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The state is facing turbulent times. Financial and economic turmoil, growing inequalities, disinvestment in public and social services, and political disenchantment are but a few problems that contemporary society is facing, while traditional policies are failing to deliver the desired results. Social innovation is a possible approach to deal with emergent social needs. Research and policy experimentation on social innovation increased in the last decade, but many questions remain open. One key interrogation regards the relation of social innovation with the state. How can the state, considering the multi-level interactions that necessarily exist between different stakeholders, promote these practices? Using the case of Portugal, and the recent implementation of a pioneer public programmed dedicated to social innovation—Portugal Social Innovation—, this article contributes to the understanding of the role the state in the promotion of social innovation and the challenges, tensions, and difficulties experienced by those involved in the sector, whether as practitioners of social innovation or as heads of public institutions responsible for assisting in the development and implementation of social innovations. The article presents data gathered from a focus group involving the representatives from key third sector associations and officials responsible for public institutions that support the implementation of social innovation at the relevant levels of government (national, regional, local). Results show opportunities and tensions between the third sector and the different levels of the state, and a difficulty to adapt the processes and practices of public administration to the dynamic and creative nature of social innovation. ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Kota Tanpa Kumuh (KOTAKU) program is national program to increase infrastructure acces and basic service in urban slum area. Desa Sokaraja Kidul is one of the areas implementing KOTAKU program. The purpose of this research is to find out how the implementation of KOTAKU program at Desa Sokaraja Kidul using What's Happening perspective by Ripley and Franklin. This research is using qualitative descriptive method. The results of this study indicate that the Implementation of Program KOTAKU (KOTAKU) in Desa Sokaraja Kidul based on dimensions in the perspective of What's Happening by Ripley and Franklin hasn't optimal. The following results of the research based on the perspective dimensions of What's Happening: 1) The Profusion of actors, found that the role of actors at the community level such as BKM and KSM has not been optimal. 2) The Multiplicity and vagueness of goals, The purpose of the KOTAKU Program are understandable and implementing actors understand the program's purposes. 3) The Poliferatin and complexity of government programs, coordination and communication have been effective, policy changes that occur but didn't have significant impact on the program implementation, Guidelines for program implementation have been made but actors at the community level are not aware of the guidance, the sustainability step in the implementation procedure has not optimally implemented. 4) Community Participation, the people of Desa Sokaraja Kidul support and participate in the implementation of the program. 5) Influencing factors, the funds allocated have not been able to solve all slum problems and social and cultural conditions are factors driving implementation while economic conditions are becoming obstacles to implementation.

The main intention of this research is to analyze the role and challenges of locally vehicle assembled in Ethiopia, the case of Bishoftu Automotive Industry. There are small numbers of vehicle assemblers that are on operation, and they are struggling to make assembled vehicles throughout the country which are already in operation. Thus, the researcher is encouraged to study attentively and believes that it has to be studied and recognized the role and challenges of vehicle assembly in Bishoftu Automotive Industry as soon as it is new insight. In recent year, those automotive vehicle assemblies are emerging and transforming from vehicle importing business to vehicle Assembling business. To address this research title, the researcher uses 75 randomly selected respondents and prepared questioner with interviews used for the purpose of data collection, then primary and secondary data were collected. Descriptive method of data is used to analyze the result in to positive and negative aspects then the findings are triangulated by Qualitative and quantitative data. The finding indicates that, the vehicle assembly has a vital role in regard to profit, economic role, employment opportunity, and technology transfer. The reason for all major challenges on locally assembled vehicles are Brokers, attitude of the society towards Second hand imported vehicle and Lack of skilled specialized man power though some of the challenges that should be solved in the long run perspectives. Relevant recommendations were given the ministry of industry as well as the policy making body of the government to give due attention regarding giving privileges and arranging market lines on the economy

