Suchergebnisse

Horizons and barriers in British urban policy / Craig Johnstone and Mark Whitehead -- Promoting the "urban idyll" : policies for city centre living / Gareth Hoskins and Andrew Tallon -- Urban regeneration in a growing region : the renaissance of England's average town / Mike Raco -- The urban neighbourhood and the new moral geographies of British urban policy / Mark Whitehead -- Crime, disorder and the urban renaissance / Craig Johnstone -- Urban policy integration in London : the impact of the elected mayor / Andy Thornley and Karen West -- Scottish urban policy : continuity, change and uncertainty post-devolution / Ivan Turok -- Governing the cities and the urban renaissance / Rob Imrie -- Neo-liberalism, crisis, and the city : the political economy of New Labour's urban policy / Martin Jones and Kevin Ward -- Towards a "social democratic" policy agenda for cities / Patsy Healey -- The scaling of "urban" policy : neighbourhood, city or region? / Mark Goodwin -- Knowing the city? : 21st century urban policy and the introduction of local strategic partnerships / Michael Keith -- Gender, place and renaissance / Sue Brownill -- The cultural impacts of globalization and the future of urban cultural politics / Franco Bianchini

Abstract Background Traditionally, it has taken decades to introduce new interventions in low-income countries. Several factors account for these delays, one of which is the absence of a framework to facilitate comprehensive understanding of policy process to inform policy makers and stimulate the decision-making process. In the case of the proposed introduction of malaria vaccines in Tanzania, a specific framework for decision-making will speed up the administrative process and shorten the time until the vaccine is made available to the target population. Methods Qualitative research was used as a basis for developing the Policy Framework. Interviews were conducted with government officials, bilateral and multilateral partners and other stakeholders in Tanzania to assess malaria treatment policy changes and to draw lessons for malaria vaccine adoption. Results The decision-making process for adopting malaria interventions and new vaccines in general takes years, involving several processes: meetings and presentations of scientific data from different studies with consistent results, packaging and disseminating evidence and getting approval for use by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (MOHSW). It is influenced by contextual factors; Promoting factors include; epidemiological and intervention characteristics, country experiences of malaria treatment policy change, presentation and dissemination of evidence, coordination and harmonization of the process, use of international scientific evidence. Barriers factors includes; financial sustainability, competing health and other priorities, political will and bureaucratic procedures, costs related to the adoption and implementations of interventions, supply and distribution and professional compliance with anti-malarial drugs. Conclusion The framework facilitates the synthesis of information in a coherent way, enabling a clearer understanding of the policy process, thereby speeding up the policy decision-making process and shortening the time for a malaria vaccine to become available.

Persuasive communication is very important in improving the quality of government in socialization and developing information about regional regulations and policies. The aim of this research is to find out the implementation of Regional Regulation Number 16 of 2012 concerning the Prevention and Control of Abuse and Illicit Narcotics, Psychotropics and Other Addictive Substances (P4GN) in Banjarmasin City (Case Study of Drug Prevention by the National Narcotics Agency). The research method uses a qualitative approach and descriptive type. The research instrument is the researcher himself. Data collection techniques in this study are observation, interviews and documentation. The data analyses are using data reduction, data presentation and verification. The validity of the data is using credibility test technique. The results showed that the implementation of Regional Regulation Number 16 of 2012 concerning the Prevention and Control of the Abuse and Illicit Narcotics, Psychotropics and Other Addictive Substances (P4GN) in Banjarmasin City (Case Study of Drug Prevention by the National Narcotics Agency) has not been implemented optimally. Due to the four implementation factors, according to Edward III's theory, only one factor has been successfully implemented, namely the resource factor. Meanwhile, the factors of communication, disposition and bureaucratic structure have not been successfully implemented, because there are indicators in each factor which cannot be maximally implemented. As in the communication factors, only consistency indicator is successfully implemented. In the disposition factor, there is staff indicator that has not been implemented and in the bureaucratic structure, the two indicators have not been successfully implemented. From this research, BNN Banjarmasin City is suggested to conduct socialization more frequently to the public about P4GN, including legal basis and contents of legal basis. Meanwhile, the community can help BNN in overcoming the problem of drug abuse and trafficking ...

An active discussion continues in Russia regarding the monetary instruments used and the degree of their impact on economic dynamics. The article examines the impact of the monetary policy implemented by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation on the investment complex in the period from 2000 to 2021. For this period, an analysis of the dependence characterizing the investment complex of Russia on the monetary policy is carried out. In the paper, the investment complex is considered with a breakdown into mechanical engineering, residential and non-residential construction, investments in fixed assets. At the same time, mechanical engineering is studied in detail with a breakdown into subsections of Russian National Classifier of Economic Activities and, additionally, for five enlarged industries. Most of the constructed regression equations demonstrate a statistically significant effect of indicators that are influenced by monetary policy instruments on the dynamics of the main indicators of the investment complex. For example, the interest rate affects the overwhelming number of variables under consideration, and the money supply affects each type of investment in fixed assets, in contrast to other independent variables. For the predominant part of the equations, the value of the coefficient of determination is more than 80%, which indicates a good quality of the model and reliably selected explanatory variables. Based on the results of the calculations, it was concluded that monetary policy has an impact on the investment complex of Russia. This determines its importance for the formation of promising dynamics of the Russian economy.

