Suchergebnisse

Abstract: Since 1935, general principles of law have represented an important feature in the face of Dutch administrative law and its development. Dutch administrative courts have played and still play an important role in the development of these principles and in bringing them to life. Although the evolution of legal principles has, in the past, depended mainly on the decision-making of national administrative courts, today we can see a shift from national courts to the European ones. European influence whether it is influence of the Court of Justice of the European Union or of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) cannot be overlooked and has today a deep and indisputable impact on changes in the content of several national principles. In the last decade, we have also noted the emergence of a new type of normative standards - principles of good administration. All these changes are often reflected in existing national legal principles and the general principles of administrative law in the Netherlands are not an exception. Because of these reasons, we will discuss in the following article the essential features of the development of general principles of law in Dutch administrative law, while pinpointing the importance of European influences and the possible future of the principles. Résumé: Depuis 1935, les principes généraux du droit ont représenté une caractéristique importante de l'aspect du droit administratif néerlandais et de son évolution.Les tribunaux administratifs néerlandais ont joué et jouent encore un role important dans le développement de ces principes et dans leur création. Quoique l´évolution des principes légaux dépendait autrefois principalement des décisions des cours administratives nationales, on peut voir aujourd´hui un changement de direction partant des tribunaux nationaux vers les tribunaux européens. L´influence européenne, que ce soit l´influence de la Cour de Justice de l´Union européenne ou de la Cour européenne des Droits de l´Homme, ne peut être ignoréeet elle a aujourd´hui un impact profond et incontestable sur les changements du contenu de plusieurs principes nationaux. Durant la dernière décennie, on a pu également remarquer l´émergence d´un nouveau type de modèle normatif - les principes de bonne administration. Tous ces changements se reflètent souvent dans les principes légaux nationaux existants, et les principes généraux de droit administratif aux Pays-Bas ne font pas figure d'exception. Pour ces raisons, nous discuterons dans cet article des aspects essentiels de l´évolution de principes généraux de droit en droit administratif néerlandais, tout en mettant l´accent sur l´importance des influences européennes et sur l´avenir possible de ces principes.

In this Article Professor Breger examines the competing justifications that have been advanced for the provision of free legal aid to those who cannot afford to engage a private attorney. Professor Breger argues that every citizen has the right to effective access to the courts to resolve disputes in that they aret he only state-sanctionedd ispute resolution mechanism. Because of the complexity of our legal system, effective access to the courts often requires the services of an attorney. Under this theory of "access rights" a person is entitled to free legal aid when necessary for the enforcement of a legal claim, regardless of the moral or social utility of vindicating that particular claim. This approach constitutes a radical departure from the more commonly accepted utilitarianf ramework. Under utilitariana nalysis legal aid is provided to a particularp oorp erson solely because of the benefit that will accrue to thepoverty communityfrom the enforcement of that particular claim. Professor Breger observes that the adoption of the theory of access rights will entail a shift in the involvement of the client, the poverty community, and the attorney in the determination of how resources are to be distributed The theory of access rights also will set different limits on the nature and extent of the government obligation to subsidize legal aid activity. In the conclusion of the Article Professor Breger explores the inescapablefact that the demandforfree legal aid far outweighs the supply and suggests several methods of distribution that do not violate the princple of access nghts.

Taking a cue from Professor Laurence Tribe's decision to abandon the third edition of his constitutional law treatise, the organizers of this symposium have asked us to address whether constitutional law is in crisis. I am agnostic on that question, although I think that there has been a turn in the wrong direction. But if there is a crisis, I know who to blame. If constitutional law is in crisis, it is our fault. The legal academy has erased the distinction between law and politics, used its expertise for political advantage rather than for elucidation, and mis-educated a generation of lawyers. We thus should not be surprised if judges have, as Professor Ristroph suggests, lost their faith in the Constitution. We have led them into the wilderness.

It is a great privilege for me to give this lecture in honour of Lord Mackenzie-Stuart. I frequently had the privilege of appearing before him as counsel when he was judge at the European Court of Justice and also from 1984 to 1988 when he was President of the Court. It was on his departure from the Court in 1988 that I went to the Court as advocate general.Lord Mackenzie-Stuart, who has long been interested in the influence of European Community law on public law in the United Kingdom, had recently published a paper entitled "Recent developments in English administrative law—the impact of Europe?" In returning to that theme this evening I should like to update the story of developments in English administrative law where there may be a European impact. I will also venture, perhaps over-ambitiously, to look briefly at the new constitutional reforms, and to see if there may be a European impact there too.

Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Chapter 1 Setting the Scene: 100 Years of Human Dignity -- Chapter 2 Italian International Lawyers Facing Racial Laws: the Fate of Angelo Piero Sereni and Edoardo Vitta -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Early Stages of Their Academic Careers -- 3 Leaving Italy: a Difficult Decision -- 4 Returning to Their Academic Home: Challenge and Recognition -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 3 Hersch Lauterpacht and Human Dignity -- i Introduction -- ii Phase i (1922-1943): Humanité diffuse -- iii Phase ii (1943-1960): Humanité cristallisée -- iv Conclusions -- Chapter 4 Pure Theory of Law Amidst the Tempest: Hans Kelsen, Democracy and Human Rights -- 1 Introduction: Human Rights Enshrined in Kelsen's Systemic Theory -- 2 Human Rights as Part and Parcel of the "essence and value" of Democracy -- 3 Pure Theory of Law and the Punishment of the "most objectionable acts" -- 4 Conclusion: Kelsen's Sense of Justice -- Chapter 5 Nikolaos Politis and the Legal Status of the Individual in the International Legal Order -- 1 Individuals as Creators of International Law in Politis' Doctrine -- 2 Individuals as Objects or as Subjects of International Law in Politis' Doctrine -- 3 Individuals as Capable Subjects in the International Legal Order in Politis' Doctrine -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 6 International Institutional Protection of Human Rights: Achievements and Failures -- i Substantive Human Rights Guarantees -- ii Institutional Mechanisms -- 1 General Considerations -- 2 Monitoring by the Political Organs of the United Nations-the Early Period -- 3 The Expert Bodies within the Framework of the Core Human Rights Treaties -- iii Universal Periodic Review -- iv Conclusion -- Chapter 7 The Promise of International Criminal Justice: Achievements and Failures in Protecting Human Dignity.