Abstract: Poverty reduction efforts can be encapsulated in one sentence, namely "give opportunitiesto the poor families and communities to overcome their problems independently." Thismeans the government has to reposition their roles, from its role as agent of empowermentbecome facilitator of empowerment. Islam considers that poverty is a very complex phenomenon,poverty is not only related to cultural problems, but also structural problems whichconcern how state makes fiscal policy-oriented poverty reduction. Culturally, Islam hasrecommended to foster the role of each individual in improving the quality of life and fostersocial cohesion through zakat, infaq, and Sadaqah. Structurally, Islam has laid down a centralrole of state in creating the distribution of income and wealth in a fair and equitable andmaintaining the stability and sustainability of economic development in the process ofprogress and equality as well as a facilitator of community in finding solutions toward a moredecent standard of living. Abstrak: Upaya pengentasan kemiskinan dapat dirumuskan dalam satu kalimat, yaitu'memberikan kesempatan kepada keluarga miskin dan masyarakat untuk mengatasi masalahmasalahmereka secara mandiri. Ini berarti pemerintah harus menata kembali peran mereka,dari perannya sebagai agen pemberdayaan menjadi fasilitator pemberdayaan. Islam menganggapbahwa kemiskinan merupakan fenomena yang sangat kompleks, kemiskinan tidak hanyaterkait dengan masalah budaya, tetapi juga masalah struktural yang menyangkut upayanegara membuat kebijakan fiskal yang berorientasi mengurangi kemiskinan. Dari sudut pandangbudaya, Islam telah merekomendasikan untuk mendorong peran setiap individu dalammeningkatkan kualitas hidup dan mendorong kohesi sosial melalui zakat, infaq dan shadaqah.Secara struktural, Islam telah meletakkan peran sentral dari negara dalam menciptakan distribusipendapatan dan kekayaan dengan cara yang adil dan merata dan menjaga stabilitasdan kerberlanjutan dari pembangunan ekonomi dalam proses kemajuan dan kesetaraan ...

- ; This report is an overview of contemporary research on corruption. The main objectives of the study have been to organise existing knowledge on corruption, discuss the major controversies within and across disciplines and to identify some areas in most need for further research with an emphasis on questions relevant for development policy. The review has been carried out as a joint study by researchers at the Chr. Michelsen Institute (CMI), Bergen, and the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI), Oslo. Special thanks to the CMI and NUPI librarians for their assistance. Financial support from the Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation, (NORAD) and extra time from our institutes are gratefully acknowledged. The survey may be somewhat biased towards economic approaches, reflecting the fact that the writing and editing have primarily been done by the economists Odd-Helge Fjeldstad (CMI) and Jens Chr. Andvig (NUPI). In addition, Tina Søreide (CMI), also an economist, has contributed to chapter 3. Inge Amundsen(CMI), a political scientist, has written chapter 4 and made several contributions to chapters 2 and 10. Tone Sissener (CMI), a social anthropologist, has written chapter 5. The study focuses on academic research. While a survey of the output from public commissions would be useful, they are not systematically covered here. Moreover, to make the survey accessible to a multidisciplinary readership, efforts have been made to present the more abstract and technical research in a non-technical way. In spite of its limitations we hope this survey will be considered useful – and be used – by researchers, students, development practitioners and aid officials. ; Norwegian Agency for Development Co-operation (NORAD)

Since March 2020, Indonesia has entered Covid-19 emergency status. Covid-19 pandemic situation forged various aspects, through social, economic, political, and cultural. This situation places Indonesia in a critical situation which has a great chance of social unrest. Indonesian National Police as the forefront of law enforcement in Indonesia, faces two real consequences: carrying out the main tasks of the police itself and additional tasks to deal with the Covid-19 emergency handling agenda. To support these tasks, Indonesian National Police issued at least 38 (thirty-eight) notice and internal regulation since March to May 2020. Thirteen of those 38 regulations ruled relation between police and community. By analyzing these thirteen regulations, I identified policing implementation in Indonesia. As a result, these thirteen regulations are dominated by points that indicate democratic policing where persuade, coordinate, anticipated, campaigns, encourage, and transparent being methods that mostly used in the enforcement framework. Indonesian National Police's consistency in orienting towards community-based policing shows their commitment in promoting Indonesia values as democratic nation.

Growth in the number of villages from year to year shows a significant increase. One of the reasons is the high number of village expansion plans. Since the promulgation of Government Regulation Number 72 of 2005 concerning Villages has had an implication on the increasing demands for village expansion. The main purpose of the division of villages is to prosper the community. To accelerate the process of improving the welfare of the village community the government changed the status of the village into a rural tourism. This study tried to analyze the welfare of the people of Sumberbrantas Village after the village division and was determined as a rural tourism and the factors that influence it. The welfare of the people of Sumberbrantas Village after the village division and being designated as a rural tourism has shown good progress due to the development of economic activities and adequate road infrastructure. However, more serious attention needs to be paid to improving education and health services and the promotion of rural tourism.

Abstract: Since the mid-2000s, the practice of South-South cooperation in health (SSC) has attracted growing attention among policymakers, health and foreign affairs ministries, global health agencies, and scholars from a range of fields. But the South-South label elucidates little about the actual content of the cooperation and conflates the "where" with the "who, what, how, and why". While there have been some attempts to theorize global health diplomacy and South-South cooperation generally, these efforts do not sufficiently distinguish among the different kinds of practices and political values that fall under the South-South rubric, ranging from economic and geopolitical interests to social justice forms of solidarity. In the spirit of deepening theoretical, historical, and social justice analyses of SSC, this article: (1) critically revisits international relations theories that seek to explain SSC, exploring Marxian and other heterodox theories ignored in the mainstream literature; (2) traces the historical provenance of a variety of forms of SSC; and (3) introduces the concept of social justice-oriented South-South.

