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Value pricing is a market-based approach to reduce the waste associated with traffic congestion. It typically involves charging tolls for road use but can encompass a variety of other market-based approaches. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) encourages the use of value pricing strategies to reduce congestion, improve transportation system performance, and promote mobility through its Value Pricing Pilot Program. The FHWA is currently working with partners in 12 states to demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of value pricing. Successfully implemented projects exist on highway facilities in California, Texas, Florida, New York, and New Jersey. Additionally, several feasibility studies, preimplementation studies, and pilot simulation tests are under way in these and other states. This article describes various types of value pricing projects and presents what we have learned from those projects that have already been implemented. The article concludes with a discussion of proposals for the future.

Chronicles the struggle against toxic exposure in urban Latin America. By examining cities in Argentina, Colombia, and Peru, Veronica Herrera shows how local movements fighting for pollution remediation can ally with resourced outsiders for impactful change. Moreover, Herrera illustrates how the most successful environmental movements occurred in settings where established human rights movements had previously helped dismantle state-sponsored militarized violence.

AbstractThe nineteenth‐century archive of the Public Works Loan Board (PWLB) has been overlooked by economic historians. Yet the archive reveals how the PWLB came to play a major part in the financing of new schools, water supplies and sewers in the 1870s. Ten thousand loan applications have been analysed to highlight the changing patterns of the PWLB's lending, while the 60 volumes of minutes indicate why the pattern changed. The analysis shows that in the 1870s there was a large rise in local infrastructure investment caused by the switch from permissive to compulsory public health and education legislation. At the same time, the PWLB became predominantly a low‐cost, rather than a market rate, lender. This change shows how MPs' views developed as they became more sensitive to the impact of the local costs of parliamentary legislation. Overall, the activities of the PWLB illustrate the legislative and institutional changes that contributed significantly to the growth in the role and spending of the state.

This book is based on an in-depth filmed conversation between Howard Burton and David J. Goldberg (1939-2019), former Senior Rabbi Emeritus of London's Liberal Jewish Synagogue and author and columnist. This wide-ranging conversation is based on Goldberg's book, This Is Not The Way: Jews, Judaism and Israel, which boldly explores a number of themes that interweave religion, politics, culture and identity in a way that is relevant to all of us, regardless of our cultural background or religious orientation. For many of us, caught as we are between love of tradition and the allure of contemporary liberal values, maintaining a coherent sense of personal identity is a highly delicate task indeed but Rabbi Goldberg has consistently been willing to meet the challenge head-on as explored in this thought-provoking discussion. This carefully-edited book includes an introduction, Chasing Ourselves, and questions for discussion at the end of each chapter. Howard Burton was the Founding Director of Canada's Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics. He holds a PhD in theoretical physics and an MA in philosophy. This book is part of an expanding series of 100+ Ideas Roadshow conversations, each one presenting a wealth of candid insights from a leading expert in a focused yet informal setting to provide a uniquely accessible window into frontline research and scholarship that wouldn't otherwise be encountered through standard lectures and textbooks.

This paper discusses the experiences of the first U.S. Army Combat Battalion assigned to the Sinai Multinational Force and Observers. Its leaders were concerned about a number of issues, among them unit cohesion and boredom. Squad level competition was found a major factor in establishing cohesion at the small unit level. Boredom became an issue among the soldiers early in the mission. Close analysis revealed that the major themes relating to boredom most frequently heard were (1) underutilization, (2) cultural deprivation, (3) lack of privacy, and (4) isolation. From the enlisted man's perspective, boredom was a metaphor symbolizing perceived loss of control of one's time and space. The authors make two general observations. First, peacekeeping is a form of low intensity conflict. Stress is due in part to the lack of experience in such an operation. Second, the unit rotation system used by the battalion results in a loss of psychosocial history, and troops are stressed by unmet expectations.

The most pervasive themes that marked world reaction to the first manned landing on the moon on July 20, 1969, related to its meaning for man as man. The United States itself deliberately chose this emphasis, as witness the plaque left behind, "We came in peace for all mankind"; Neil Armstrong's "one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind"; and the dramatic high point of President Nixon's earth to moon exchange, "For one priceless moment in the whole history of man, all the people of this earth are truly one." But no amount of suggestion by the United States can possibly explain the universality and the evident wholeheartedness of the thought that man generally—as distinct from men of one nation, or of one political alignment, or one social system—had achieved a historic triumph and one that must change his future condition and his future international relationships.

The National Interest online, November 12, 2014 ; It's become standard practice for U.S. officials to describe the future of Sino-American ties as the central drama of international politics. In early November, just ahead of President Obama's summit with his Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping, Secretary of State John Kerry told an audience in Washington that, "The U.S.-China relationship is the most consequential in the world today, period, and it will do much to determine the shape of the 21st century." National Security Adviser Susan Rice took to the Twittersphere shortly after touching down in Beijing in September to reiterate the oft-repeated phrase that, "Most major global challenges of 21st century cannot be addressed effectively without U.S. and China working together."

