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It is argued that cross-cutting memberships are assumed to he relevant to internat'l org hut generally are ignored in discussions of org'al integration because such memberships arc viewed as resultant rather than causal in the internat'l integrative process. Such memberships are listed as related to at least 6 factors res has indicated may influence the integrative process: proximity, transactions or interactions, mutual knowledge, shared functional interest, the structural frame. & previous integrative experience. Membership in a number of org's, not all of which involve identical members or even identical goats or tasks, is suggested as a useful definition of cross-cutting memberships, which can be classified along a compatible-neutral-competing continuum. It is suggested that there is an over-emphasis on nation-states as compared to nongoy'al actors in consideration of cross-cutting memberships in the internat'l system. It is concluded that empirical investigation of the assumption that cross-cutting memberships tend to he resultant rather than causal in the internat'I integrative process might resolve contradictions inmplicitin the idea that cross-cutting memmberships are part of a cumulative process of build-up & spill-over that contributes toward integration, Such investigation might also show that functional contexts are autonomous & integrative success or failure from one kind of activity does not necessarily carry over to others. & would serve to test the --self-evident- propositions that (1) cross-cutting memberships contribute to internal'( integration. & (2) cross-cutting memberships promote factionalism & regionalism & thus contribute to internat'l disintegration. AA.

Welchen Wert hat ein Vertrag, wenn im Ausnahmefall eine Suspendierung vertraglicher Pflichten möglich bleibt? Dieser Frage nähert sich die Arbeit zunächst mit einer rechtsvergleichenden Analyse von Art. 4 IPbpR, Art. 15 EMRK und Art. XIX GATT. Sie nimmt dazu deren Entstehungsgeschichte, Inanspruchnahme- und Spruchpraxis in den Blick. Dabei entsteht die Ausgangsthese, dass Schutzklauseln den Vertragsbestand begünstigen und sogar eine Vertragsvertiefung bewirken. Dieser These geht die Arbeit sodann auf theoretischer Basis nach, indem sie fragt, inwiefern gerade die rechtliche Einbettung des Ausnahmefalls Vertragsbestand und Vertragsvertiefung begünstigt. Es entsteht die Hauptthese der Arbeit: Recht kann eine Integrationsfunktion zugeschrieben werden. So ergänzt die Arbeit das Forschungsfeld "Integration durch Recht" durch eine rechtswissenschaftliche Perspektive.

The Roman conquest of Italy in the Republican period led to widespread economic changes in which the conquered Italians played an important role. This volume explores the interplay between economic activities and the integration of the Italian peoples into the Roman civic, legal, social, and cultural framework.

"With the end of the Cold War, a new wave of regionalism emerged in the shadow of an accelerating globalisation. This so-called 'New Regionalism' (...) can be observed in various parts of the world and manifested in several more or less promising regional integration projects, notably among less developed countries in the southern hemisphere. All of them have a major focus on regional market integration. This paper will try to answer the question why and for what purpose member states of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) pursued the path of regional economic integration and decided to negotiate and adopt a common 'Protocol on Trade'. It has rather strong focus on theory but the empirical part will not be marginalised as I will particularly look at the underlying motivations and preferences of the states and additionally try to illustrate the design, function, and added-value of the Protocol." (excerpt)

Analyse von Bedeutung, Theorie und politischen Instrumenten der wirtschaftlichen Integration von LDC-Ländern (Less Developed Countries) anhand verschiedener Beispiele vor allem aus dem lateinamerikanischen, aber auch aus dem ostafrikanischen Bereich. (DÜI-Ker)

India and Japan have strong economic linkages, which were improved over the years, particularly after signing the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) in 2011. Not only trade, but investment has also increased between India and Japan over the years and Japan has become the fifth largest investor for India in 2021. Against this backdrop, this article aims to analyse India's economic integration with Japan from a services trade perspective. The article finds that increased services trade between India and Japan has contributed to enhancing the economic integration between these two countries, as envisaged by their political leaders through their regular engagements over the years. JEL Classification: F14, F15