address the reasons peace has failed to flourish in the region, claiming that a 'peace process' ultimately concerned with governmental structures and paramilitary ceasefire was inadequate to truly resolve the conflict, resulting in the endurance of tensions into the present. As a result, the legacy of the Good Friday Agreement is a social stalemate from which the region cannot progress. Northern Ireland remains polarised by many of the same differences visible at the start of the Troubles half a century ago, as old divisions play out in new ways. This has resulted in a 'culture war', further dividing the populace. Current political instability in both Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom continue to challenge the tentative peace in the region, raising doubts that such divisions can be reasonably overcome.

Florida governor Ron DeSantis, aided by the state's Republican-controlled legislature and allied functionaries, instigated a racist and anti-Black crusade against the teaching of accurate U.S. racial history as well as diversity, equity, and inclusion initiatives. Their actions have caused considerable harm to students, families, and educators. In this article, I recount my experience teaching at a public university in my home state of Florida during the Trump-DeSantis era, engaging in antiracist public scholarship, and ultimately deciding it was time to "get out."

Use of quasi-markets for provision of public goods requires clear property rights, a predictable adjudication process, and low transaction costs. These may be undermined by new restrictions on government action found in the new generation of free trade agreements. These trade agreements privilege foreign over domestic investors, replace public courts with private arbitration, supplant traditional standards for legislation by requirements to be "least trade restrictive," and forward a new definition of "takings" that requires governmental compensation for lost potential profits from regulatory action. These features undermine the governance structure necessary to reduce transaction costs of delivering complex public services through private contracts.