Controversies over Mexican immigrants and undocumented aliens in Arizona and elsewhere show the need for fresh approaches to immigration. The "principle of constituted identities" holds that the more a government has coercively constituted the identities of non-citizens in ways that have made having certain relationships to it fundamental to their capacities to lead free and meaningful lives, the greater the obligations that government has to facilitate those relationships–all else being equal. The U.S. has coercively constituted the identities of many persons of Mexican descent, inside and outside its boundaries, in ways that have fostered aspirations for dual economic, cultural, and political "citizenships." It has also shaped the identities, values, and interests of many whites in immigrant-receiving states in ways that make Mexican immigrants seem threatening, even as it has made those states pay most of the costs of absorbing immigrants. In consequence, the U.S. should adopt policies that give priority to Mexicans in immigration and that facilitate dual citizenships, while providing more aid to immigrant-receiving states.

Arguments for consolidation, which merges schools or districts and centralizes their management, rest primarily on two presumed benefits: (1) fiscal efficiency and (2) higher educational quality. The extent of consolidation varies across states due to their considerable differences in history, geography, population density, and politics. Because economic crises often provoke calls for consolidation as a means of increasing government efficiency, the contemporary interest in consolidation is not surprising. However, the review of research evidence detailed in this brief suggests that a century of consolidation has already produced most of the efficiencies obtainable. Research also suggests that impoverished regions in particular often benefit from smaller schools and districts, and they can suffer irreversible damage if consolidation occurs. For these reasons, decisions to deconsolidate or consolidate districts are best made on a case-by-case basis. While state-level consolidation proposals may serve a public relations purpose in times of crisis, they are unlikely to be a reliable way to obtain substantive fiscal or educational improvement.

AbstractThe 2003 US-Chile free trade agreement, regarded by many as consistent with Chile's long-held trade liberalisation strategy, nonetheless engendered a surprisingly vigorous debate focused on the proposed elimination of the bandas de precio protecting traditional agricultural crops. Opposition to the agreement, mounted by the conservative Alianza por Chile, offers an intriguing political case study that suggests that populist posturing surrounding free trade agreements may persist long after a trade liberalisation strategy has become well-established. This article argues that agricultural liberalisation will be a significant challenge for Chile's governing coalition if it wishes to pursue trade negotiations while seeking to avoid costly political battles at home over the economic costs of abandoning price supports and the challenges of 'reconverting' to an export-oriented sector. Even given the strong elite consensus around trade liberalisation in Chile, the interconnections between sectoral interest groups, domestic politics and trade negotiations remain relevant, and deserving of analytical attention.

Contends that the debate about global civil society has focused on the conceptual while ignoring empirical findings. Key findings presented in the previous six editions of the Global Civil Society yearbook are summarized to point out improvements & shortcomings in current understandings of global civil society. Key characteristics of global civil society since the 1970s include a shift from material security to democracy & cosmopolitan values; a broad-based mobilization in social movements; a changed geopolitical environment; the emergence of social forums & other transnational networks; & the resurgence of religion. Weaknesses include the neglect of civility & failure to consider other civil society traditions or address the relationship between global civil society, conflict, & violence. Civility, a learned behavior, helps social cooperation, links different groups, & builds social capital through successful encounters across national, cultural, political, economic, & linguistic borders. It is concluded that adding civility to the definition of global civil society that focuses on the "what" makes it possible to also address the "how" & "why.". References. J. Lindroth

Through providing a historical overview of border disputes between Vietnam & neighboring Laos & Cambodia in Indochina, the article aims to evaluate the success gained by Vietnam in its efforts to secure the western & southwestern land border & thus maintain a peaceful external environment for the domestic reform. Since the Cambodian endgame, Vietnam has sought to improve political relations with all neighbors (including China) &, on that basis, consistently applied fundamental principles of international law while adopting the region's common practice in order to resolve border issues. In return, the Communist leadership in Laos & the Hun Sen regime in Cambodia have been eager to sustain the Cold War border treaty system with Vietnam in order to stabilize the border, address cross-border non-traditional security issues, & ensure Vietnam's assistance for economic development & regime security. In addition, Vietnam's border disputes with Cambodia prove harder to deal with because the latter's domestic power struggle has turned the issue into a political card played by opposition parties in their election campaigns. References. Adapted from the source document.