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This book presents a general explanation of how states develop their foreign policy. The theory stands in contrast to most approaches--which assume that states want to maximize security--by assuming that states pursue two things, or goods, through their foreign policy: change and maintenance. States, in other words, try both to change aspects of the international status quo that they don't like and maintain those aspects they do like. A state's ability to do so is largely a function of its relative capability, and since national capability is finite, a state must make trade-offs between policies designed to achieve change or maintenance. Glenn Palmer and Clifton Morgan apply their theory to cases ranging from American foreign policy since World War II to Chinese foreign policy since 1949 to the Suez Canal Crisis. The many implications bear upon specific policies such as conflict initiation, foreign aid allocation, military spending, and alliance formation. Particularly useful are the implications for foreign policy substitutability. The authors also undertake statistical analyses of a wide range of behaviors, and these generally support the theory. A Theory of Foreign Policyrepresents a major advance over traditional analyses of international relations. Not only do its empirical implications speak to a broader range of policies but, more importantly, the book illuminates the trade-offs decision makers face in selecting among policies to maximize utility, given a state's goals.

Strategic intelligence, die evaluated informational product of intelligence bureaucracies, is a potentially important element in foreign policy decision making. But the role and impact of intelligence reports are very difficult to analyze, because of bodi secrecy and conceptual or definitional problems. Some new light is shed by a number of recent books, in three categories: essentially uncritical works by former insiders, muckraking exposes, and historical case studies. Collectively, these books improve our understanding of the variables that condition the impact of strategic intelligence on policy, or they illuminate die policy and bureaucratic context of intelligence activities. But only one of the recent books has a theoretical thrust. Great need remains, and opportunities exist, to move toward better dieoretical understanding of intelligence, or at least toward inproved information about when, how, or whether intelligence activities or reports have measurable impact on foreign policy decision making and policy outcomes in world politics.

"Policy Entrepreneurs and Foreign Policy Decision Making" published on by Oxford University Press.

An explanation of the peculiarities of United States foreign policy must be based upon its systematic descrip tion and comparison. American domestic and international politics have tended toward the pragmatic and, until very re cently, away from the ideological. Even legalism and violence have been pragmatically motivated. This peculiarity cannot be explained by socioeconomic factors like industrialization and urbanization. Social mobility and the American educational system can provide road signs toward a more adequate explana tion, to which three primarily political factors can contribute: the break with time executed by the makers of the American Revolution; the adversary method of pleading of the retained Common Law; and the constitutional environment created by the Founding Fathers. Only in the last decade has American foreign policy moved toward an incongruous ideologism.

Die Aufsatzsammlung "India's new dynamics in foreign policy" erschien 2006 als Band Nr. 4 in der Reihe "Studies and comments" und wurde von der Akademie für Politik und Zeitgeschichte der Hanns-Seidel-Stiftung veröffentlicht. Das Dokument enthält folgende Beiträge: Bernd Rill: Introduction / S. 5 Subrata K. Mitra: Engaging the World: the Ambiguity of India's Power / S. 7 Partha S. Ghosh: India in South Asia: Cooperation amidst Tensions / S. 35 Anupam Srivastava: The Peacock and the Dragon: a Hesitant Embrace / S. 51 Urs Schoettli: India – View from the East / S. 65 Kenneth McPherson: India-Australia and the Indian Ocean / S. 73 Rajendra K. Jain: India and the European Union – Building a Strategic Partnership / S. 83 Seema Gahlaut: India and the Nonproliferation Regime / S. 93 Gary K. Bertsch/Seema Gahlaut/Anupam Srivastava: India-US Relations / S. 107 Karsten Frey: India's New Global Role after the US-India Nuclear Deal / S. 129 Lawrence Sáez: India and the New International Economic Order: a Focus on Trade / S. 137

The author looks at the socio-psychological make-up of the Japanese, their negotiating methods. Japan's subordinated position in relations with the USA. The Japanese economic success is compared with that of the USA, the outburst of nationalism in Japan, the idea of primacy of the Japanese nation, the "uniqueness" of its cultural values, how Japan's foreign policy is influenced by its traditions etc. are also analysed. (DÜI-Sen)

The range of factors that should be taken into account in assessing China's foreign policy. M. Yahuda reviews the books "Sino-Soviet crisis politics: a study of political change and communication" by Richard Wich, "The awakening giant: China's ascension to world politics" by Harish Kapur, "Sino-Soviet relations since Mao: the Chairman's legacy" etc. China's domestic politics as a determinant of Sino-Soviet relations. (DÜI-Sen)

Based on address before the Am. foreign service association, Spring, 1961.