"As it is today, the property market was a key and dynamic economic sector in Ancient Rome. Its study demands a deep understanding of Roman society, of the normative frameworks and the notions of wealth, value, identity and status that shaped individual and collective mentalities. This book takes a multisided insight into real estate as the subject of short- and long-term economic investments, of speculative and businesses ventures, of power abuses and inequalities, of social aspirations, but also of essential housing needs. The volume discusses thoroughly relevant and new literary, legal, epigraphic, papyrological and archaeological evidence, and incorporates comparative historical perspectives and methodologies, including economic theory and current, critical sociological debates about the functioning of modern real estate markets and issues linked to its commodification and regulation. In pursuing this line of enquiry, the contributions that make up the book investigate the impact of ideas such as profit, risk, security and trust in transfers, management and use of residential houses, commercial buildings and productive estates in urban and rural contexts. The work further evaluates the legal responses to and the public enforcement strategies concerning such activities, the high mobility of fortunes and unstable property-rights that resulted from one-off but also structural political, financial, economic and institutional crises that marked the history of the Roman Republic and Principate. This book aims to demonstrate the relevance of the study of pre-modern real estate markets today, and will be of significant interest to readers of economic history as well as Roman law, Roman archaeology, the history of urbanism and social history"--

"This book is a search for the elusive concept of the Anthropocene: the current geologic era defined by human impact on the planet, a concept that is embedding itself ever deeper into the humanities and across disciplines. Searching for the Anthropocene follows a journey through an eclectic range of topics, texts, places, and events to examine how we relate to, travel across, and write about our environment. We live in a time of rampant consumerism and irresponsible disregard for the natural world. Still, we strive to find authentic interactions, something to counter the feeling of looming doom in which humans are inherently implicated, often searching for these in literature and art. The debates around the Anthropocene are in one sense an effort to reveal and work through these tensions. Ranging from beech forests and beach fossils to jet engines and airport renovations, from snacks and snipers to fantasies of space travel and nightmares of cars on the streets, this book develops a wide-angle approach to environmental awareness. Blending personal narrative, cultural criticism, and ecological thought, Searching for the Anthropocene offers fresh ways to ponder literature and the humanities side-by-side with current conditions of environmental catastrophe, existential crisis, and social unrest"--

"in this magisterial overview of the Pentateuch John Van Seters reviews the various historical-critical attempts to read it that arise from notions about the social evolution of Israel's religion and culture. Is the Pentateuch an accumulation of folk traditions, a work of ancient historiography, a document legitimizing religious reform? In dialogue with competing views, Van Seters advocates a compositional model that recognizes the social and historical diversity of the literary strata. Van Seters argues that a proto-Pentateuchal author created a comprehensive history from Genesis to Numbers that was written as a prologue to the Deuteronomistic History (Deuteronomy to 2 Kings) in the exilic period and later expanded by a Priestly writer to make it the foundational document of the Jerusalem temple community. This social-science commentary on the Pentateuch is renowned as one of the most influential volumes on this group of texts. For the new edition Van Seters has revised several sections of the text, updating and integrating new bibliographical items, and refining the text where necessary. A reflective preface summarizes these changes and developments for the reader's convenience."--

Appendices: The Articles of Confederation of 1781. The Constitution of the United States. ; "Printed in Great Britain." ; Half-title: Beck's Gray's Inn lectures. The Constitution of the United States; a series of three addresses delivered, under the auspices of the University of London, in the hall of Gray's Inn, London, June 13th, 15th, and 19th, 1922, and a terminal essay on the world-wide revolt against authority and the deterioration of the spirit of constitutionalism. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Appendices: The Articles of confederation of 1781. The Constitution of the United States. ; "Printed in Great Britain." ; Half-title: Beck's Gray's Inn lectures. The Constitution of the United States; a series of three addresses delivered.under the auspices of the University of London, in the hall of Gray's Inn, London, June 13th, 15th, and 19th, 1922, and a terminal essay on the world-wide revolt against authority and the deterioration of the spirit of constitutionalism. ; Mode of access: Internet.

This article aims to explore the digital consumption of the Paralympic Games on the video-sharing platform YouTube to understand how the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) engages consumers in a digital setting, enabling an 'alternative' consumption of the event. Using YouTube Data Tools, we have automatically scraped data from 17,701 YouTube videos from Paralympic Games' channel. After data manipulation and consolidation, statistical analyses were performed in order to understand how the IPC has adapted to the algorithm logic of platforms. Our findings demonstrate that YouTube should be comprehended as complementing and substituting television as the traditional medium of sport consumption. Thus, the digitalisation of the sport industry adapts and continues, rather than revolutionises, the symbiotic sport/media relationship. Whilst digital revolution allows the IPC to reach wider audiences by bypassing a traditional media editorial logic, it does so within the algorithmic logic of platforms resulting from the unpaid digital labour of users.