This article offers an ethnographic perspective on risk reduction among the many groups in the United States that are devoted to the promotion of marijuana and psychedelic drugs. These groups as a whole do not advocate the indiscriminate use of these substances, but instead offer marijuana and psychedelic drug users social support, and accurate information on how to use these drugs responsibly. A key finding of this study is that not only do these groups attempt to reduce the physical and psychological risks associated with drug use, but also reduce what they believe to be the greater risks associated with draconian laws against drugs, overzealous law enforcement practices, and mainstream views about marijuana and psychedelic drugs that are based on misinformation and prejudice.

International audience ; BACKGROUND:The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) threatens global malaria elimination efforts. Mass drug administration (MDA), the presumptive antimalarial treatment of an entire population to clear the subclinical parasite reservoir, is a strategy to accelerate malaria elimination. We report a cluster randomised trial to assess the effectiveness of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) MDA in reducing falciparum malaria incidence and prevalence in 16 remote village populations in Myanmar, Vietnam, Cambodia, and the Lao People's Democratic Republic, where artemisinin resistance is prevalent.METHODS AND FINDINGS:After establishing vector control and community-based case management and following intensive community engagement, we used restricted randomisation within village pairs to select 8 villages to receive early DP MDA and 8 villages as controls for 12 months, after which the control villages received deferred DP MDA. The MDA comprised 3 monthly rounds of 3 daily doses of DP and, except in Cambodia, a single low dose of primaquine. We conducted exhaustive cross-sectional surveys of the entire population of each village at quarterly intervals using ultrasensitive quantitative PCR to detect Plasmodium infections. The study was conducted between May 2013 and July 2017. The investigators randomised 16 villages that had a total of 8,445 residents at the start of the study. Of these 8,445 residents, 4,135 (49%) residents living in 8 villages, plus an additional 288 newcomers to the villages, were randomised to receive early MDA; 3,790 out of the 4,423 (86%) participated in at least 1 MDA round, and 2,520 out of the 4,423 (57%) participated in all 3 rounds. The primary outcome, P. falciparum prevalence by month 3 (M3), fell by 92% (from 5.1% [171/3,340] to 0.4% [12/2,828]) in early MDA villages and by 29% (from 7.2% [246/3,405] to 5.1% [155/3,057]) in control villages. Over the following 9 months, the P. falciparum prevalence increased to 3.3% (96/2,881) in early MDA villages and to 6.1% (128/2,101) in control villages (adjusted incidence rate ratio 0.41 [95% CI 0.20 to 0.84]; p = 0.015). Individual protection was proportional to the number of completed MDA rounds. Of 221 participants with subclinical P. falciparum infections who participated in MDA and could be followed up, 207 (94%) cleared their infections, including 9 of 10 with artemisinin- and piperaquine-resistant infections. The DP MDAs were well tolerated; 6 severe adverse events were detected during the follow-up period, but none was attributable to the intervention.CONCLUSIONS:Added to community-based basic malaria control measures, 3 monthly rounds of DP MDA reduced the incidence and prevalence of falciparum malaria over a 1-year period in areas affected by artemisinin resistance. P. falciparum infections returned during the follow-up period as the remaining infections spread and malaria was reintroduced from surrounding areas. Limitations of this study include a relatively small sample of villages, heterogeneity between villages, and mobility of villagers that may have limited the impact of the intervention. These results suggest that, if used as part of a comprehensive, well-organised, and well-resourced elimination programme, DP MDA can be a useful additional tool to accelerate malaria elimination.

HIV-related stigma remains a barrier to ART adherence among people living with HIV (PLWH) globally. People who inject drugs (PWID) may face additional stigma related to their behavior or identity; yet, there is little understanding of how these stigmas may co-exist and interact among these key populations. This study aims to explore the existence of multiple dimensions of HIV-related stigma, and how they may intersect with stigma related to drug injection. The study took place in Vietnam, where the HIV epidemic is concentrated among 3 key population groups; of those, PWID account for 41% of PLWH. The vast majority (95%) of PWID in Vietnam are male. Data came from in-depth interviews with 30 male PWID recruited from outpatient clinics, where they had been receiving ART medications. Deductive, thematic analysis was employed to organize stigma around the 3 dimensions: enacted, anticipated, and internalized stigma. Findings showed that HIV- and drug use-related stigma remained high among participants. All 3 stigma dimensions were prevalent and perceived to come from different sources: family, community, and health workers. Stigmas related to HIV and drug injection intersected among these individuals, and such intersection varied widely across types of stigma. The study revealed nuanced perceptions of stigma among this marginalized population. It is important for future studies to further investigate the influence of each dimension of stigma, and their interactive effects on HIV and behavioral outcomes among PWID.